Candida albicans is a yeast that can cause infections in humans. It normally lives harmlessly in the body but can overgrow and cause disease when the environment changes. It has several forms ranging from yeast to hyphal filaments. Over 75% of women experience at least one vaginal candidiasis infection. Risk factors include antibiotics use, pregnancy, diabetes, and weakened immune system. Symptoms depend on the infected area and include rashes, vaginal discharge, and oral thrush. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal drugs like fluconazole that work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane or inhibiting ergosterol production. Prevention focuses on good
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Current Developments in Prevention and Treatment of Candidiasis Prodipta Chakraborty
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is responsible for candidiasis in human hosts.
C. albicans grow in several different morphological forms, ranging from unicellular budding yeast to true hyphae with parallel-side wall .
Candida albicans is a unicellular, oval-shaped diploid fungus (a form of yeast ) Typically, C. albicans live as harmless commensals in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract and are found in over 70% of the population. Overgrowth of these organisms, however, will lead to disease
Also known as Oral thrush
Oral infection caused by fungi
(yeast) of the genus candida
Multiple species of candida
(candida albican most common cause)
Often an opportunistic infection
Can transmit via direct contact
If it is in the mouth or throat, it is called oral candidiasis, oropharyngeal
candidiasis, or Thrush.
If it affects the genital area, it is called a yeast infection. In women, it may be called a
Vulvovaginal yeast infection.
If yeast infects the skin on a baby’s bottom area, it causes a diaper rash.
If the infection enters your bloodstream, it is called invasive candidiasis
or candidemia.
TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH CHILDBIRTH
BY KISSING
THE OVERGROWTH OF C.ALBICANS LEADS TO SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE,
AND IT OCCOURS WHEN THERE ARE IMBALANCES
RARELY SPREAD THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURCE
In general case:- In general, you can prevent most Candida infections
by keeping your skin clean and dry, by using antibiotics only as your
doctor directs, and by following a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition.
Treatments for candidiasis for managing Candida infections are usually based upon the anatomic location of the infection, immune status of the patient, risk factors for patients with infection, species responsible and lastly, upon the susceptibility of the Candida species towards the anti-fungal drug.
detailed explanation and treatment plans for all types of fungal infections.
precaution and lifestyle modifications are explained.
well-detailed explanation of superficial and invasive types of fungal infections.
superficial infections like vulvovaginal candidiasis, oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis, and mycotic infections of the skin, hair, and nail.
invasive fungal infections like fungal infections in HIV patients, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, candiduria, and aspergillosis.
explained with well-detailed treatment plan with patient counseling points
Fungal Urinary Tract Infections by YF.pdfYasser Aljtha
This material encompasses the most prominent four fungal microorganisms that invade the urinary tract, with prime focus on the infamous Candida Albicans (the main and most common etiological agent).
Dr. Diwan Mahmood Khan, Assistant Professor of Microbiology,
MCDRC, Durg, Chattisgarh, India.
Topic: Opportunistic Mycoses- Candidiasis or Candidosis
For Medical Student: MBBS and BDS
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
this ppt is about different types of candidiasis. it describes about predisposing factors, classification and types of candidiasis. clinical & histological features of all types of candidiasis with pictures is discussed along with differential diagnosis, investigations and treatment.
Medically Important Candida albicans.pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Candida species. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
2. CANDIDIASIS
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that
is responsible for candidiasis in human hosts.
C. albicans grow in several different morphological forms,
ranging from unicellular budding yeast to true hyphae with
parallel-side wall .
Candida albicans is a unicellular, oval-shaped diploid
fungus (a form of yeast )
Typically, C. albicans live as harmless commensals in the
gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract and are found in
over 70% of the population. Overgrowth of these
organisms, however, will lead to disease
4. Candidiasis is a fungal infection that can affect areas
such as the:
Skin
Genitals
Throat
Mouth
Blood
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Over 75% of women suffer from a C. albicans
infection, usually vulvovaginal candidiasis, in their
lifetimes, and 40-50% of them will have additional
occurrences(s).
Interestingly, C. albicans are the 4th leading cause for
nosocomial infections in patients’ bloodstreams.
This could result in an extremely life-threatening,
systemic infection in hospital patients with a mortality
rate of 30%
6. Epidemiology
Several Candida species are commensal and colonize the
skin and mucosal surfaces of humans.
Who is at increased risk?
Babies with a nappy rash.
People with a metabolic disorder, including diabetics.
Overweight people.
Pregnant women, and women who take high-dose
contraceptive pills, eg Ovran.
People who work in wet conditions.
People who are HIV-positive or suffer from another type of
immunodeficiency.
7. There are several types of candidiasis:
If it is in the mouth or throat, it is called oral
candidiasis, oropharyngeal candidiasis, or thrush.
If it affects the genital area, it is called a yeast
infection. In women, it may be called a vulvovaginal
yeast infection.
If yeast infects the skin on a baby's bottom area, it
causes a diaper rash.
If the infection enters your bloodstream, it is called
invasive candidiasis or candidemia
8. PATHOGENESIS
Candidiasis is caused by the abnormal growth in C.
albicans, which is usually due to an imbalance in the
environment.
Usually, this imbalance occurs in a woman’s vagina –
this infection less likely to occur for men.
Several events can spark an imbalance. For example,
antibiotic use can decrease the amount of lactobacillus
bacteria, which decreases the amount of acidic
products and the pH of the vagina. Other events are
pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes, impaired immune
system, and irritation of the vagina.
C. albicans are able to take advantage of the conditions
and outcompete the normal microflora, resulting in
candidiasis or a yeast infection
9. TRANSMITION
Candida albicans is usually transmitted from mother
to infant through childbirth, and remains as part of a
normal human’s microflora.
The overgrowth of C. albicans leads to symptoms of
disease, and it occurs when there are imbalances – for
example, changes in the normal acidity of the vagina.
C. albicans infections very rarely spread through
sexual intercourse. The typical reservoir for C. albicans
is in the normal human microflora, and is not found
in animal vectors
10. Virulence FACTORS
C. albicans has several virulence factors which make it
harmful to its host; one of which is its use of cell wall
adhesins.
Adhesin proteins promote the binding of the
organism to host cells via hydrophobic interactions.
This reduces the level of yeast clearance from the body
under normal immune regulation
11. CONTI…
When C. albicans penetrates host mucosal surfaces
following morphogenesis into invasive filaments, the
polymorphic growing pattern helps the yeast invade host
tissue by secreting various degradative enzymes, including
various proteinases, aspartyl proteases, and
phospholipases.
phenotypic switching also plays a role in altering the yeast's
adherence properties, antigen expression, and tissue
affinity. Switching might provide cells with a flexibility that
results in the adaptation of the organism to the hostile
conditions imposed not only by the host but also by the
physician treating the infection
12. DISEASES AND SYMPTOMS
A candida infection of the skin appears as a clearly
defined patch of red, itchy skin, often leaking
fluid. Scabs and pustules may be seen around the
edge of the rash.
It will usually be found in areas such as the groin, the
folds of the buttocks, between the breasts, toes, or
fingers, and in the navel.
A vaginal yeast infection may well result in a slow
leakage of a thick, white, cheese-like substance. The
vagina may itch or burn, especially during urination or
sex. Pain or discomfort during intercourse is common.
13. DISEA…
Candidal paronychia is candidiasis of the fingernails.
It often strikes people whose hands are in water a lot.
Sometimes it presents as a painful, red, swollen area
around the fingernail. In worse cases, the fingernail
may separate, revealing a discoloured white or yellow
nail bed.
Oral thrush causes curd-like white patches inside
the mouth, on the tongue and palate and around
the lips. It may also cause cracked, red, moist areas of
skin at the corners of the mouth. Thrush patches may
or may not be painful.
14. DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis is most commonly made on the basis of
the skin's appearance and occasionally a skin scrape
sample is taken to confirm the clinical findings
For oral thrush, a suspension of antifungal medication
can be swished in the mouth and swallowed.
vaginal mucosa are examined under the microscope; a
potassium hydroxide smear, Gram stain, or methylene
blue is useful for direct demonstration of fungal cells
15. DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis of a yeast infection is done either via microscopic
examination or culturing. For identification by light
microscopy, a scraping or swab of the affected area is
placed on a microscope slide. A single drop of 10%
potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution is then added to the
specimen. The KOH dissolves the skin cells, but leaves the
Candida cells intact, permitting visualization of
pseudohyphae and budding yeast cells typical of many
Candida species.
For the culturing method, a sterile swab is rubbed on the
infected skin surface. The swab is then streaked on a
culture medium. The culture is incubated at 37 °C for
several days, to allow development of yeast or bacterial
colonies. The characteristics (such as morphology and
colour) of the colonies may allow initial diagnosis of the
organism causing disease symptoms.
16.
17. Treatment
For infection of the skin, you can get an antifungal
cream or powder or prescription of antifungal drug.
For vaginal yeast infections, treatment consists of
antifungal medications that are administered directly
into the vagina as tablets, creams, ointments, or
suppositories, or administered by mouth (e.g.,
fluconazole).
18. TREATMENT
Cutaneous candidiasis — This skin infection can be
effectively treated with a variety of antifungal powders
and creams. The affected area must be kept clean and
dry and protected from chafing.
Deep candidiasis — This infection is usually treated
with intravenous fluconazole. People with very low
white blood cell counts may need an alternative
intravenous anti-fungal drug, such as caspofungin or
micafungin
20. •Amphotericin B binds with ergosterol, a component of
fungal cell membranes, forming a transmembrane channel
that leads to monovalent ion (K+, Na+, H+ and Cl−) leakage,
which is the primary effect leading to fungal cell death.
• fluconazole inhibits the fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme
14α-demethylase. This inhibition prevents the conversion of
lanosterol to ergosterol, an essential component of the
fungal cytoplasmic membrane, and subsequent
accumulation of 14α-methyl sterols.
• Fluconazole is primarily fungistatic; however, it may be
fungicidal against certain organisms in a dose-dependent
manner, specifically Cryptococcus.
21. CLOTRIMAZOLE
Clotrimazole works to kill individual Candida or
fungal cells by altering the permeability of the fungal
cell wall.
It binds to phospholipids in the cell membrane and
inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol and other sterols
required for cell membrane production. This leads to
the cell's death via loss of intracellular elements
22. KETACONAZOLE
interferes with the fungal synthesis of ergosterol, a
constituent of fungal cell membranes, as well as
certain enzymes.
As with all azole antifungal agents, ketoconazole
works principally by inhibiting the enzyme
cytochrome P450 14-alpha-demethylase (P45014DM).
This enzyme participates in the sterol biosynthesis
pathway that leads from lanosterol to ergosterol.
Lower doses of fluconazole and itraconazole are
required to kill fungi compared to ketoconazole, as
they have been found to have a greater affinity for
fungal cell membranes.
25. PREVENTION
In general, you can prevent most Candida infections by
keeping your skin clean and dry, by using antibiotics
only as your doctor directs, and by following a healthy
lifestyle, including proper nutrition.
People with diabetes should try to keep their blood
sugar under tight control.
If you have HIV or another cause of recurrent episodes
of thrush, then antifungal drugs such as clotrimazole
(Lotrimin, Mycelex) can help to minimize flare-ups