This document describes the design of a 0-9 binary coded decimal (BCD) counter circuit. It uses a 74LS90 BCD counter integrated circuit to generate the BCD codes from 0 to 9, and a 74LS47 7-segment display driver to decode and display the codes on a 7-segment display. The circuit was designed, breadboarded, and simulated in Digital Works to verify its functioning, counting from 0-9 each time a push button switch is pressed before resetting. Cascading multiple BCD counters can extend the counting range to larger numbers.
The Reason Why we use master slave JK flip flop instead of simple level triggered flip flop is Racing condition which can be successfully avoided using two SR latches fed with inverted clocks.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
The Reason Why we use master slave JK flip flop instead of simple level triggered flip flop is Racing condition which can be successfully avoided using two SR latches fed with inverted clocks.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
A digital clock is a type of clock that displays the time digitally (i.e. in numerals or other symbols), as opposed to an analog clock, where the time is indicated by the positions of rotating hands.
An Optimal Design of UP-DOWN Counter as SAR Logic Based ADC using CMOS 45nm T...IJERA Editor
In this paper an analog to digital converter architecture is introduced. The proposed design is based on Up-Down counter approach SAR type ADC. This design offers less design complexity which leads to low power consumption. Based on the proposed idea, a 4-bit ADC is simulated in Microwind 3.5 environment using 45nm CMOS technology with supply voltage of 1 V. The ADC is designed with control signal like Start of conversion (SOC) and End of conversion (EOC). The ADC design consumes 3.2mW of power. The proposed ADC design is optimized to area of 829.6µm2.
Similar to Project Report On 0-9 decade counter (20)
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Index
1. INTRODUCTION.
1.1 Objective of Project
2. LITERATURE SURVEY:
1.1 Existing System
3. DESIGN.
3.1 Module design and organization
3.2 Components and Requirements.
3.3 Explanation of Working System
3. IMPLEMENTATION & RESULTS.
4. Future scopes
5. Datasheets
6. CONCLUSION OF PROJECT.
7. References
2. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
TITLE: 0-9 Binary Coded Digit Counter.
Introduction:
Objective: To design 0-9 BCD Counter Circuit
General State Diagram:
Then a decade counter has four flip-flops and 16 potential states, of which only 10 are
used and if we connected a series of counters together we could counter to 100 or 1,000
or whatever number we wanted.
The total number of counts that a counter can count too is called its MODULUS. A
counter that returns to zero after n counts is called a modulo-n counter, for example a
modulo-8 (MOD-8), or modulo-16 (MOD-16) counter, etc, and for an “n-bit counter”, the
full range of the count is from 0 to 2n-1.
But as we saw in the Asynchronous Counters tutorial, that a counter which resets after ten
counts with a divide-by-10 count sequence from binary 0000 (decimal “0”) through
to 1001 (decimal “9”) is called a binary-coded-decimal counter or BCD Counter for short
and a MOD-10 counter can be constructed using a minimum of four toggle flip-flops.
It is called a BCD counter because its ten-state sequence is that of a BCD code and does
not have a regular pattern, unlike a straight binary counter. Then a single stage BCD
counter such as the 74LS90 counts from decimal 0 to decimal 9 and is therefore capable
of counting up to a maximum of nine pulses. Note also that a digital counter may count
up or count down or count up and down (bidirectional) depending on an input control
signal.
Binary-coded-decimal code is an 8421-code consisting of four binary digits. The 8421
designation refers to the binary weight of the four digits or bits used. For example, 23
= 8,
22
= 4, 21
= 2 and 20
= 1. The main advantage of BCD code is that it allows for the easy
conversion between decimal and binary forms of numbers.
3. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Existing Systems
Integrated Circuit 74LS90 BCD Counter
The counters four outputs are designated by the letter symbol Q with a numeric subscript
equal to the binary weight of the corresponding bit in the BCD counter circuits code. So
for example, QA, QB, QC and QD. The 74LS90 counting sequence is triggered on the
negative going edge of the clock signal, that is when the clock signal CLK goes from
logic 1 (HIGH) to logic 0 (LOW).
The additional input pins R1 and R2 are counter “reset” pins while inputs S1 and S2 are
“set” pins. When connected to logic 1, the Reset inputs R1 and R2 reset the counter back
to zero, 0 (0000), and when the Set inputs S1 and S2 are connected to logic 1, they Set
the counter to maximum, or 9 (1001) regardless of the actual count number or position.
As we said before, the 74LS90 counter consists of a divide-by-2 counter and a divide-by-
5 counter within the same package. Then we can use either counter to produce a divide-
by-2 frequency counter only, a divide-by-5 frequency counter only or the two together to
produce our desired divide-by-10 BCD counter.
4. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Integrated Circuit 74LS90 BCD Decade Counter
Successive applications of the push-button switch, SW1 will increase the count up to
nine, 1001. At the tenth application, the outputs ABCD will reset back to zero to start a
new count sequence. With such a MOD-10 round number of pulses we can use the
decade counter to drive a digital display.
If we want to display the count sequence using a seven-segment display, the BCD output
needs to be decoded appropriately before it can be displayed. A digital circuit that can
decode the four outputs of our 74LS90 BCD counter and light up the required segments
of the display is called a Decoder.
5. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Integrated Circuit 74LS47 BCD to 7-segment Driver
Fortunately for us, someone has already designed and developed a BCD to 7-segment
Display DecoderIC such as the 74LS47 to do just that. The 74LS47 has four inputs for
the BCD digits A, B, C and D and outputs for each of the segments of the seven-segment
display.
Note that a standard 7-segment LED display generally has 8 input connections, one for
each LED segment and one that acts as a common terminal or connection for all the
internal display segments. Some displays also have a decimal point (DP) option.
The 74LS47 display decoder receives the BCD code and generates the necessary signals
to activate the appropriate LED segments responsible for displaying the number of pulses
applied. As the 74LS47 decoder is designed for driving a common-anode display, a LOW
(logic-0) output will illuminate an LED segment while a HIGH (logic-1) output will turn
it “OFF”. For normal operation, the LT (Lamp test), BI/RBO (Blanking Input/Ripple
Blanking Output) and RBI (Ripple Blanking Input) must all be open or connected to
logic-1 (HIGH).
Note that while the 74LS47 has active LOW outputs and is designed to decode a common
anode 7 segment LED display, the 74LS48 decoder/driver IC is exactly the same except
that it has active HIGH outputs designed to decode a common cathode 7 segment display.
So depending upon the type of 7-segment LED display you have you may need a 74LS47
or a 74LS48 decoder IC.
The 74LS47 binary coded decimal inputs can be connected to the corresponding outputs
of the 74LS90 BCD Counter to display the count sequence on the 7-segment display as
shown each time the push button SW1 is pressed. By changing the position of the push
button and 10kΩ resistor, the count can be made to change on the activation or release of
the push button switch, SW1.
6. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Components Required and Datasheets of IC 74LS90 and IC 74LS47
7 - Segment Display
7. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Design Of 4 Bit 0-9 Decade Counter:
Note that a 7-segment display is made of seven individual light emitting diodes to form
the display. The best method of limiting the current through a seven-segment display is to
use a current limiting resistor in series with each of the seven LED’s as shown. But we
can do this in two ways.
Our circuit shows a simple 0 to 9 digital counters using a 74LS90 BCD Counter and a
74LS47 7-segment display driver. To count above 10 and produce a 2-digit base-ten
counter and display, we would need to cascade two separate divide-by-ten counters
together. A 2-digit BCD counter would count in decimal from 00 to 99 (0000 0000 to
1001 1001) and then reset back to 00. Note that although it will be a 2-digit counter,
values representing Hexadecimal numbers from A through F are not valid in this code.
Likewise, if we wanted to count from 0 up to 999 (0000 0000 0000 to 1001 1001 1001),
then three cascaded decade counters are required. In fact, multiple decade counters can be
constructed simply by cascading together individual BCD counter circuits
8. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Simplified Circuit Diagram:
9. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Bread Board Implementation:
General Purpose PCB:
10. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Working of Counter from 0 to 9:
11. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Digital Works Simulation:
12. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Conclusion and Summary Of 0-9 BCD Counter:
we have seen that a BCD Counter is a device that goes through a sequence of ten states
when it is clocked and returns to 0 after the count of 9. In our simple example above, the
input clock pulses are from a push button switch but counters can be used to count many
real-world events such as counting moving objects.
However, suitable circuitry may be required to generate the electrical pulses for each
event to be counted as these events may occur at discrete time intervals or they may be
completely random.
In many digital electronic circuits and applications, digital counters are implemented
using Toggle flip-flops or with any other type of flip-flop that can be connected to give
the required switching function, or with the use of dedicated counting IC’s such as the
74LS90. Binary counters are counters that go through a binary sequence and an n-bit
binary counter is made of “n” number of flip-flops counting from 0 to 2n-1.
BCD counters follow a sequence of ten states and count using BCD numbers
from 0000to 1001 and then returns to 0000 and repeats. Such a counter must have at least
four flip-flops to represent each decimal digit, since a decimal digit is represented by a
binary code with at least four bits giving a MOD-10 count.
We have also seen that the BCD coded output can be displayed using four LED’s or with
a digital display. But to display each number from 0 to 9 requires a decoder circuit, which
translates a binary coded number representation into the appropriate logic levels on each
of the display segments.
Display decoder circuits can be constructed from combinational logic elements and there
are many dedicated integrated circuits on the market to perform this function such as the
74LS47 BCD to 7-segment decoder/driver IC.
Most 7-segment displays are usually used in multi-digit counting applications so by
cascading together more BCD counters, 4-digit counters giving displays with a maximum
reading of 9999 can be constructed.
The 74LS90 BCD Counter is a very flexible counting circuit and can be used as a
frequency divider or made to divide any whole number count from 2 to 9 by feeding the
appropriate outputs back to the IC’s Reset and Set inputs.
13. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Applications Of 0-9 Decade Counter:
Bank Token Counters at cashier section.
Couting system on automated production line.
Digital Clocks
Digital stop watches.
Timers for automated water supply .
Sensor controlled counters.
Counting general objects in a any system.
Advantages :
More Number of counters can be increased by increasing number of counter
IC and 7 segment displays.
Cascading ensures that value of counter can be increased or decreased as per
applications and use.
Counter Circuit can be used with other circuits to perform automated control
actions.
Disadvantages:
As the number of counter size increases the complexity of building circuit
also increases.
Costalso increases because the use of more ICs and 7 segments takes place.
14. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Datasheet of IC 74LS90
15. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Pin diagram Of IC74LS90:
16. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Pin Diagram of IC74LS47
17. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Datasheet of IC74LS47
18. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
Future Scope and Improvements:
2-digit BCD Counter from 00 to 99
We Can improve our existing design by making changes by cascading more
counter IC and 7 segmentdisplays.
19. Digital System and Applications Mini Project 2017-18 Roll Number :118 Block 1 Batch 1
References:
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/counter/bcd-counter-circuit.html
https://youtu.be/fU6sMNam2yM
https://youtu.be/InvaoZduE4g
https://youtu.be/2n7nM001Oi4
http://www.electronicshub.org/decade-counterbcd-counter/
Texas Instruments Datasheets IC 74LS90 andIC 74LS47
http://www.daenotes.com/electronics/digital-electronics/counters-types-of-
counters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal