This document is a certificate certifying that students Arijit Roy and Raj Kumar Meena completed their wired remote controlled car project at Vivekananda Global University to fulfill their diploma requirements. It includes acknowledgments thanking the university and professors for their guidance. An abstract introduces that the project studied advances in wireless technology by building a wired remote controlled car, which motivates youth to continue progressing technology.

1. 1
Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur
Department of Electrical Engineering
November 2016
CERTIFICATE
Date: 28/11/2016
This is to certify that the project entitled “WIRED REMOTE CONTROLLED CAR” has been
carried out by ARIJIT ROY & RAJ KUMAR MEENA within four walls of Vivekananda
Global University under my guidance in fulfilment of the degree of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering (5th Semester) of Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur during the academic
year 2015-16.
Internal Guide: Head of the Depatment
Prof. Amol Purohit Mr. Parameshwar Kumawat

2. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The project “WIRED REMOTE CONTROLLED CAR” could not have turned out into a
successful working model without the kind support and help of many individuals and the
collage itself. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebted to VIVEKANANDA GLOBAL UNIVERSITY for their guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project and
also for their support in completing the project.
Firstly we would like to express our gratitude towards the HOD of electrical department: Mr.
Parameshwar Kumawat for his kind co-operation and encouragement which helped us in
completion of this project carried in the university premise without experiencing hurdles. A
great help and support was obtained from our internal guide Asst. Professor Amol Purohit
without whom the fault clearance at certain level would not have been possible.
Our thanks and appreciations also goes to the colleague in developing the project and people
who have willingly helped us out with their abilities.
The last but not the least, a very special thanks to our parents and relatives for their moral
support which gave us strength to make this project.
Raj kumar Meena
Diploma 5th
Sem,
Electrical Engg.

3. 3
ABSTRACT
This project was about to study how the wireless technology has advanced in today’s world.
Wired Remote controlled car is one such great example which always fantasizes the world
about the exploring of the technology. Now-a-days the modern trend has made more emphasis
on performing the tasks wirelessly. This in turns leaves a greater impact on the youth which
motivates them to continue the progress and the inventions of the technology.
This project basically deals with the operation on the performance of the car through the wired
phase signals. Transmitter at the senders end on transmitting the signal is thereby received by
the receiver which acts as an order for the driver IC to carry out the following instructions. Any
object which makes a motion is a robot and so this car is too a robot which acts as an artificial
intelligence performing the called out instructions.
This project being on the basic level when carried out on the higher level can do wonders if
used in the correct directions for the betterment of the nation and humanity.

4. 4
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Radio controlled (or R/C) cars are battery/gas-powered model cars or trucks that can be
controlled from a distance using a specialized transmitter or remote. The term "R/C" has been
used to mean both "remote controlled" and "radio controlled", where "remote controlled"
includes vehicles that are connected to their controller by a wire, but common use of "R/C"
today usually refers to vehicles controlled by a radio-frequency link. This article focuses on
radio-controlled vehicles only. Cars are powered by various sources. Electric models are
powered by small but powerful electric motors and rechargeable nickel-cadmium, nickel metal
hydride, or lithium polymer cells. There are also brushed or brushless electric motors. Most
fuel-powered models use glow plug engines, small internal combustion engines fuelled by a
special mixture of nitromethane, methanol, and oil (in most cases a blend of castor oil and
synthetic oil). These are referred to as "nitro" cars. Recently, exceptionally large models have
been introduced that are powered by small gasoline engines, similar to string trimmer motors,
which use a mix of oil and gasoline. Electric cars are generally considered easier for the novice
to work with compared to fuel-driven models, but can be equally as complex at the higher
budget and skill levels.
In both of these categories, both on-road and off-road vehicles are available. Off-road models,
which are built with fully functional off-road suspensions, and a wide tire selection, can be
used on various types of terrain. On-road cars, with a much less robust suspension, are strictly
limited to smooth, paved surfaces. In the past decade, advances in "on-road" vehicles have
made their suspension as adjustable as many full scale race cars, today.

5. 5
Radio-controlled cars use a common set of components for their control and operation. All cars
require a transmitter, which has the joysticks for control, or in pistol grip form, a trigger for
throttle and a wheel for turning, and a receiver which sits inside the car. The receiver changes
the radio signal broadcast from the transmitter into suitable electrical control signals for the
other components of the control system.Most radio systems utilize amplitude modulation for
the radio signal and encode the control positions with pulse width modulation. Upgraded radio
systems are available that use the more robust frequency modulation and pulse code
modulation. Recently however, 2.4 GHz frequency radios have become the standard for hobby-
grade R/C cars. The radio is wired up to either electronic speed controls or servomechanisms
(shortened to "servo" in common usage) which perform actions such as throttle control,
braking, steering, and on some cars, engaging either forward or reverse gears. Electronic speed
controls and servos are commanded by the receiver through pulse width modulation; pulse
duration sets either the amount of current that an electronic speed control allows to flow into
the electric motor or sets the angle of the servo. On these models the servo is attached to at
least the steering mechanism; rotation of the servo is mechanically changed into a force which
steers the wheels on the model, generally through adjustable turnbuckle linkages. Servo savers
are integrated into all steering linkages and some nitro throttle linkages. A servo saver is a
flexible link between the servo and its linkage that protects the servo's internal gears from
damage during impacts or stress.

6. 6
Chapter 2
HISTORY OF REMOTE CONTROLLED CARS
To give a brief overview of the history of model car racing we should begin in the early part of
the last century. That may seem a long way back but by the 1920s organisations were already
running events for clockwork cars. In 1936 the Model Car Racing Association was formed in
England and catered for rubber drive cars, as well as clockwork. It may well be worth pointing
out that a 4WD rubber (band) drive car could accelerate to 40 mph in under 3 seconds, the
weight of a car would typically be 3 pounds half of which could be the rubber. The cars would
be released and run in a ‘straight’ line to the finish.Within a few years, in America miniature
petrol engines were being put into cars, but a greater need for control was required. Circular
cable (tether) tracks were built and by 1940 speeds of 60mph were being achieved. The
American cars tended to be manufactured as kits by such companies as Dooling Bros and
Ohlsson & Rice. Meanwhile, in England, there appears to have been much more reliability on
the engineering skills of modellers and scratch build cars were much in evidence. Today tether
cars from this period have become collectors pieces and can change hands for not
inconsiderable sums of money. One short coming of this type of racing was that only one car
ran at a time, against the clock. Radio control of vehicles was possible by the mid 1950s but it
was rudimentary and commands sent to a vehicle would allow it only to turn fully one direction
or the otherThe BRCA used the ROAR rule book as its guide. In the US there was a
proliferation of cars, some were scratch builds, but by 1969/70 cars in kit form were available.
Some manufacturers came from other areas of the model world, Dynamic for example, came
from slot cars, and some were new to the hobby. The number of cars available probably gives
an idea of the excitement this new sport generated. Kits came from such as MCE, Dynamic,
Delta, Citizenship, Heathkit, Ra-Car, Associated, Kyosho, Mardave, PB, Thorp and the
fabulously named Reynolds Aluminum Special, many of them recovering from the failing slot-
car mark. These cars were often using the K&B, Veco or McCoy engines.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

7. 7
Chapter 3
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The mechanism of operation that allows the functioning of an RC car uses a set of components
that enable the user to control and operate them efficiently. The car requires a transmitter which
is fitted with the joysticks for easier control. Other input methods include the pistol grip form,
a wheel used for turning and a trigger that allows for throttle control. The car is fitted with a
receiver that is inside the car. The receiver transforms all radio signal broadcasts received from
the transmitter into the suitable electronic signals that are required for all other components
within the control system. Many of the available systems apply the amplitude modulation for
the radio signals, and then they encode positions using pulse width modulation. Users can find
upgraded systems that can be used for RC car control and these apply a stronger frequency
modulation as well as pulse code modulation.
The latest radio frequencies have topped 2.4 GHz and are currently the standard for hobbyists.
The radio control is wired to either the servomechanisms (shortened to ‘servo’) or the electronic
speed controls that are responsible for actions including braking, throttle control, steering and
also the control of forward and reverse gears. Servos plus electronic speed controls are
instructed by the receiver via pulse width modulation. There is the pulse duration, which sets
which is responsible for one of two things: One is the current level that the electronic speed
control can allow to flow into the motor. The second is the settings for the servo angle. The
servo is supposed to be attached to the steering mechanism. Therefore, the rotation process of
the servo should be mechanically changed to create a force that steers the wheels for the model.
This is through turnbuckle linkages that should be adjustable. The Servo saver should be
integrated into every steering linkage as well as a few nitro throttle linkages. The saver is a link
connecting the servo together with the linkage which protects the internal gears within the servo
against damage especially under high impact or stress of the RC car.
There are also a number of ways that the RC car can be accessorized. This may be addition of
power features including batteries and soldering iron for boosting a high-performance battery
pack. Ready-to-run cars are also available which are tuned in the factory and give the used a
suitable performance without any adjustments.

8. 8
Chapter 4
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
COMPONENTS QUANTITY
BATTERY 1
DPDT SIWTCH 2
RIBBON WIRE STRIP 3+Metre
DC GEARED MOTOR 4
CHASIS 1
DPDT SWITCH BOX 1
CAR WHEELS 4
SOLDERING SET 1
CONNECTING WIRE IF NEEDED
4.1 BATTERY
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric
cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its
negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that
when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When
a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within,
allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy
to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current
to flow out of the battery to perform work. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred
to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to additionally include
devices composed of a single cell.

9. 9
Fig: battery
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversible changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery
used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable)
batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket;
the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include
the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics
such as laptops and smartphones.
4.2 DPDT SWITCH
A Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) switch is a switch that has 2 inputs and 4 outputs; each
input has 2 corresponding outputs that it can connect to.
Fig: dpdt switch
Each of the terminals of a double pole double switch can either be in 1 of 2 positions. This
makes the the double pole double throw switch a very versatile switch. With 2 inputs, it can
connect to 4 different outputs. It can reroute a circuit into 2 different modes of operation.
A Double Pole Single Switch is actually two single pole double (SPDT) switches.

10. 10
4.3 CHASIS
Chassis is a mechanical assembly for making a 4 wheel drive platform. Where you can mount
any controller board to drive your bot. This is just the mechanical chassis, Optionally as shown
in the figure you can use 4 DC geared motors, 1 castor and 4 wheels with rubber rings so you
can make both variants.
4.4 DC MOTOR
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical power
into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical
or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most
types produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight
line.
A DC motor is designed to run on DC electric power. An electric motor is a device that
transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy by using the motor effect. DC motors
consist of rotor-mounted windings (armature) and stationary windings (field poles). In all DC
motors, except permanent magnet motors, current must be conducted to the armature windings
by passing current through carbon brushes that slide over a set of copper surfaces called a
commutator, which is mounted on the rotor. The commutator bars are soldered to armature
coils. The brush/commutator combination makes a sliding switch that energizes particular
portions of the armature, based on the position of the rotor. This process creates north and south
magnetic poles on the rotor that are attracted to or repelled by north and south poles on the
stator, which are formed by passing direct current through the field windings. It's this magnetic
attraction and repulsion that causes the rotor to rotate.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing direct-
current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide
range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can
operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and
appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists,
or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of
DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
This motor operates on dc supply only. And it is able to rotate clockwise and anticlockwise
with the help of H-bridge circuit. In this project, we have used a DC motor which operates with
12v supply. As the speed required for us is low, we have planned to operated this motor with
lower supply than its rated supply of 12V.
4.5 GEARED DC MOTOR
Geared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which already had its Insight
details demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The
speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM

11. 11
.The gear assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct
combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This
concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear
reduction. This Insight will explore all the minor and major details that make the gear head
and hence the working of geared DC motor.
External Structure
At the first sight, the external structure of a DC geared motor looks as a straight expansion over
the simple DC ones.
Fig: dc geared motor
The lateral view of the motor shows the outer protrudes of the gear head. A nut is placed near
the shaft which helps in mounting the motor to the other parts of the assembly.
4.6 GUI
Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a MATLAB tool that helps the users to develop a interface
program. MATLAB provides a environment and tool called Graphical User Interface

12. 12
Development Environment (GUIDE) that allows GUIs to be created or edited interactively
from FIG-files. Calling GUIDE by itself will open the GUIDE Quick Start Dialog where a
previously created GUI or a new one from one of the provided GUI templates can be created.
Following is the button configuration made from MATLAB GUIDE for the control of the
vehicle, by pressing the following button vehicle on the other side will act upon the instruction
set by the function which is written in MATLAB. GUIDE stores GUIs in two files, which are
generated the first time we save or run the GUI:
(i).fig file - contains a complete description of the GUI figure layout and the components of
the GUI, changes to this file are made in the Layout Editor
(ii) .m file - contains the code that controls the GUI; one can program the call backs in this file
using the M-file Editor.
4.7 STEPPER MOTOR
A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, electric motor that can divide a full rotation into
a large number of steps. The motor’s position can be controlled precisely without any feedback
mechanism. Stepper motor are similar to switched reluctance motor (which are very large
stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated).
Stepper motors have multiple toothed electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped
piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit, such as
microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first electromagnet is given power, which makes
the gear’s teeth magnetically attracted to the electromagnet’s teeth. When the gear's teeth are
thus aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So
when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to
align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those slight rotations is
called a "step", with an integer number of steps making a full rotation. In that way, the motor
can be turned by a precise angle.

13. 13
Stepper motor characteristics
a. Stepper motors are constant power devices.
b. As motor speed increases, torque decreases. (most motors exhibit maximum torque when
stationary, however the torque of a motor when stationary (holding torque) defines the ability
of the motor to maintain a desired position while under external load).
c. The torque curve may be extended by using current limiting drivers and increasing the
driving voltage (sometimes referred to as a 'chopper' circuit; there are several off the shelf
driver chips capable of doing this in a simple manner).
d. Steppers exhibit more vibration than other motor types, as the discrete step tends to snap the
rotor from one position to another (called a detent). The vibration makes stepper motors noisier
than DC motors.
e. This vibration can become very bad at some speeds and can cause the motor to lose torque
or lose direction. This is because the rotor is being held in a magnetic field which behaves like
a spring. On each step the rotor overshoots and bounces back and forth, "ringing" at its resonant
frequency. If the stepping frequency matches the resonant frequency then the ringing increases
and the motor comes out of synchronism, resulting in positional error or a change in direction.
At worst there is a total loss of control and holding torque so the motor is easily overcome by
the load and spins almost freely.
f. The effect can be mitigated by accelerating quickly through the problem speeds range,
physically damping (frictional damping) the system, or using a micro-stepping driver.
g. Motors with a greater number of phases also exhibit smoother operation than those with
fewer phases (this can also be achieved through the use of a micro stepping drive).
4.8 CASTER WHEEL
A caster is a wheeled device typically mounted to a larger object that enables relatively easy
rolling movement of the object. Casters are essentially special housings that includes a wheel,
facilitating the installation of wheels on objects. Casters are found virtually everywhere, from
office desk chairs to shipyards, from hospital beds to automotive factories. They range in size
from the very small furniture casters to massive industrial casters, and individual load
capacities span 100 lbs or less to 100,000 lbs (45359 kg). Wheel materials include cast iron,
plastic, rubber, polyurethane, forged steel, stainless steel, aluminium, and more.
Casters are available in a large selection of various rigs and yokes, wheel materials, swivel
offsets, and wheel configurations. In many cases, it can become extremely difficult to choose
the right caster for the application. In order to help the user to determine the right caster to use,
it's important to take a couple of factors into consideration, which include:
Load capacity (the total load applied on the casters)
The number of casters to be used on the equipment (usually four or six casters)
Floor type (concrete, steel, linoleum, carpet, etc.)

14. 14
Floor condition (are there cracks, bumps, unlevel floors)
Environment (is the equipment operating in high temperatures, wet or humid conditions, etc.)
Floor cleanliness (are the floors clean or contain debris such as metal chips, grease, gravel, etc.)
Many casters are specifically designed for each of the following applications.
4.9 SOLDERING IRON
A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can
flow into the joint between two workpieces.
A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is often
achieved electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied through an electrical cord or
battery cables) through a resistive heating element. Cordless irons can be heated by combustion
of gas stored in a small tank, often using a catalytic heater rather than a flame. Simple irons
less commonly used than in the past were simply a large copper bit on a handle, heated in a
flame.
Soldering irons are most often used for installation, repairs, and limited production work in
electronics assembly. High-volume production lines use other soldering methods. Large irons
may be used for soldering joints in sheet metal objects. Less common uses include pyrography
(burning designs into wood) and plastic welding.
Simple soldering irons reach a temperature determined by thermal equilibrium, dependent upon
power input and cooling by the environment and the materials it comes into contact with. The
iron temperature will drop when in contact with a large mass of metal such as a chassis; a small
iron will lose too much temperature to solder a large connection. More advanced irons for use
in electronics have a mechanism with a temperature sensor and method of temperature control
to keep the tip temperature steady; more power is available if a connection is large.
Temperature-controlled irons may be free-standing, or may comprise a head with heating
element and tip, controlled by a base called a soldering station, with control circuitry and
temperature adjustment and sometimes display.

15. 15
A variety of means are used to control temperature. The simplest of these is a variable power
control, much like a light dimmer, which changes the equilibrium temperature of the iron
without automatically measuring or regulating the temperature. Another type of system uses a
thermostat, often inside the iron's tip, which automatically switches power on and off to the
element. A thermal sensor such as a thermocouple may be used in conjunction with circuitry
to monitor the temperature of the tip and adjust power delivered to the heating element to
maintain a desired temperature.
Another approach is to use magnetized soldering tips which lose their magnetic properties at a
specific temperature, the Curie point. As long as the tip is magnetic, it closes a switch to supply
power to the heating element. When it exceeds the design temperature it opens the contacts,
cooling until the temperature drops enough to restore magnetisation. More complex Curie-
point irons circulate a high-frequency AC current through the tip, using magnetic physics to
direct heating only where the surface of the tip drops below the Curie point.

16. 16
Chapter 5
TYPES OF REMOTE CONTROLLED CARS
5.1 Electric models
Electrically powered models utilize mechanical or electronic speed control units to adjust the
amount of power delivered to the electric motor. The power delivered is proportional to the
amount of throttle called for by the transmitter - the more you pull the trigger, the faster it goes.
The voltage is "pulsed" using transistors to produce varying output with smooth transitions and
greater efficiency. Electronic speed controllers use solid state components to regulate duty
cycle, adjusting the power delivered to the electrical motor. In addition, most electronic speed
controllers can use the electric motor as a magnetic brake, offering better control of the model
than is possible with a mechanical speed control. Mechanical speed controllers use a network
of resistors and switch between them by rotating a head with an electrode around a plate that
has electrical contacts. Mechanical speed controllers are prone to being slow to react because
they are actuated by servos, waste energy in the form of heat from the resistors, commonly
become dirty and perform intermittently, and lack a dedicated braking ability.
They appear only in vintage RC models, and are now essentially obsolete. Most electric cars
up to recently used brushed motors but now many people are turning to brushless motors for
their higher power output and because they require much less maintenance. They are rated
either in relative turns or Kv. The Kv number tells how many RPM the motor will turn per volt,
assuming no load and maximum efficiency. However, the ability of the system to put out power
is dependent on the quality of the batteries used, wires and connectors supplying power. Due
to their power, brushless motors are also used in bigger monster trucks and 1/8 nitro-powered
buggies that have been converted to electric. High quality brushless systems can be much more
powerful than nitro and can accomplish feats such as standing backflips when installed in a
monster truck, most notably the HPI Savage Flux. Some 1/5 scale gas to electric conversions
are in production but are uncommon due to high price.
A new (2012) form of electric r/c racing is MAGracing. Small 1/32 scale cars and powered by
rechargeable batteries and steering and speed are controlled by r/c. Extra steering guidance is
provided by steel wires hidden in the track surface enabling more accurate steering than is
attainable with free running r/c cars. Tracks can therefore be much narrower and smaller
making the system suitable for 'in home' racing. Cars can be driven back onto the track after an
'off', using reverse if necessary, so that track marshals are not required.
5.2 Nitro powered models
Nitromethane nitro powered models utilize a single servo for throttle and braking control;
rotation of the servo in one direction will cause the throttle on the carburetor to open, providing
more air and fuel mixture to the internal combustion engine. Rotation of the servo in the other
direction causes torque to be applied to a linkage and cam which causes friction with the
braking material. The brake is commonly located on the driveshaft or spur gear in some cases
and applies stopping power only to the driven wheels. Some models will also use an additional
servo to control a transmission box, enabling the vehicle to drive in reverse.
Fuel engine sizes most often range between .12-.35 cubic inches. This is due to restrictions by
the main sanctioning bodies for radio-controlled racing. Many "outlaw" engines are
manufactured larger than these, mainly intended for vehicles which will not be used in

17. 17
sanctioned races and therefore do not need to comply with these regulations. Engine size is
related to the class of car; 1/10 scale on and off road vehicles usually are equipped with .12-
.18 cubic inch engines, with 1/8 scale vehicles using .21-.32 cubic inch engines. There are
exceptions, with many Schumacher and Thunder Tiger/Team Associated RC models being
good examples of unusually large engines coming as standard equipment on certain models.
Fuel-powered engines allow model cars to reach moderate speeds unmodified. Maximum
power is generally achieved at medium to high speeds, and a slightly slower throttle response
than electrically powered vehicles is to be expected due to clutching and lack of torque. Electric
motors effectively produce instantaneous torque, whereas nitro engines, like full-sized gasoline
engines, take time for the engine to spool up and for the clutch to engage. Nitro- (and fuel)
powered cars may be refueled and returned to action in a few seconds, as opposed to electrics
which require removal of the body shell and battery fasteners to replace a discharged battery.
Nitro cars are cooled some by air, some by the oil mixed in with the fuel and may be run
continuously with no need to take breaks for cooling down assuming they are properly tuned.
Nitro-powered cars operate like full-sized fuel vehicles more than their electric counterparts
do, making use of a two stroke engine rather than an electric motor. The sound of the engine
noise is a main selling points to nitro enthusiasts, even though brushless electric equivalents
are generally faster and do not require special fuel. However, their exhaust contains unburned
oil, which usually ends up coating the chassis. This, in turn, requires more cleaning than an
electric powered equivalent.
5.3 Gasoline-powered models
Gasoline-powered vehicles, also known as "fuelies" or "gassers", run on a mix of gasoline and
oil. They cost much more (usually $800–$3000 RTR) than nitro and electric cars. They are also
much bigger and therefore require much more space to run. They do not usually have as high
top end speeds (compared to nitro and some electrics) but have lots of power and do not take a
lot of fuel to run. Over time the cost of a gas-powered car can be less than some nitro-powered
vehicles, because of the high cost of nitro fuel and buying new nitro engines to replace worn-
out ones.
In addition, gas-powered motors rarely if ever require tuning and have a very long lifespan.
These gas-powered vehicles really pertain to the individual who is more interested in scale than
imagination. These large scale models have been popular in Europe for over a decade and have
recently become very popular in the US thanks to companies like HPI Racing and FG Model
sport producing affordable high quality models locally

18. 18
Chapter 6
REMOTE CONTROLLED CAR DESIGN & OPERATION

19. 19
6.1 Operation of the DPDT switches:-
LEFT BUTTON RIGHT BUTTON
UP UP
DOWN DOWN
UP -----------
----------- UP
UP DOWN
DOWN UP
NIL NIL
6.2 Instructions for the working of DPDT switches:-
 1. THE RC CAR WILL GO IN THE FRONT DIRECTION.
 2. THE RC CAR WILL GO IN THE BACKWARD DIRECTION.
 3. THE RC CAR WILL TURN TOWRADS RIGHT.
 4. THE RC CAR WILL TURN TOWARDS LEFT.
 5. THE RC CAR WILL ROTATE 360 DEGREE TOWARDS RIGHT.
 6. THE RC CAR WILL ROTATE 360 DEGREE TOWARDS LEFT.
 7. THE RC CAR WILL STOP RUNNING.
6.3 Advantages of RC car:-
1. Portable and easy to use
2. Convenient
3. Saves human energy
6.4 Disadvantages of RC Car:-
1. Easily lost
2. Need to be quite close to object
3. Has distance limit in controlling devices

20. 20
Chapter 7
APPLICATIONS
7.1 Scientific
Remote control vehicles have various scientific uses including hazardous environments,
working in the deep ocean, and space exploration. The majority of the probes to the other
planets in our solar system have been remote control vehicles, although some of the more recent
ones were partially autonomous. The sophistication of these devices has fueled greater debate
on the need for manned spaceflight and exploration. The Voyager I spacecraft is the first craft
of any kind to leave the solar system. The martian explorers Spirit and Opportunity have
provided continuous data about the surface of Mars since January 3, 2004.
Jason is the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's deep water explorer and can withstand
depths of up to 6,500 feet. The Scorpio ROV is a British submersible that rescued the crew of
the Russian AS-28 on August 7, 2005.
7.2 Military and law enforcement
Military usage of remotely controlled military vehicles dates back to the first half of 20th
century. John Hays Hammond, Jr., invented and patented methods for wireless control of ships
starting in 1910. Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled teletanks during the 1930s in the
Winter War and early stage of World War II. There were also remotely controlled cutters and
experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army.
Remote control vehicles are used in law enforcement and military engagements for some of
the same reasons. The exposure to hazards are mitigated to the person who operates the vehicle
from a location of relative safety. Remote controlled vehicles are used by many police
department bomb-squads to defuse or detonate explosives. See Dragon Runner, Military robot.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have undergone a dramatic evolution in capability in the
past decade. Early UAVs were capable of reconnaissance missions alone and then only with a
limited range. Current UAVs can hover around possible targets until they are positively
identified before releasing their payload of weaponry. Backpack sized UAVs will provide
ground troops with over the horizon surveillance capabilities.
7.3 Recreation and hobby
See Radio-controlled model. Small scale remote control vehicles have long been popular
among hobbyists. These remote controlled vehicles span a wide range in terms of price and
sophistication. There are many types of radio controlled vehicles. These include on-road cars,
off-road trucks, boats, airplanes, and even helicopters. The "robots" now popular in television
shows such as Robot Wars, are a recent extension of this hobby (these vehicles do not meet the
classical definition of a robot; they are remotely controlled by a human). Radio-controlled
submarines also exist.
Recently, Sony Ericsson released a remote control car that could be controlled by any Bluetooth
cell phone. Radio is the most popular because it does not require the vehicle to be limited by
the length of the cable or in a direct line of sight with the controller (as with the infrared set-
up). These also include remote controlled helicopters

21. 21
CONCLUSION
The literature survey of the project for this semester is completed. The final product of the
project will be done and will be demonstrated with fully functioning mechanical part. The final
product is supposed to represent the design concept of our product. The same concept can be
utilized to construct other surveillance cars as a mass production for detection as well as
scientific research purposes. However, the idea always has a lot of rooms to make
enhancements in the future and the defects can be corrected to make the idea to be utilized in
real practice. We anticipate a successful completion.

22. 22
REFERENCES
1.http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/video/ps8806/ps5684/ps2209/prod_white_pap
er0900aecd805738f5.html (dated on : 5-10-2016)
2.http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/rf-module-transmitter-receiver
(dated on : 10-10-2016)
3. http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/electric-car-motor-specifications.html (dated on :24-10-
2011 )
4. Societyofrobotic.com (dated on:20-11-2016)
5. Robotics.org (dated on : 20-12-2016)
6. Cr4.globalspec.com (dated on : 22-1-2016) 7. Engineersgarage.com (dated on : 11-2-2016)