This document discusses various aspects of programming languages and the program development cycle. It begins by describing low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level procedural languages like BASIC, COBOL, and C. It then discusses object-oriented languages like C++ and Java, visual programming languages, and other languages and tools. The document also covers aspects of web page development like HTML, scripting languages, and authoring software. It concludes by outlining the typical six-step program development cycle.

1. Chapter 13
Programming
Languages and
Program
Development

2. Chapter 13 Objectives
Next
Describe various ways to develop Web pages
including HTML, scripting languages,
DHTML, XML, WML, and Web page
authoring software
Describe various ways to develop Web pages
including HTML, scripting languages,
DHTML, XML, WML, and Web page
authoring software
Differentiate between machine
and assembly languages
Differentiate between machine
and assembly languages
Identify and discuss the purpose of
procedural programming languages
Identify and discuss the purpose of
procedural programming languages
Identify and discuss the characteristics of
object-oriented programming languages
Identify and discuss the characteristics of
object-oriented programming languages
Discuss the advantages and uses of visual
programming languages
Discuss the advantages and uses of visual
programming languages
Identify the uses of other programming
languages and other program development
tools
Identify the uses of other programming
languages and other program development
tools
Identify the uses of popular multimedia
authoring programs
Identify the uses of popular multimedia
authoring programs
List the six steps in the program
development cycle
List the six steps in the program
development cycle
Differentiate between structured design and
object-oriented design
Differentiate between structured design and
object-oriented design
Explain the basic control structures and
design tools used in designing solutions to
programming problems
Explain the basic control structures and
design tools used in designing solutions to
programming problems

3. Computer Programs and Programming
Languages
What is a computer program?
p. 664 Fig. 13-1 Next
 Set of instructions that directs computer to perform
tasks
 Programming language—used to write instructions

4. Computer Programs and Programming
Languages
What are low-level languages and high-level languages?
p. 665 Next
High-level
language
High-level
language
Low-level
language
Low-level
language
Machine-dependent
runs only on one type of computer
Machine-dependent
runs only on one type of computer Often machine-independent
can run on many different
types of computers
Often machine-independent
can run on many different
types of computers
Machine and assembly languages
are low-level
Machine and assembly languages
are low-level

5. Low-Level Languages
What is machine language?
p. 665 Fig. 13-2 Next
 Only language computer
directly recognizes
 Uses a series of binary digits
(1s and 0s) with a
combination of numbers and
letters that represent binary
digits

6. Low-Level Languages
What is assembly language?
p. 666 Fig. 13-3 Next
 Instructions made up of
symbolic instruction
codes, meaningful
abbreviations and codes
 Source program contains
code to be converted to
machine language

7. Procedural Languages
What is a procedural language?
p. 666 Next
Most widely used are BASIC,
COBOL, and C
Uses series of English-like
words to write instructions
Often called third-generationthird-generation
language (3GL)language (3GL)
Programmer writes
instructions that tell
computer what to accomplish
and how to do it

8. Procedural Languages
What is a compiler?
p. 667 Fig. 13-4 Next
 Program that
converts entire
source
program into
machine
language
before
executing it

9. Procedural Languages
What is an interpreter?
p. 667 Fig. 13-5 Next
 Program that
translates and
executes one
program code
statement at
a time
 Does not produce
object program

10. Procedural Languages
What is COBOL?
p. 668 Fig. 13-6 Next
 Designed for business applications
 English-like statements make code easy to read, write,
and maintain
 COmmon
Business-Oriented
Language
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COBOL below Chapter 13

11. Procedural Languages
What is C?
p. 668 Fig. 13-7 Next
 Powerful language originally designed to write system
software
 Requires professional programming skills

12. Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language?
p. 669 Next
Used to
implement
object-oriented
design
Major benefit
is ability to
reuse existing
objects
Event-drivenEvent-driven—
checks for
and responds
to set of events
C++ and Java
are complete
object-oriented
languages
Object is
item that
contains
data and
procedures
that act on
data
Event is
action to
which
program
responds

13. Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is Java?
p. 669 Fig. 13-8 Next
 Developed by Sun
Microsystems
 Similar to C++ but
uses just-in-time
(JIT) compiler to
convert source
code into machine
code
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Java below Chapter 13

14. Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is C++?
p. 670 Fig. 13-9 Next
 Includes all elements of C, plus additional features
for working with object-oriented concepts
 Used to develop
database and
Web applications
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C++ below Chapter 13

15. Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is C#?
p. 670 Next
 Object-oriented programming language based on C++
 Accepted as a standard for Web applications and
XML-based Web services
 Uses a JIT compiler
 Resulting code is called Microsoft Intermediate
Language (MSIL)

16. Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is a visual programming language?
p. 670 Next
Programmer writes
and implements
program in segments
Visual programming
environment (VPE)
allows developers to
drag and drop objects
to build programs
Often used inOften used in RADRAD
(rapid application(rapid application
development)development)
environmentenvironment
Sometimes calledSometimes called
fifth-generationfifth-generation
languagelanguage
Provides visual orProvides visual or
graphical interface forgraphical interface for
creating source codecreating source code
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RAD below Chapter 13

17. Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is Visual Studio 2005?
p. 671 Fig. 13-10 Next
 .NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet
 Comprised of Visual Basic 2005, Visual C++ 2005, Visual C# 2005, and Visual
J# 2005
Step 1. The
programmer
designs the
user interface.
Step 2. The programmer
assigns properties to each
object on the form.
Step 4. The programmer
tests the application.
Step 3. The
programmer
writes code
to define the
action of each
command button.
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Visual Studio 2005
below Chapter 13

18. Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is Delphi?
p. 672 Fig. 13-11 Next
 Powerful visual programming tool
 Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications

19. Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is PowerBuilder?
p. 673 Fig. 13-12 Next
 Another powerful visual programming tool
 Best suited for Web-based and large-scale
object-oriented applications

20. Nonprocedural Languages
and Program Development Tools
 What are nonprocedural languages and program
development tools?
p. 670 and 674 Next
Nonprocedural
Language
The programmer writes English-
like instructions or interacts
with a visual environment to
retrieve data from files or a
database
Nonprocedural
Language
The programmer writes English-
like instructions or interacts
with a visual environment to
retrieve data from files or a
database
Program Development
Tools
User-friendly programs
designed to assist both
programmers and users in
creating programs
Program Development
Tools
User-friendly programs
designed to assist both
programmers and users in
creating programs

21. Other Programming Languages
What is RPG (Report Program Generator)?
p. 674 Fig. 13-13 Next
 Nonprocedural language used for generating reports,
performing computations, and updating files

22. Other Programming Languages
What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?
p. 675 Fig. 13-14 Next
 Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in
database
 Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to
manage data in relational DBMS

23. Other Programming Languages
What are other available programming languages?
p. 675 Next
ALGOLALGOLALGOLALGOLADAADAADAADA APLAPLAPLAPL
FORTHFORTHFORTHFORTH LISPLISPLISPLISPHYPERTALKHYPERTALKHYPERTALKHYPERTALKFORTRANFORTRANFORTRANFORTRAN
LOGOLOGOLOGOLOGO PASCALPASCALPASCALPASCALMODULA-2MODULA-2MODULA-2MODULA-2
PILOTPILOTPILOTPILOT SMALLTALKSMALLTALKSMALLTALKSMALLTALKPROLOGPROLOGPROLOGPROLOGPL/IPL/IPL/IPL/I

24. Other Program Development Tools
What is an application generator?
p. 676 Fig. 13-16 Next
 Program that creates source code or machine code from
specification
 Consists of report writer, form, and menu generator
 Form provides areas for entering data

25. Other Program Development Tools
What is Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)?
p. 676 - 677 Fig. 13-17 Next
 Macro programming language
 Macro—series of statements used to automate tasks
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Macros below Chapter 13

26. Web Page Development
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
p. 678 Fig. 13-18 Next
 Used to create Web pages
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navigation, then click
HTML below Chapter 13

27. Web Page Development
How are special effects and interactive elements added
to a Web page?
p. 679 Next
CounterCounter
tracks
number of
visitors to
Web site
Image mapImage map
graphic
image that
points to
URL
ScriptScript
interpreted
program that
runs on client
AppletApplet
usually runs
on client, but
is compiled
ProcessingProcessing
formform
collects data
from visitors
to Web site
ServletServlet
applet that
runs on
server
ActiveXActiveX
controlcontrol
small program
that runs on
client

28. Web Page Development
What is the common gateway interface (CGI)?
p.679 - 680 Fig. 13-19 Next
 Communications standard that defines how Web server
communicates with outside sources
Step 3. When the user submits a
request, it is sent to the CGI program.
The CGI program contacts the
database and requests information for
the user. In this case, it looks for a
movie titled The Wizard of Oz.
Step 1. The
programmer stores
the CGI program in
a special folder on
the Web server such
as /cgi-bin.
Database
 CGI script—program that manages sending and receiving across CGI
Step 2. The Webmaster creates a
link between the CGI program and
Web page. When a user displays the
Web page, the CGI program
automatically starts.
Step 4. The CGI
program receives
information from
the database,
assembles it in an
HTML format, and
sends it to the user’s
Web browser.

29. Web Page Development
What is a scripting language?
p. 681 Fig. 13-20 Next
 Typically easy to learn and use
 JavaScript—adds
dynamic content and
interactive elements to
Web page
 VBScript (Visual Basic,
Scripting Edition)—adds
intelligence and
interactivity to Web page
 Perl (Practical Extraction
and Report Language)—
has powerful text
processing capabilities
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Scripting Languages
below Chapter 13

30. Web Page Development
What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?
p. 682 Fig. 13-21 Next
 Allows developers to
include more graphical
interest and interactivity
in Web page

31. Web Page Development
What are XHTML, XML, and WML?
p. 682 - 683 Next
XHTMLXHTML
(Extensible HTML)(Extensible HTML)
enables Web sites to be displayed
more easily on microbrowsers
XMLXML
(Extensible Markup Language)(Extensible Markup Language)
allows developers to
create customized tags
WMLWML
(Wireless Markup Language)(Wireless Markup Language)
allows developers to design pages
specifically for microbrowsers
Includes features of HTML
and XML
Many PDAs and smart
phones use WML as their
markup language
Server sends entire record to
client, enabling client to do
much of processing without
going back to server
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navigation, then click
XML below
Chapter 13

32. FrontPageFrontPage
20032003
FlashFlash
MXMX
Web Page Development
What is Web page authoring software?
p. 683 Next
 Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML
 Generates HTML
DreamweaverDreamweaver
MXMX

33. Multimedia Program Development
What is multimedia authoring software?
p. 684 Fig. 13-22 Next
 Combines text,
graphics, animation,
audio, and video into
interactive presentation
 Used for computer-
based training (CBT)
and Web-based training
(WBT)
 Software includes
Toolbook, Authorware,
and Director MX

34. The Program Development Cycle
What is the program development cycle?
p. 685 Fig. 13-23 Next
 Steps programmers use to build computer programs
 Programming
team—Group of
programmers
working on
program

35. Step 1 — Analyze Requirements
What is involved in analyzing the requirements?
p. 686 Fig. 13-24 Next
1. Review requirements
2. Meet with systems analyst and users
3. Identify input, output, processing, and data
components
 IPO chart—
Identifies
program’s inputs,
outputs, and
processing steps

36. ProgrammerProgrammer
begins with generalbegins with general
design and moves towarddesign and moves toward
detailed designdetailed design
Step 2 — Design Solution
What is involved in designing the solution?
p. 687 Next
Object-orientedObject-oriented
designdesign
StructuredStructured
designdesign, sometimes, sometimes
called top-down designcalled top-down design
TwoTwo
approachesapproaches
DeviseDevise
solutionsolution
algorithm,algorithm,
step-by-stepstep-by-step
procedure toprocedure to
solve problemsolve problem

37. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a hierarchy chart?
p. 687 Fig. 13-25 Next
 Shows program modules graphically
 Also called structure chart

38. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is object-oriented (OO) design?
p. 688 Fig. 13-26 Next
 Programmer packages data and
procedure into single unit, an object
 Objects are grouped into classes
 Class diagram represents hierarchical
relationships of classes graphically
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Object-Oriented Design
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39. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a sequence control structure?
p. 688 Fig. 13-27 Next
 Control structure that shows actions following each
other in order
 Control structure depicts logical order of program
instructions

40. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a selection control structure?
p. 689 Fig. 13-28 Next
 Tells program which
action to take, based
on a certain
condition
 Two types
 Case control structure
 If-then-else control
structure—yields one
of two possibilities:
true or false

41. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a case control structure?
p. 689 Fig. 13-29 Next
 Yields one of three or more possibilities

42. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a repetition control structure?
p. 689 - 690 Figs. 13-30–13-31 Next
 Enables program to perform one or more actions
repeatedly
 Do-while control
structure—repeats as
long as condition is
true
 Do-until control
structure—repeats
until condition is true
Do-While Control Structure Do-Until Control Structure

43. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a program flowchart?
p. 690 Fig. 13-32 Next
 Graphically shows logic
in solution algorithm

44. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is an example of a flowchart?
p. 690 - 691 Fig. 13-33 Next

45. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is flowcharting software?
p. 690 - 691 Fig. 13-34 Next
 Used by programmers to develop flowcharts
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Flowcharting Software
below Chapter 13

46. Step 2 — Design Solution
What is pseudocode?
p. 690 Fig. 13-35 Next
 Uses condensed form
of English to convey
program logic

47. Step 3 — Validate Design
What is involved in validating the design?
p. 693 Next
Check program
design for accuracy
Logic errorLogic error
design flaw
that causes
inaccurate results
Test dataTest data
sample data that
mimics real data that
program will process
Programmer checks
logic for correctness
and attempts to uncover
logic errors
Desk checkDesk check
programmers use test
data to step through logic
InspectionInspection
systems analyst reviews
deliverables during the system
development cycle

48. Step 4 — Implement Design
What is implementation?
p. 693 - 695 Fig. 13-38 Next
 Writing the code that translates the design into a program
 Syntax—rules that specify how to write instructions
 Comments—program documentation
 Extreme programming (XP)—coding and testing as soon as
requirements are defined
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Extreme Programming
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49. Step 5 — Test Solution
What is involved in testing the solution?
p. 695 - 696 Next
Ensure program runs correctlyEnsure program runs correctly
and is error freeand is error free
DebuggingDebugging—locating and—locating and
correcting syntax and logiccorrecting syntax and logic
errors, orerrors, or bugsbugs
Test copy of program,Test copy of program,
calledcalled betabeta, sometimes, sometimes
used to find bugsused to find bugs

50. Step 6 — Document Solution
What is involved in documenting the solution?
p. 696 Next
 Programmer performs two activities
Reviews program code
—removes dead code,
program instructions
that program never
executes
Reviews program code
—removes dead code,
program instructions
that program never
executes
Reviews
documentation
Reviews
documentation

51. Summary of Programming Languages and Program
Development
Various programming languages
used to write and develop
computer programs
Various programming languages
used to write and develop
computer programs
The program development
cycle and the tools used to make
this process efficient
The program development
cycle and the tools used to make
this process efficient
Web development and multimedia
development tools
Web development and multimedia
development tools
Chapter 13 Complete