A programming language is a notation for writing programs that specify computations or algorithms and typically includes abstractions for data manipulation and execution control. They can be categorized into several generations, from low-level machine languages to high-level languages that are easier for humans to understand and work with, such as Python, Java, and C++. Each programming language has unique features and applications in software development, web programming, and system integration.

3. What is Programming Language?
• A programming language is a notation for writing programs,
which are specifications of a computation or algorithm.
• Programming languages usually contain abstractions for defining
and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of
execution.
• Thousands of different programming languages have been created,
and more are being created every year.

4. Levels of Programming Language
High-level program Low-level program Executable Machine code
 Higher-order programming is a style of computer programming that uses software
components, like functions, modules or objects, as values.
 A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no
abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture-commands or functions in the
language map closely to processor instructions.
 In computer programming, machine code, consisting of machine language instructions, is
a low-level programming language used to directly control a computer's central processing
unit (CPU).

5. Types of Programming Language
First Generation Languages
Second Generation Languages
Third Generation Languages
Fourth Generation Languages
Fifth Generation Languages

6. First Generation Languages
 Machine language
 Operation code – such as addition or subtraction.
 Operands – that identify the data to be processed.
 Machine language is machine dependent as it is the only language the computer
can understand.
 Very efficient code but very difficult to write.

7. Second Generation Languages
 Assembly languages
 Symbolic operation codes replaced binary operation codes.
 Assembly language programs needed to be “assembled” for execution by the
computer. Each assembly language instruction is translated into one machine
language instruction.
 Very efficient code and easier to write.

8. Third Generation Languages
 Closer to English but included simple mathematical notation.
 Programs written in source code which must be translated into machine language
programs called object code.
 The translation of source code to object code is accomplished by a machine language
system program called a compiler.
 Alternative to compilation is interpretation which is accomplished by a system
program called an interpreter.

9. Fourth Generation Languages
 A high level language (4GL) that requires fewer instructions to accomplish a task
than a third generation language.
 Used with databases
• Query languages
• Report generators
• Forms designers
• Application generators

10. Fifth Generation Languages
Declarative languages
Functional(?): Lisp, Scheme, SML
• Also called applicative
• Everything is a function
Logic: Prolog
• Based on mathematical logic
• Rule- or Constraint-based

11. The Principal Paradigms
Imperative Programming
Object-Oriented Programming
Logic/Declarative Programming
Functional/Applicative Programming

12. Programming Languages
HTML
C
C++
C#
Java
JavaScript
Python
PHP
Ruby
SQL

13. HTML
 HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages; it ensures proper
formatting of text and images (using tags) so that Internet browsers can display them in
the ways they were intended to look.
 HTML was created by physicist Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 to allow scientists to share
documents online. Before then, all communication was sent using plain text. HTML
made “rich” text possible (i.e. text formatting and visual images).
 HTML is used to create electronic documents (pages) displayed online. Visit any page
and you will see an example of HTML in action.
 Features:
• Easy to use and learn the basics of HTML.
• Free and accessible.
• Multiple versions available.

14. C
 C Language is a structure-oriented, middle-level programming language mostly used to
develop low-level applications.
 The C Language was developed in 1972 at Bell Labs specifically for implementing the
UNIX system.
 C Language is used to develop systems applications that are integrated into operating
systems such as Windows, UNIX and Linux, as well as embedded software.
 Features:
• Simple to learn; there are only 32 keywords to master.
• Easy to write systems programs such as compilers and interpreters.
• Foundational language for beginners.

15. C++
 C++ is a general purpose, object-oriented, middle-level programming language and is an
extension of C language, which makes it possible to code C++ in a “C style”.
 Released in 1983 and often considered an object-oriented version of C language, C++
was created to compile lean, efficient code, while providing high-level abstractions to
better manage large development projects.
 The C++ language is used to create computer programs and packaged software, such as
games, office applications, graphics and video editors and operating systems.
 Features:
• Often the first programming language taught at college level.
• Quick processing and compilation mechanism.
• Robust standard library (STL).

16. C#
 C# is a multi-paradigm programming language that features strong typing, imperative,
declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented and component-oriented disciplines.
 C# was developed in 2000 as part of Microsoft’s release of .NET framework; in 2003
it became an ISO standard.
 C# helps developers create XML web services and Microsoft .NET-connected
applications for Windows operating systems and the internet.
 Features:
• Similar to Java in capabilities.
• Ideal for beginners.
• The go-to for working on Microsoft apps.

17. Java
 Java is a general-purpose, object-oriented, high-level programming language with several
features that make it ideal for web-based development.
 Originally known as Oak, Java was developed in 1990 at Sun Microsystems to add
capabilities to the C++ language. The language was introduced to the public in 1995 and is
now owned by Oracle.
 Java is used to develop enterprise-level applications for video games and mobile apps, as
well as to create web-based applications with JSP (Java Server Pages). When used online,
Java allows applets to be downloaded and used through a browser, which can then perform
a function not normally available.
 Features:
• Application portability.
• Robust and interpreted language.
• Extensive network library.

18. JavaScript
 JavaScript is a client-side programming language that runs inside a client browser and
processes commands on a computer rather than a server. It is commonly placed into an
HTML or ASP file.
 JavaScript was designed by Netscape and originally known as LiveScript, before
becoming JavaScript in 1995.
 JavaScript is used primarily in Web development to manipulate various page elements
and make them more dynamic, including scrolling abilities, printing the time and date,
creating a calendar and other tasks not possible through plain HTML.
 Features:
 Basic features are easy to learn.
 Multiple frameworks.
 Users can reference JQuery, a comprehensive JavaScript library.

19. Python
 Python is an advanced programming language that is interpreted, object-oriented and
built on flexible and robust semantics.
 Python was developed in the late 1980s at CWI in the Netherlands and first released
to the public in 1991.
 Python lets you work quickly to integrate systems as a scripting or glue language. It’s
also suited for Rapid Application Develop (RAD).
 Features:
• Simple to learn and easily read.
• Associated web frameworks for developing web-based applications.
• Free interpreter and standard library available in source or binary on major platforms.

20. PHP (Hypertext Pre-processor)
 PHP is an open-source scripting language designed for creating dynamic web pages that
effectively work with databases. It is also used as a general-purpose programming
language.
 PHP was released in 1995 as a server-side scripting language, which is processed on a
server to become a website in plain HTML.
 PHP is primarily used alongside dynamic data-heavy websites to collect form data. It’s
also used in app development to generate dynamic page content.
 Features:
• Easy to learn (as simple as embedding code inside HTML).
• Free and opensource.
• Can be used on all major operating systems and web servers.

21. Ruby
 Ruby is an open-sourced, object-oriented scripting language that can be used
independently or as part of the Ruby on Rails web framework.
 Designed in 1995, Ruby’s creator described it as “simple in appearance, but it is very
complex inside, just like our human body.”
 Ruby is used for simulations, 3D modeling, and to manage and track information.
 Features:
• Free to use, copy, modify and distribute.
• Intuitive and flexible language.
• Completely object-oriented (ability to use method chaining).

22. SQL (Structured Query Language)
 SQL is a database query language (not a development language) that allows for adding,
accessing and managing content in a database.
 SQL was developed at the IBM Research Center in 1974 and originally known as
SEQUEL. The first commercial version was introduced in 1979 by ORACLE.
 SQL interacts with the backend database of web application. It is the “de facto
standard” database language, always used in conjunction with another programming
language.
 Features:
• Simple syntax.
• Free and easily accessible.
• Relational database management systems.

23. Language Family Tree

24. Criteria for good language
 Formerly:
◦ Run-time performance
 Now:
◦ Ease of designing, coding
◦ Debugging
◦ Maintenance
◦ Reusability

25. Criteria for good language (cont.)
• Writability
• Readability
• Orthogonality
• Reliability
• Maintainability
• Generality
• Uniformity
• Extensibility
• Standardability
• Implementability

26. Conclusion
Every one need a language to tell an information
which is hidden, in such a way programming is a
language which is used for knowing the hidden
information of computer related programming.

27. • https://www.computerscience.org/
• SpringerLink
• https://www.coursera.org/
• https://www.w3schools.com/
• GitHub (https://github.com/)
References