Producer consumer problem operating systemAl Mamun
In computing, the producer–consumer problem (also known as the bounded-buffer problem) is a classic example of a multi-process synchronization problem. The problem describes two processes, the producer and the consumer, who share a common, fixed-size buffer used as a queue.
The reader/writer problem involves coordinating access to shared data by multiple reader and writer processes. There are two main approaches: (1) prioritizing readers, where readers can access the data simultaneously but writers must wait, risking writer starvation. This can be solved using semaphores. (2) Prioritizing writers, where new readers must wait if a writer is already accessing the data. This prevents starvation and can be implemented using monitors. The document then describes how to use semaphores to solve the reader/writer problem by prioritizing readers, with mutex, wrt, and readcount semaphores controlling access for readers and writers.
A brief introduction to Process synchronization in Operating Systems with classical examples and solutions using semaphores. A good starting tutorial for beginners.
The document describes the producer-consumer problem where a producer produces items that are inserted into a shared buffer and a consumer removes items from the buffer. There must be careful synchronization between the producer and consumer so that the consumer does not try to remove an item from an empty buffer or the producer inserts into a full buffer. A typical solution uses a shared count variable and puts the producer or consumer to sleep if the buffer is full or empty, respectively, waking the other process up when it is possible for it to proceed.
The document discusses three classical synchronization problems: the dining philosophers problem, the readers-writers problem, and the bounded buffer problem. For each problem, it provides an overview of the problem structure, potential issues like deadlock, and example semaphore-based solutions to coordinate access to shared resources in a way that avoids those issues. It also notes some applications where each type of problem could arise, like processes sharing a limited number of resources.
Deadlocks-An Unconditional Waiting Situation in Operating System. We must make sure of This concept well before understanding deep in to Operating System. This PPT will understands you to get how the deadlocks Occur and how can we Detect, avoid and Prevent the deadlocks in Operating Systems.
Inter-process communication (IPC) allows processes to communicate and synchronize. Common IPC methods include pipes, message queues, shared memory, semaphores, and mutexes. Pipes provide unidirectional communication while message queues allow full-duplex communication through message passing. Shared memory enables processes to access the same memory region. Direct IPC requires processes to explicitly name communication partners while indirect IPC uses shared mailboxes.
Producer consumer problem operating systemAl Mamun
In computing, the producer–consumer problem (also known as the bounded-buffer problem) is a classic example of a multi-process synchronization problem. The problem describes two processes, the producer and the consumer, who share a common, fixed-size buffer used as a queue.
The reader/writer problem involves coordinating access to shared data by multiple reader and writer processes. There are two main approaches: (1) prioritizing readers, where readers can access the data simultaneously but writers must wait, risking writer starvation. This can be solved using semaphores. (2) Prioritizing writers, where new readers must wait if a writer is already accessing the data. This prevents starvation and can be implemented using monitors. The document then describes how to use semaphores to solve the reader/writer problem by prioritizing readers, with mutex, wrt, and readcount semaphores controlling access for readers and writers.
A brief introduction to Process synchronization in Operating Systems with classical examples and solutions using semaphores. A good starting tutorial for beginners.
The document describes the producer-consumer problem where a producer produces items that are inserted into a shared buffer and a consumer removes items from the buffer. There must be careful synchronization between the producer and consumer so that the consumer does not try to remove an item from an empty buffer or the producer inserts into a full buffer. A typical solution uses a shared count variable and puts the producer or consumer to sleep if the buffer is full or empty, respectively, waking the other process up when it is possible for it to proceed.
The document discusses three classical synchronization problems: the dining philosophers problem, the readers-writers problem, and the bounded buffer problem. For each problem, it provides an overview of the problem structure, potential issues like deadlock, and example semaphore-based solutions to coordinate access to shared resources in a way that avoids those issues. It also notes some applications where each type of problem could arise, like processes sharing a limited number of resources.
Deadlocks-An Unconditional Waiting Situation in Operating System. We must make sure of This concept well before understanding deep in to Operating System. This PPT will understands you to get how the deadlocks Occur and how can we Detect, avoid and Prevent the deadlocks in Operating Systems.
Inter-process communication (IPC) allows processes to communicate and synchronize. Common IPC methods include pipes, message queues, shared memory, semaphores, and mutexes. Pipes provide unidirectional communication while message queues allow full-duplex communication through message passing. Shared memory enables processes to access the same memory region. Direct IPC requires processes to explicitly name communication partners while indirect IPC uses shared mailboxes.
This document discusses various page replacement algorithms used in operating systems. It begins with definitions of paging and page replacement in virtual memory systems. There are then overviews of 12 different page replacement algorithms including FIFO, optimal, LRU, NRU, NFU, second chance, clock, and random. The goal of page replacement algorithms is to minimize page faults. The document provides examples and analyses of how each algorithm approaches replacing pages in memory.
This document discusses semaphores, which are integer variables that coordinate access to shared resources. It describes counting semaphores, which allow multiple processes to access a critical section simultaneously up to a set limit, and binary semaphores, which only permit one process at a time. Key differences are that counting semaphores can have any integer value while binary semaphores are limited to 0 or 1, and counting semaphores allow multiple slots while binary semaphores provide strict mutual exclusion. Limitations of semaphores include potential priority inversion issues and deadlocks if not used properly.
This document summarizes the Banker's Algorithm, which is used to determine if a set of pending processes can safely acquire resources or if they should wait due to limited resources. It outlines the key data structures used like Available, Max, Allocation, and Need matrices to track current resources. The Safety Algorithm is described to check if the system is in a safe state by finding a process that can terminate and release resources. The Resource-Request Algorithm simulates allocating resources to a process and checks if it leads to a safe state before actual allocation.
This document discusses various techniques for process synchronization. It begins by defining process synchronization as coordinating access to shared resources between processes to maintain data consistency. It then discusses critical sections, where shared data is accessed, and solutions like Peterson's algorithm and semaphores to ensure only one process accesses the critical section at a time. Semaphores use wait and signal operations on a shared integer variable to synchronize processes. The document covers binary and counting semaphores and provides an example of their use.
This document discusses semaphores and their use in solving critical section problems. It defines semaphores, describes their wait and signal methods, and types including counting and binary semaphores. It then explains how semaphores can be used to solve classical synchronization problems like the bounded buffer, readers-writers, and dining philosophers problems. Examples of semaphore implementations are provided for each problem.
This presentation describes about the various memory allocation methods like first fit, best fit and worst fit in memory management and also about fragmentation problem and solution for the problem.
The document discusses different types of queues, including simple, circular, priority, and double-ended queues. It describes the basic queue operations of enqueue and dequeue, where new elements are added to the rear of the queue and existing elements are removed from the front. Circular queues are more memory efficient than linear queues by connecting the last queue element back to the first, forming a circle. Priority queues remove elements based on priority rather than order of insertion. Double-ended queues allow insertion and removal from both ends. Common applications of queues include CPU and disk scheduling, synchronization between asynchronous processes, and call center phone systems.
The document discusses solutions to the critical section problem where multiple processes need exclusive access to shared resources. It defines the critical section problem and requirements for a solution. It then presents three algorithms using shared variables to coordinate access between two processes in a way that satisfies mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting.
1) A semaphore consists of a counter, a waiting list, and wait() and signal() methods. Wait() decrements the counter and blocks if it becomes negative, while signal() increments the counter and resumes a blocked process if the counter becomes positive.
2) The dining philosophers problem is solved using semaphores to lock access to shared chopsticks, with one philosopher designated as a "weirdo" to avoid deadlock by acquiring locks in a different order.
3) The producer-consumer problem uses three semaphores - one to limit buffer size, one for empty slots, and one for locks - to coordinate producers adding to a bounded buffer
This document discusses shared memory in Linux, including creating shared memory segments using shmget, attaching and detaching shared memory using shmat and shmdt, controlling shared memory segments using shmctl, and using mmap to map files to shared memory. It provides details on the system calls used for shared memory and examples of creating and using shared memory between processes.
The document discusses fragmentation in operating systems. It defines fragmentation as when free memory becomes broken into small pieces that are not large enough to allocate to processes. There are two types of fragmentation: external fragmentation, which occurs when memory is released and the free space is broken into small pieces; and internal fragmentation, which occurs when allocated memory is larger than the requested size. Solutions to fragmentation include segmentation, paging, and memory allocation strategies like first fit, best fit, and worst fit.
Performance analysis(Time & Space Complexity)swapnac12
The document discusses algorithms analysis and design. It covers time complexity and space complexity analysis using approaches like counting the number of basic operations like assignments, comparisons etc. and analyzing how they vary with the size of the input. Common complexities like constant, linear, quadratic and cubic are explained with examples. Frequency count method is presented to determine tight bounds of time and space complexity of algorithms.
This document discusses inter-thread communication methods like wait() and notify() that allow threads to synchronize access to shared resources. It describes the producer-consumer problem that can occur when threads access a shared buffer without synchronization. It provides examples of incorrect and correct implementations of the producer-consumer pattern using wait(), notify(), and synchronization to allow a producer thread to add items to a buffer while a consumer thread removes items.
The document discusses looping statements in Java, including while, do-while, and for loops. It provides the syntax for each loop and explains their logic and flow. While and for loops check a condition before each iteration of the loop body. Do-while loops check the condition after executing the body at least once. Nested loops run the inner loop fully for each iteration of the outer loop. Infinite loops occur if the condition is never made false, causing the program to run indefinitely.
Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time
The document discusses various event handling classes in Java including ActionEvent, KeyEvent, MouseEvent, MouseMotionEvent, FocusEvent, WindowEvent, and ItemEvent. It provides examples of how to use each event class by implementing the appropriate listener interface and defining event handling methods. Key points covered include common event handling terms like event, event source, and event listener. It also summarizes the typical methods provided by each event class.
Producer and consumer classical problemlatechwizard
This document discusses the producer-consumer problem and how it can be solved using semaphores or threads. The producer-consumer problem involves producers that add items to a shared buffer and consumers that remove items from the buffer. With semaphores, a counting semaphore tracks empty spaces in the buffer while binary semaphores allow only one producer or consumer access at a time. With threads, a mutex lock protects access to the shared buffer and condition variable notifies when the buffer is non-empty or empty.
Producer-consumer problem occurs when multiple threads share access to a common resource. It addresses the issue of coordination between threads where one thread produces data for another thread to consume. The classic example is when a producer thread generates items and places them in a shared buffer that is consumed by a consumer thread.
This document discusses various page replacement algorithms used in operating systems. It begins with definitions of paging and page replacement in virtual memory systems. There are then overviews of 12 different page replacement algorithms including FIFO, optimal, LRU, NRU, NFU, second chance, clock, and random. The goal of page replacement algorithms is to minimize page faults. The document provides examples and analyses of how each algorithm approaches replacing pages in memory.
This document discusses semaphores, which are integer variables that coordinate access to shared resources. It describes counting semaphores, which allow multiple processes to access a critical section simultaneously up to a set limit, and binary semaphores, which only permit one process at a time. Key differences are that counting semaphores can have any integer value while binary semaphores are limited to 0 or 1, and counting semaphores allow multiple slots while binary semaphores provide strict mutual exclusion. Limitations of semaphores include potential priority inversion issues and deadlocks if not used properly.
This document summarizes the Banker's Algorithm, which is used to determine if a set of pending processes can safely acquire resources or if they should wait due to limited resources. It outlines the key data structures used like Available, Max, Allocation, and Need matrices to track current resources. The Safety Algorithm is described to check if the system is in a safe state by finding a process that can terminate and release resources. The Resource-Request Algorithm simulates allocating resources to a process and checks if it leads to a safe state before actual allocation.
This document discusses various techniques for process synchronization. It begins by defining process synchronization as coordinating access to shared resources between processes to maintain data consistency. It then discusses critical sections, where shared data is accessed, and solutions like Peterson's algorithm and semaphores to ensure only one process accesses the critical section at a time. Semaphores use wait and signal operations on a shared integer variable to synchronize processes. The document covers binary and counting semaphores and provides an example of their use.
This document discusses semaphores and their use in solving critical section problems. It defines semaphores, describes their wait and signal methods, and types including counting and binary semaphores. It then explains how semaphores can be used to solve classical synchronization problems like the bounded buffer, readers-writers, and dining philosophers problems. Examples of semaphore implementations are provided for each problem.
This presentation describes about the various memory allocation methods like first fit, best fit and worst fit in memory management and also about fragmentation problem and solution for the problem.
The document discusses different types of queues, including simple, circular, priority, and double-ended queues. It describes the basic queue operations of enqueue and dequeue, where new elements are added to the rear of the queue and existing elements are removed from the front. Circular queues are more memory efficient than linear queues by connecting the last queue element back to the first, forming a circle. Priority queues remove elements based on priority rather than order of insertion. Double-ended queues allow insertion and removal from both ends. Common applications of queues include CPU and disk scheduling, synchronization between asynchronous processes, and call center phone systems.
The document discusses solutions to the critical section problem where multiple processes need exclusive access to shared resources. It defines the critical section problem and requirements for a solution. It then presents three algorithms using shared variables to coordinate access between two processes in a way that satisfies mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting.
1) A semaphore consists of a counter, a waiting list, and wait() and signal() methods. Wait() decrements the counter and blocks if it becomes negative, while signal() increments the counter and resumes a blocked process if the counter becomes positive.
2) The dining philosophers problem is solved using semaphores to lock access to shared chopsticks, with one philosopher designated as a "weirdo" to avoid deadlock by acquiring locks in a different order.
3) The producer-consumer problem uses three semaphores - one to limit buffer size, one for empty slots, and one for locks - to coordinate producers adding to a bounded buffer
This document discusses shared memory in Linux, including creating shared memory segments using shmget, attaching and detaching shared memory using shmat and shmdt, controlling shared memory segments using shmctl, and using mmap to map files to shared memory. It provides details on the system calls used for shared memory and examples of creating and using shared memory between processes.
The document discusses fragmentation in operating systems. It defines fragmentation as when free memory becomes broken into small pieces that are not large enough to allocate to processes. There are two types of fragmentation: external fragmentation, which occurs when memory is released and the free space is broken into small pieces; and internal fragmentation, which occurs when allocated memory is larger than the requested size. Solutions to fragmentation include segmentation, paging, and memory allocation strategies like first fit, best fit, and worst fit.
Performance analysis(Time & Space Complexity)swapnac12
The document discusses algorithms analysis and design. It covers time complexity and space complexity analysis using approaches like counting the number of basic operations like assignments, comparisons etc. and analyzing how they vary with the size of the input. Common complexities like constant, linear, quadratic and cubic are explained with examples. Frequency count method is presented to determine tight bounds of time and space complexity of algorithms.
This document discusses inter-thread communication methods like wait() and notify() that allow threads to synchronize access to shared resources. It describes the producer-consumer problem that can occur when threads access a shared buffer without synchronization. It provides examples of incorrect and correct implementations of the producer-consumer pattern using wait(), notify(), and synchronization to allow a producer thread to add items to a buffer while a consumer thread removes items.
The document discusses looping statements in Java, including while, do-while, and for loops. It provides the syntax for each loop and explains their logic and flow. While and for loops check a condition before each iteration of the loop body. Do-while loops check the condition after executing the body at least once. Nested loops run the inner loop fully for each iteration of the outer loop. Infinite loops occur if the condition is never made false, causing the program to run indefinitely.
Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time
The document discusses various event handling classes in Java including ActionEvent, KeyEvent, MouseEvent, MouseMotionEvent, FocusEvent, WindowEvent, and ItemEvent. It provides examples of how to use each event class by implementing the appropriate listener interface and defining event handling methods. Key points covered include common event handling terms like event, event source, and event listener. It also summarizes the typical methods provided by each event class.
Producer and consumer classical problemlatechwizard
This document discusses the producer-consumer problem and how it can be solved using semaphores or threads. The producer-consumer problem involves producers that add items to a shared buffer and consumers that remove items from the buffer. With semaphores, a counting semaphore tracks empty spaces in the buffer while binary semaphores allow only one producer or consumer access at a time. With threads, a mutex lock protects access to the shared buffer and condition variable notifies when the buffer is non-empty or empty.
Producer-consumer problem occurs when multiple threads share access to a common resource. It addresses the issue of coordination between threads where one thread produces data for another thread to consume. The classic example is when a producer thread generates items and places them in a shared buffer that is consumed by a consumer thread.
A presentation on the Dining Philosopher's Problem, explaining the problem, issues while solving the problem and solutions to the problem. The presentation then takes the user through the Requirement Engineering for the problem via its 4 phases, including, Requirement Discovery, Analysis, Validation and Management. The presentation also includes Use Case Diagrams and Data Flow Diagrams.
This document discusses synchronization and semaphores. It begins by explaining how mutual exclusion can be achieved in uni-processors using interrupt disabling, but this does not work in multi-processors. Semaphores provide a solution using atomic test-and-set instructions. Semaphores allow processes to suspend execution and wait for signals. They avoid busy waiting by putting processes to sleep when the semaphore value is not positive. The document provides examples of using binary and general semaphores for problems like mutual exclusion and process synchronization.
OS Process Synchronization, semaphore and Monitorssgpraju
The document summarizes key concepts in process synchronization and concurrency control, including:
1) Process synchronization techniques like semaphores, monitors, and atomic transactions that ensure orderly access to shared resources. Semaphores use wait() and signal() operations while monitors provide mutual exclusion through condition variables.
2) Concurrency control algorithms like locking and two-phase locking that ensure serializability of concurrent transactions accessing a database. Locking associates locks with data items to control concurrent access.
3) Challenges in concurrency control like deadlocks, priority inversion, and starvation that synchronization mechanisms aim to prevent. Log-based recovery with write-ahead logging and checkpoints is used to ensure atomicity of transactions in
The document discusses process synchronization and concurrency control techniques used to ensure orderly execution of cooperating processes. It describes solutions to classical synchronization problems like the bounded buffer problem, readers-writers problem, and dining philosophers problem using semaphores and monitors. Atomic transactions are achieved through techniques like write-ahead logging and checkpoints to assure failures do not compromise data consistency.
The document discusses process synchronization and concurrency control techniques in operating systems, including classical problems like the bounded buffer problem, readers-writers problem, and dining philosophers problem. It covers synchronization primitives like semaphores, mutexes, and monitors that allow processes to synchronize access to shared resources and coordinate their activities to prevent race conditions and deadlocks. The key challenges of mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting in solving the critical section problem are also summarized.
The document describes the dining philosophers problem where philosophers share a circular table to eat rice with chopsticks. Each philosopher must pick up the two chopsticks next to them to eat, but only one chopstick can be picked up at a time to avoid deadlock situations. Solutions involve limiting the number of philosophers eating simultaneously or ensuring both chopsticks are available before picking up.
This document discusses the use of semaphores in NachOS. It provides an example class for initializing and using semaphores. Producers and consumers are created as threads that use semaphores to access shared resources, with the producer incrementing the "full" semaphore after producing data and decrementing the "empty" semaphore, while the consumer does the opposite. The main function initializes the empty and full semaphores and creates the producer and consumer threads.
1) The document discusses synchronization techniques in operating systems, including semaphores invented by Dijkstra, which provide a way for processes to synchronize without busy waiting.
2) Semaphores use two operations - wait and signal - to synchronize access to shared resources. They can be implemented without busy waiting by blocking processes waiting on the semaphore.
3) Classical synchronization problems like the bounded buffer, readers-writers problem, and dining philosophers problem are presented and solutions using semaphores are described to avoid deadlock and starvation.
Interrupts allow external events to suspend and later resume processes running on a computer. They improve processor utilization by allowing the operating system to interrupt running processes to respond to external events like user input or I/O device completion. There are different types of interrupts including program-generated, timer, I/O, and hardware failure interrupts. When an interrupt occurs, the CPU saves its context and executes an interrupt handling routine that calls the appropriate interrupt service routine to handle the interrupt before resuming the original process.
A document about deadlocks in operating systems is summarized as follows:
1. A deadlock occurs when a set of processes form a circular chain where each process is waiting for a resource held by the next process in the chain. The four conditions for deadlock are mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait.
2. Deadlocks can be modeled using a resource allocation graph where processes and resources are vertices and edges represent resource requests. A cycle in the graph indicates a potential deadlock.
3. Methods for handling deadlocks include prevention, avoidance, and detection/recovery. Prevention ensures deadlock conditions cannot occur while avoidance allows the system to dynamically verify new allocations will not
The document discusses memory management in operating systems. It covers key concepts like logical versus physical addresses, binding logical addresses to physical addresses, and different approaches to allocating memory like contiguous allocation. It also discusses dynamic storage allocation using a buddy system to merge adjacent free spaces, as well as compaction techniques to reduce external fragmentation by moving free memory blocks together. Memory management aims to efficiently share physical memory between processes using mechanisms like partitioning memory and enforcing protection boundaries.
This document discusses process synchronization and classical synchronization problems. It covers topics like critical sections, semaphores, and solutions to problems like the producer-consumer problem using semaphores. Classical problems covered include the dining philosophers problem, sleeping barber problem, and cigarette smokers problem. Approaches to implementing synchronization like busy waiting, hardware support, and operating system support are also discussed.
The document discusses process synchronization and solutions to the critical section problem in concurrent processes. It introduces Peterson's solution which uses shared variables - a "turn" variable and a "flag" array to indicate which process can enter the critical section. It also discusses synchronization hardware support using atomic instructions like Test-And-Set and Swap that can be used to implement mutual exclusion solutions to the critical section problem.
The document defines producers and consumers. Producers are people who make goods or provide services, such as bakers, chefs, seamstresses, and farmers. Consumers are people who use goods and services, like those buying clothes, groceries, gas or Slurpees. It then provides examples of specific occupations and activities, labeling each one as a producer or consumer based on whether they make goods/services or use goods/services.
Deadlock occurs when a set of blocked processes form a circular chain where each process waits for a resource held by the next process. There are four necessary conditions for deadlock: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. The banker's algorithm avoids deadlock by tracking available resources and process resource needs, and only allocating resources to a process if it will not cause the system to enter an unsafe state where deadlock could occur. It uses matrices to represent allocation states and evaluates requests to ensure allocating resources does not lead to deadlock.
This document discusses synchronization in operating systems and concurrent programming. It introduces the concept of critical sections and mutual exclusion locks that allow only one thread to access shared data at a time. It presents solutions to the "too much milk" problem using notes and waiting to ensure only one thread buys milk at a time. The document then discusses implementing locks using disabling interrupts as well as higher-level synchronization primitives like semaphores and monitors that make concurrent programming easier.
The document discusses various techniques for process synchronization and solving the critical section problem where multiple processes need exclusive access to shared resources. It describes the critical section problem and requirements that must be met (mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting). It then summarizes several algorithms to solve the problem for two processes and multiple processes, including using semaphores which are basic synchronization tools using wait and signal operations.
The document discusses the producer-consumer problem, where a producer process generates data and puts it into a shared buffer, while a consumer process removes data from the buffer. It describes how without proper synchronization, the producer and consumer can get stuck waiting if the consumer tries to read an empty buffer at the same time the producer writes to it. Adding semaphores can solve this issue by controlling access to the buffer.
Concurrent Collections Object In Dot Net 4Neeraj Kaushik
The document discusses various concurrent collections introduced in .NET 4.0 that provide thread safety. These include ConcurrentQueue, ConcurrentDictionary, ConcurrentBag, and BlockingCollection. ConcurrentQueue provides a thread-safe first-in first-out collection. ConcurrentDictionary provides a thread-safe collection of key-value pairs. ConcurrentBag provides an unordered thread-safe collection. BlockingCollection adds blocking and bounding capabilities to thread-safe collections.
The document discusses three classic synchronization problems: the bounded buffer problem, dining philosophers problem, and readers-writers problem. For the bounded buffer problem, it describes the producer-consumer scenario and provides pseudocode for the producer and consumer using semaphores. For the dining philosophers problem, it outlines the scenario of philosophers sharing a limited number of chopsticks and presents a solution using semaphores. For the readers-writers problem, it describes the scenario of multiple readers and a single writer accessing a shared resource and provides pseudocode for readers and writers that uses semaphores and a lock to control access.
this file has a complete array-based MultiSet, but not the code need.pdfflashfashioncasualwe
this file has a complete array-based MultiSet, but not the code needed to support its Iterator.
Complete the Iterator\'s next() and hasNext() methods.
Solution
Hi, I have implemented required methods.
Please let me know in case of any issue.
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
public class ArrayMultiSet implements Collection {
/** Array in which the elements in this multiset are stored. */
private E[] _store;
/**
* Array indices below this amount contain the active elements in this collection.
*/
private int _size;
/**
* Modification counter used to preserve the fail-fast nature of its iterators.
*/
private long _modCount;
/**
* Create a new empty multiset.
*/
public ArrayMultiSet() {
_modCount = 0;
clear();
}
/**
* Remove all of the elements within the instance and invalidate any current iterators.
*/
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
@Override
public void clear() {
_store = (E[]) (new Object[16]);
_size = 0;
// maintains the class invariant
}
/**
* Update the multiset so that it includes all of the elements from before the call AND the given
element.
*
* @param e Item to be added to this collection.
*/
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
@Override
public boolean add(E e) {
// Check if we do not have enough space in the underlying array to store the
// new element
if (_size == _store.length) {
// We do not have space, so create a new larger space (doubling the size
// is the most time efficient)
E[] newStore = (E[]) new Object[_store.length * 2];
// Copy all of the references into the new array
for (int i = 0; i < _store.length; i++ ) {
newStore[i] = _store[i];
}
_store = newStore;
// An easier, more efficient way of coding this (but less useful for
// teaching) would instead be:
// _store = Arrays.copyOf(_store, _store.length * 2);
}
// Add the element to the store
_store[_size] = e;
// Finally, we can increase _size, since this change will no longer violate
// any class invariants.
_size += 1;
return true;
}
/**
* Return true if at least one element in the multiset is equal to the given object. When {@code
obj} is null, it must
* use the {@code ==} operator to perform these checks, but when {@code obj} is not null, the
{@link Object#equals}
* method is used.
*
* @param obj Object (or null) for which we will search
* @return {@code true} if {@code obj} was found; {@code false} if a match could not be
found.
*/
@Override
public boolean contains(Object obj) {
// Only scan through _size, since those are the only \"real\" entries for the
// multiset.
for (int i = 0; i < _size; i++ ) {
// When obj is null, we need to use ==
if ((obj == null) && (_store[i] == null)) {
return true;
}
// Otherwise, we use .equals() to find a match
else if ((obj != null) && obj.equals(_store[i])) {
return true;
}
// No else clause, since the match could be at a higher index!
}
// Checked all VALID indices, so the result must be:
return false;
}
@Override
public int size() {
return _size;
}
/**
* Remove the ele.
This file contains a complete array-based MultiSet, but not the code.pdfdeepaksatrker
This file contains a complete array-based MultiSet, but not the code needed to support its
Iterator. Complete the Iterator\'s next() and hasNext() methods.
Solution
Hi, I have implemented both required methods.
Please let me know in case of any issue.
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
public class ArrayMultiSet implements Collection {
/** Array in which the elements in this multiset are stored. */
private E[] _store;
/**
* Array indices below this amount contain the active elements in this collection.
*/
private int _size;
/**
* Modification counter used to preserve the fail-fast nature of its iterators.
*/
private long _modCount;
/**
* Create a new empty multiset.
*/
public ArrayMultiSet() {
_modCount = 0;
clear();
}
/**
* Remove all of the elements within the instance and invalidate any current iterators.
*/
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
@Override
public void clear() {
_store = (E[]) (new Object[16]);
_size = 0;
// maintains the class invariant
}
/**
* Update the multiset so that it includes all of the elements from before the call AND the given
element.
*
* @param e Item to be added to this collection.
*/
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
@Override
public boolean add(E e) {
// Check if we do not have enough space in the underlying array to store the
// new element
if (_size == _store.length) {
// We do not have space, so create a new larger space (doubling the size
// is the most time efficient)
E[] newStore = (E[]) new Object[_store.length * 2];
// Copy all of the references into the new array
for (int i = 0; i < _store.length; i++ ) {
newStore[i] = _store[i];
}
_store = newStore;
// An easier, more efficient way of coding this (but less useful for
// teaching) would instead be:
// _store = Arrays.copyOf(_store, _store.length * 2);
}
// Add the element to the store
_store[_size] = e;
// Finally, we can increase _size, since this change will no longer violate
// any class invariants.
_size += 1;
return true;
}
/**
* Return true if at least one element in the multiset is equal to the given object. When {@code
obj} is null, it must
* use the {@code ==} operator to perform these checks, but when {@code obj} is not null, the
{@link Object#equals}
* method is used.
*
* @param obj Object (or null) for which we will search
* @return {@code true} if {@code obj} was found; {@code false} if a match could not be
found.
*/
@Override
public boolean contains(Object obj) {
// Only scan through _size, since those are the only \"real\" entries for the
// multiset.
for (int i = 0; i < _size; i++ ) {
// When obj is null, we need to use ==
if ((obj == null) && (_store[i] == null)) {
return true;
}
// Otherwise, we use .equals() to find a match
else if ((obj != null) && obj.equals(_store[i])) {
return true;
}
// No else clause, since the match could be at a higher index!
}
// Checked all VALID indices, so the result must be:
return false;
}
@Override
public int size() {
return _size;
}
/**
* Remove the element found at the given index. .
Using c++Im also using a the ide editor called CodeLiteThe hea.pdffashiongallery1
Typed out please In a short and simple response comment on this persons answer for masonry
work Additives combined with concrete to achieve certain properties are called what? Name a
few that would benefit the Engineer and Customer.
Response - Additives to concrete are utilized to provide certain benefits when placing concrete.
These additives called \"Admixtures\" can be used to speed up the curing process, slow down the
curing process, or help in working with concrete during cold temperatures. Retarders can be
added to concrete to slow down curing. Accelerators can be used to speed up the curing. The
most advanced additive is the Air-entrainment agent which gives mason the ability to work with
concrete in colder months.
Typed out please In a short and simple response comment on this persons answer for masonry
work Additives combined with concrete to achieve certain properties are called what? Name a
few that would benefit the Engineer and Customer.
Response - Additives to concrete are utilized to provide certain benefits when placing concrete.
These additives called \"Admixtures\" can be used to speed up the curing process, slow down the
curing process, or help in working with concrete during cold temperatures. Retarders can be
added to concrete to slow down curing. Accelerators can be used to speed up the curing. The
most advanced additive is the Air-entrainment agent which gives mason the ability to work with
concrete in colder months.
Response - Additives to concrete are utilized to provide certain benefits when placing concrete.
These additives called \"Admixtures\" can be used to speed up the curing process, slow down the
curing process, or help in working with concrete during cold temperatures. Retarders can be
added to concrete to slow down curing. Accelerators can be used to speed up the curing. The
most advanced additive is the Air-entrainment agent which gives mason the ability to work with
concrete in colder months.
Solution
The response of the person is good. He/she explained the admixtures and their applications pretty
well and also explained accelators, retarders and air entertainment in a simple straight forward
fashion.Overall i would say that the answer is satisfactory.
I will like to add \"PLASTICIZERS\" in the list of admixtures that would benefit the engineer
and customer. Plasticizers are water reducing admixtures and are added to the concrete mix for
making it more plastic without any further addition of water. In other words, they reduce the
quantity of water required to make concrete mixture of better plasticity.
PLEASE HIT LIKE BUTTON IF YOU FIND MY ANSWER SATISFACTORY.
THANK YOU..
This document discusses the producer-consumer problem, which involves processes called producers that generate items and processes called consumers that use the generated items. Producers and consumers share a common buffer to exchange items. The key challenges are ensuring producers don't add items if the buffer is full and consumers don't remove items if the buffer is empty, while also preventing multiple processes from accessing the buffer simultaneously. The document presents a solution using semaphores to synchronize producer and consumer processes and control buffer access. It provides code examples for the producer and consumer processes that use semaphores to address the challenges in a way that maintains consistent, exclusive access to the shared buffer.
This document contains summaries of three solutions related to implementing synchronization primitives in an operating system:
1. An unbounded buffer producer-consumer problem solved using locks to synchronize access to a shared buffer between a producer that creates items and a consumer that destroys items.
2. Implementing locks in NachOS using semaphores to synchronize access to shared resources for producer and consumer threads.
3. Implementing a condition variable in NachOS using semaphores, with functions to put threads to sleep and wake them up when notified.
Ive posted 3 classes after the instruction that were given at star.pdfdeepaarora22
I\'ve posted 3 classes after the instruction that were given at start
You will implement and test a PriorityQueue class, where the items of the priority queue are
stored on a linked list. The material from Ch1 ~ 8 of the textbook can help you tremendously.
You can get a lot of good information about implementing this assignment from chapter 8.
There are couple notes about this assignment. 1. Using structure Node with a pointer point to
Node structure to create a linked list, the definition of the Note structure is in the priority queue
header file (pqueue1.h). 2. Using a typedef statement to define the underlying data type, we can
easily change to a new data type on all the typedef data type by change one statement. 3.
Abandoning the usage of linked list toolkit, all the needed function will be implemented in the
class.
I want to mention it again you that you are welcome to use more advance skills than the
techniques introduce in the textbook to do the assignment. But the implemented class needs to
pass the examining file to get credit.
Following is an introduction to some files in this program.
pqueue1.h is the headers file for this first version of the PriorityQueue class. You can start from
this version and add your name and other documentation information at the top. Please look into
and understand the structure Note. Without understanding this, you will have tough time to finish
this project. Reading through this file carefully you need to know what functions you need to
implement and the preconditions and postcondition of each function. This file should be a good
guide to your implementation of the class. By the way if a member function of a class is an inline
function, it is implemented in this file. You don’t need to redo it in the implementation file which
is pqueue1.cpp.
pqueue1.cpp is the implementation file for the PriorityQueue class. You need to create this file
and implement all the function defined in the pqueue1.cpp. I want to bring to you attention that
the PriorityQueue\'s linked list consists of allocating memory. So we have to define a copy
constructor, an assignment operator, and also a destructor to cope with the demand of dynamic
memories allocation.
pqtest.cpp is the same style interactive test program that you used in the previous assignments.
You can open it with your editor or import it to a compiler project to run with the pqueue1.cpp
and pqueue1.h.
pqexam1.cpp is the same style non-interactive examine program as you use in the previous
assignment. You can add this file to a compiler to run with the pqueue1.cpp and pqueue1.h to
grade your pqueue1.cpp implementation.
CISP430V4A4Exam.exe is an executable file which you can generate this file by compiling and
running the pqexam1.cpp, pqueue1.cpp (proper implemented) and pqueue1.h. When you click it
you can see the following results.
file one (pqexam1.cpp)
#include // Provides memcpy.
#include // Provides size_t.
#include \"pqueue1.h\" // Provides the PriorityQueue cl.
The document discusses Meteor's Tracker package, which enables reactive programming in Meteor applications. Tracker uses an observer-like pattern to transparently track dependencies between reactive data sources and computations. When a data source changes, Tracker reruns any dependent computations to update the UI or other data reactively. Key aspects of how Tracker works include creating Dependency objects for reactive data, tracking the "current computation", and rerunning computations through Dependency's depend() and changed() methods. Tracker provides a powerful yet simple way to build reactive applications in Meteor without needing expertise in functional reactive programming.
Listings for BinaryHeap.java and BinaryHeapTest.java are shown in th.pdfRAJATCHUGH12
Listings for BinaryHeap.java and BinaryHeapTest.java are shown in the menu at left
Everything in the BinaryHeap class has been written except the add and remove methods, which
you must write:
First, implement add, then run the test class and observe the testAdd results
Next, implement remove, then run the test class and observe the testRemove results
testAdd and testRemove should both run without errors
Note:
A comp object implementing the Comparator interface is passed to the binary heap\'s
constructor. You will need to use the comp object\'s compare method when making comparisons
in the add and remove operations.
The parent, leftChild, and rightChild methods in BinaryHeapTest are for testing purposes only,
and should not be used to implement add and remove
Solution
BinaryHeapTest.java
import java.util.Comparator;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
public class BinaryHeapTest {
/**
* A binary heap of Integer objects
*/
private BinaryHeap bh;
/**
* Some Integer nodes for testing
*/
private Integer n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10;
/**
* An object for comparing Integer nodes
*/
private Comparator comp;
public BinaryHeapTest() {
comp = new Comparator() {
public int compare(Integer t, Integer t1) {
return t.compareTo(t1);
}
};
bh = new BinaryHeap(10, comp);
n1 = new Integer(1);
n2 = new Integer(2);
n3 = new Integer(3);
n4 = new Integer(4);
n5 = new Integer(5);
n6 = new Integer(6);
n7 = new Integer(7);
n8 = new Integer(8);
n9 = new Integer(9);
n10 = new Integer(10);
}
@Test
public void testAdd() {
buildHeap();
assertTrue(leftChild(n1) == n2);
assertTrue(rightChild(n1) == n5);
assertTrue(leftChild(n2) == n4);
assertTrue(rightChild(n2) == n3);
assertTrue(leftChild(n5) == n9);
assertTrue(rightChild(n5) == n6);
assertTrue(leftChild(n4) == n10);
assertTrue(rightChild(n4) == n7);
assertTrue(leftChild(n3) == n8);
assertTrue(rightChild(n3) == null);
assertTrue(leftChild(n9) == null);
assertTrue(rightChild(n9) == null);
assertTrue(leftChild(n6) == null);
assertTrue(rightChild(n6) == null);
assertTrue(parent(n10) == n4);
assertTrue(parent(n7) == n4);
assertTrue(parent(n8) == n3);
assertTrue(parent(n4) == n2);
assertTrue(parent(n3) == n2);
assertTrue(parent(n9) == n5);
assertTrue(parent(n6) == n5);
assertTrue(parent(n2) == n1);
assertTrue(parent(n5) == n1);
assertTrue(parent(n1) == null);
}
/**
* An auxiliary method that builds a heap that should look like:
*
* 1
* / \\
* 2 5
* / \\ / \\
* 4 3 9 6
* / \\ /
* 10 7 8
*/
private void buildHeap() {
bh.clear();
assertTrue(bh.isEmpty());
bh.add(n10);
bh.add(n9);
bh.add(n8);
bh.add(n7);
bh.add(n6);
bh.add(n5);
bh.add(n4);
bh.add(n3);
bh.add(n2);
bh.add(n1);
assertTrue(bh.size() == 10);
}
@Test
public void testRemove() {
buildHeap();
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n1);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n2);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n3);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n4);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n5);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n6);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n7);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n8);
assertTru.
OverviewUsing the C-struct feature, design, implement and .docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview
Using the C-struct feature, design, implement and test a new (programmer-defined) data type that can be used to represent and manipulate a collection of sorted integers. Such a data type can be used, for instance, by an instructor to process test scores (assuming test scores are recorded as integral values); each instance (object) of the data type would be able to represent a group of related test scores in that case. The operations supported should include the following:
Checking to see if the collection is empty.
NOTE: A collection is empty if it doesn't contain any values.
Finding the number of values in the collection.
Adding a new value to the collection.
NOTE:
You should NOT simply append the new item to the end of the array and then use a sorting algorithm of some kind to sort the array. You also should NOT use any temporary arrays to perfom the insertion.
TIP:
Adopt/adapt the StoreOrdered function of Assignment 4.
Finding the collection's lowest/highest value.
NOTE:
The lowest/highest value is undefined if the collection is empty.
Finding the value at a given position in the collection, with position starting at 1 (i.e., array index 0 corresponds to position 1, array index 1 corresponds to position 2, and so on).
NOTE:
A positional value is undefined if the collection is empty.
Finding the collection's average.
NOTE:
The average is undefined if the collection is empty.
Removing an occurrence (if exists) of a specified value from the collection.
Finding the number of occurences of a specified value in the collection.
Resetting the collection to an empty collection.
Adding a given collection into another collection.
NOTE:
The given collection (addend) and the collection to be added to (benend) may be the same collection before the operation takes place (in which case the operation will result in "each of the items in the original collection is duplicated exactly once").
TIP:
The "adding a new value to collection" function (assuming implemented correctly) should prove useful here.
Combining two given collections into a third one (which is a new collection to be returned).
TIP:
The "adding a new value to collection" function (assuming implemented correctly) should prove useful here.
Testing to see if two given collections are identical.
NOTE:
Two collections are identical if they contain the same number of items and the values contained in every corresponding pair of items are equal.
Some Specifics
You will use a fixed-sized, compile-time array (and other supporting data members) to implement the new data type that can be used to declare variables (objects) each of which can represent a collection of up to MAX_SIZE integers. For the purpose of testing, set MAX_SISE to 10; your design and implementation of the data type, however, should enable the maximum size to be easily modified, i.e., only need to change the value that MAX_SIZE is set to.
Goal
To gai.
The document discusses two synchronization problems: the producer-consumer problem and the readers-writers problem. The producer-consumer problem involves processes that share a fixed-size buffer, with one process producing items and putting them in the buffer while another process consumes items from the buffer. The readers-writers problem involves multiple reader processes that only read shared data and writer processes that can read and write shared data, requiring synchronization to prevent writers from interfering with readers. Solutions to both problems using semaphores and monitors are presented.
Hello need help on this lab- what you need to do is add a code to Arra.pdfIan0J2Bondo
Hello need help on this lab, what you need to do is add a code to ArrayBag methods
equals,duplicateAll,removeDuplicates and remove according to the screenshots and then run it
with the JUnit tests present in ArrayBagTest. I will leave both programs here.
/**
A class of bags whose entries are stored in a fixed-size array.
@author Frank M. Carrano, Timothy M. Henry
* The toString method is overwritten to give a nice display of the items in
* the bag in this format Bag{Size:# [1] [2] [3] [4] }
*
* Extra methods added for lab exercise by Charles Hoot
* //- * @version 5.1
*/
public final class ArrayBag<T> implements BagInterface<T> {
private final T[] bag;
private int numberOfEntries;
private boolean integrityOK = false;
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 25;
private static final int MAX_CAPACITY = 10000;
/** Creates an empty bag whose initial capacity is 25. */
public ArrayBag() {
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
} // end default constructor
/** Creates an empty bag having a given capacity.
@param desiredCapacity The integer capacity desired. */
public ArrayBag(int desiredCapacity) {
if (desiredCapacity <= MAX_CAPACITY) {
// The cast is safe because the new array contains null entries
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T[] tempBag = (T[]) new Object[desiredCapacity]; // Unchecked cast
bag = tempBag;
numberOfEntries = 0;
integrityOK = true;
// Test that contents are nulls - OK
// for (int index = 0; index < desiredCapacity; index++)
// System.out.print(bag[index] + " ");
// System.out.println();
} else
throw new IllegalStateException("Attempt to create a bag " +
"whose capacity exceeds " +
"allowed maximum.");
} // end constructor
/** Adds a new entry to this bag.
@param newEntry The object to be added as a new entry.
@return True if the addition is successful, or false if not. */
public boolean add(T newEntry) {
checkIntegrity();
boolean result = true;
if (isArrayFull()) {
result = false;
} else { // Assertion: result is true here
bag[numberOfEntries] = newEntry;
numberOfEntries++;
}
return result;
}
// public <T> T[] toArray() //OK
public T[] toArray() // OK
{
checkIntegrity();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T[] result = (T[]) new Object[numberOfEntries]; // Unchecked cast
for (int index = 0; index < numberOfEntries; index++) {
result[index] = bag[index];
}
return result;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return numberOfEntries == 0;
}
public int getCurrentSize() {
return numberOfEntries;
}
/** Counts the number of times a given entry appears in this bag.
@param anEntry The entry to be counted.
@return The number of times anEntry appears in this ba. */
public int getFrequencyOf(T anEntry) {
checkIntegrity();
int counter = 0;
for (int index = 0; index < numberOfEntries; index++) {
if (anEntry.equals(bag[index])) {
counter++;
}
}
return counter;
}
/** Tests whether this bag contains a given entry.
@param anEntry The entry to locate.
@return True if this bag contains anEntry, or false otherwise. */
public boolean contains(T anEntry) {
checkIntegrity();
retu.
Implementing of classical synchronization problem by using semaphoresGowtham Reddy
1) The document describes implementing a classical synchronization problem using semaphores and threads. The problem involves multiple customers accessing shared resources like cars and bikes, where only one customer can access a resource at a time.
2) For the semaphore implementation, semaphores are used to control access to the shared resources and ensure mutual exclusion. The code shows initializing a semaphore and customers acquiring and releasing resources.
3) For the thread implementation, the producer-consumer problem is modeled where customer threads act as producers adding jobs to a shared queue and other customer threads act as consumers removing jobs from the queue. Synchronization techniques like wait/notify ensure only one thread accesses the shared queue at
Use a simple vector you created before to create two other more steviesellars
Use a simple vector you created before to create two other more complex vectors with
A) Memory allocation that doubles size of memory when end reached, and 1/2's memory when the size reaches 1/4.
B) Implemented with a singularly linked list.
Main.cpp
#include
#include "SimpleVector.h"
//System Libraries
#include //Input/Output Library
using namespace std;
//User Libraries
//Global Constants, no Global Variables are allowed
//Math/Physics/Conversions/Higher Dimensions - i.e. PI, e, etc...
//Function Prototypes
void fillVec(SimpleVector &);
void addVec(SimpleVector &);
void delVec(SimpleVector &);
void prntVec(SimpleVector &,int);
//Execution Begins Here!
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
//Declare Variables
int size;
//Read in the size
cout<<"What size vector to test?"<
cin>>size;
SimpleVector sv(size);
//Initialize or input i.e. set variable values
fillVec(sv);
//Display the outputs
prntVec(sv,10);
//Add and subtract from the vector
addVec(sv);
//Display the outputs
prntVec(sv,10);
//Add and subtract from the vector
delVec(sv);
//Display the outputs
prntVec(sv,10);
//Exit stage right or left!
return 0;
}
void addVec(SimpleVector &sv){
int add=sv.size()*0.1;
for(int i=1;i<=add;i++){
sv.push_front(i+add-1);
sv.push_back(i-add);
}
}
void delVec(SimpleVector &sv){
int del=sv.size()*0.2;
for(int i=1;i<=del;i++){
sv.pop_front();
sv.pop_back();
}
}
void fillVec(SimpleVector &sv){
for(int i=0;i
sv[i]=i%10;
}
}
void prntVec(SimpleVector &sv,int n){
cout<
for(int i=0;i
cout<
if(i%n==(n-1))cout<
}
cout<
}
SimpleVector.h
// SimpleVector class template
#ifndef SIMPLEVECTOR_H
#define SIMPLEVECTOR_H
#include
#include // Needed for bad_alloc exception
#include // Needed for the exit function
using namespace std;
template
class SimpleVector
{
private:
T *aptr; // To point to the allocated array
int arraySize; // Number of elements in the array
void memError(); // Handles memory allocation errors
void subError(); // Handles subscripts out of range
public:
// Default constructor
SimpleVector()
{ aptr = 0; arraySize = 0;}
// Constructor declaration
SimpleVector(int);
// Copy constructor declaration
SimpleVector(const SimpleVector &);
// Destructor declaration
~SimpleVector();
//Adding and subtracting from the Vector
void push_front(T);
void push_back(T);
T pop_front();
T pop_back();
// Accessor to return the array size
int size() const
{ return arraySize; }
// Accessor to return a specific element
T getElementAt(int position);
// Overloaded [] operator declaration
T &o ...
Process Synchronization Producer-Consumer ProblemThe purpose o.docxstilliegeorgiana
Process Synchronization: Producer-Consumer Problem
The purpose of this programming project is to explore process synchronization. This will be
accomplished by writing a program on the Producer / Consumer problem described below. Your
simulation will be implemented using Pthreads. This assignment is a modification to the
programming project “The Producer – Consumer Problem” found at the end of Chapter 7 of our
textbook. 1. Your program must be written using C or C++ and you are required to use the
Pthread with mutex and semaphore libraries.
In chapter 3, we discussed how a "bounded buffer" could be used to enable producer and
consumer processes to share memory. We described a technique using a circular buffer that can
hold BUFFER_SIZE-1 items. By using a shared memory location count, the buffer can hold all
BUFFER_SIZE items. This count is initialized to 0 and is incremented every time an item is
placed into the buffer and decremented every time an item is removed from the buffer. The
count data item can also be implemented as a counting semaphore.
The producer can place items into the buffer only if the buffer has a free memory location to
store the item. The producer cannot add items to a full buffer. The consumer can remove items
from the buffer if the buffer is not empty. The consumer must wait to consume items if the buffer
is empty.
The "items" stored in this buffer will be integers. Your producer process will have to insert
random numbers into the buffer. The consumer process will consume a number.
Assignment Specifications
The buffer used between producer and consumer processes will consist of a fixed-size array of
type buffer_item. The queue of buffer_item objects will be manipulated using a circular array.
The buffer will be manipulated with two functions, buffer_insert_item() and
buffer_remove_item(), which are called by the producer and consumer threads, respectively. A
skeleton outlining these functions can be found in buffer.h (provided with this assignment).
The buffer_insert_item() and buffer_remove_item() functions will synchronize the producer and
consumer using the algorithms. The buffer will also require an initialization function (not
supplied in buffer.h) that initializes the mutual exclusion object "mutex" along with the "empty"
and "full" semaphores.
The producer thread will alternate between sleeping for a random period of time and generating
and inserting (trying to) an integer into the buffer. Random numbers will be generated using the
rand_r() function. See the text on page 290 for an overview of the producer algorithm.
The consumer thread will alternate between sleeping for a random period of time (thread safe of
course) and (trying to) removing a number out of the buffer. See the text on page 290 for an
overview of the consumer algorithm.
The main function will initialize the buffer and create the separate producer and consumer
threads. Once it has created the producer and consu ...
Write a program that mimics the operations of several vending machin.pdfeyebolloptics
The document describes a program that simulates the operations of two vending machines - one for drinks and one for snacks. The program reads item data from text files, allows a user to select an item from a displayed menu, processes a purchase by checking funds and updating balances, and returns change or messages about insufficient funds or out of stock items. The document outlines the required classes and methods to implement this program, including Item, VendingMachine, and VendingMachineDriver classes.
all i need is these two filesCreate VectorContainer.hppCreat.docxjack60216
all i need is these two files
Create VectorContainer.hpp
Create SelectionSort.hpp
Test SelectionSort.hpp using the VectorContainer.hpp class you made
# Strategy Pattern
In this lab you will create a strategy pattern for sorting a collection of expression trees by their `evaluate()` value, which you will pair with different containers to see how strategies can be paired with different clients through an interface to create an easily extendable system. This lab requires a completed composite pattern from the previous lab, so you should begin by copying your or your partner's code from the previous assignment into your new repo, making sure it compiles correctly, and running your tests to make sure everything is still functioning correctly.
You will start this lab by creating two expression tree containers: one that uses a vector to hold your trees (class `VectorContainer`) and one that uses a standard list (class `ListContainer`). Each of these container classes should be able to hold any amount of different expressions each of which can be of any size. You will implement them both as subclasses of the following `Container` abstract base class, which has been provided to you in container.h. You should create each one independently, creating tests for them using the google test framework before moving on. Each container should be it’s own commit with a proper commit message. Optionally you can create each one as a branch and merge it in once it has been completed.
class Container {
protected:
Sort* sort_function;
public:
/* Constructors */
Container() : sort_function(nullptr) { };
Container(Sort* function) : sort_function(function) { };
/* Non Virtual Functions */
void set_sort_function(Sort* sort_function); // set the type of sorting algorithm
/* Pure Virtual Functions */
// push the top pointer of the tree into container
virtual void add_element(Base* element) = 0;
// iterate through trees and output the expressions (use stringify())
virtual void print() = 0;
// calls on the previously set sorting-algorithm. Checks if sort_function is not
// null, throw exception if otherwise
virtual void sort() = 0;
/* Functions Needed to Sort */
//switch tree locations
virtual void swap(int i, int j) = 0;
// get top ptr of tree at index i
virtual Base* at(int i) = 0;
// return container size
virtual int size() = 0;
};
Notice that our Container abstract base class does not have any actual STL containers because it leaves the implementation details of the container to the subclasses. You **must use the homogeneous interface above for your sort functions, and you are only allowed to manipulate the containers through this interface, not directly**. This will allow you to extend and change the underlying functionality without having to change anything t.
Create a Dynamic Array container with this user interface Ge.pdfsktambifortune
Create a \"Dynamic Array\" container with this user interface: // Gets the current number of
entries in container int getCurrentSize() // Returns the current capacity of the container int
capacity() // Checks whether the container is empty. boolean isEmpty() // Adds a new entry to
the container boolean insert(newEntry) // Removes an entry from the container and moves all
entries above anEntry down one boolean remove(anEntry) // Get index value int getValue(index)
// Removes all entries from the container void clear() // Resize a container by doubling current
capacity int resize() * Implement dynamic resizing using this algorithm: 1. Starting with a
dynamic size of 10, if the number of elements exceed this number: a. Reallocate the container
size to double the current size b. Move the contents of the current container to the newly sized
container c. Delete the previously sized container. Resize C++ Data* ptemp = new
Data[capacity*2 ]; for (int i=0; i
Solution
container.cpp ---
#include
#include
using namespace std;
template
class DynamicArray
{
/*
Container class DynamicArray
*/
private:
ArrayType *arr;
int entry,size;
public:
DynamicArray();
~DynamicArray();
int getCurrentSize() { return entry; };/*this function returns total number of entries in the
container*/
int capacity() { return size; };/*this function returns capacity of the container*/
bool isEmpty();
bool insert(ArrayType);
bool remove(ArrayType);
int getValue(ArrayType);
void clear() { entry = 0; };/*this function clears the whole container*/
int resize();
};
template
int DynamicArray::resize()
{
/*this function resizes the container by doubling its previous size*/
ArrayType *temp = NULL;
try
{
temp = new ArrayType [2 * size];
}catch(bad_alloc xa){
cout<<\"\ Array allocation failed\ \";
exit(1);
}
size *= 2;
for(int i = 0 , j = 0 ; i < entry ; i++)
{
temp[i] = arr[i];
j++;
}
delete [] arr;
arr = NULL;
arr = temp , temp = NULL;
return size;
}
template
int DynamicArray::getValue(ArrayType index)
{
/*this function return index of an element specified as index in the container if it presents
in the container, else it returns -1*/
int loc = -1;
for(int i = 0 ; i < entry ; i++)
{
if(arr[i] == index)
{
loc = i;
break;
}
}
return loc;
}
template
bool DynamicArray::remove(ArrayType anEntry)
{
/*this function removes an element specified as anEntry from the container and returns true
and
decrements total number of entries by one else returns false*/
bool flag = false;
int index = -1;
for(int i = 0 ; i < entry ; i++)
{
if(arr[i] == anEntry)
{
index = i , flag = true;
break;
}
}
for(int i = index ; i < (entry - 1) && flag == true ; i++)
{
arr[i] = arr[i+1];
}
if(flag == true)
entry -= 1;
return flag;
}
template
bool DynamicArray::insert(ArrayType newEntry)
{
/*this function inserts an element specified as newEntry in the container,
if it successfully inserts an element then it returns true and increments total
number of entries by one, else it returns false*/
entry += 1;
if(entry <= size)
{
ar.
This document provides summaries of common SQL statements including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, JOIN, GROUP BY and more. Each statement is summarized with its basic syntax structure and purpose. For example, SELECT is used to retrieve data from one or more tables and includes the columns to select, tables to query from and optional filters.
The document provides instructions for creating and manipulating tables in a database using SQL queries. It includes steps to create Employee and Department tables, insert data, modify columns and tables, and write queries to select, filter, and format data from the tables. 42 SQL queries and commands are listed to retrieve, update, and analyze data in the tables.
The document provides an introduction and overview of databases and database management systems. It outlines the course curriculum which includes an introduction to databases and database concepts, Oracle relational databases and tools, SQL and PL/SQL implementation, data modeling using ER diagrams, normalization, and transaction management. It also includes knowledge sharing sessions and a project. The document further defines data, information, and data management approaches like files, XML, and databases. It describes the key aspects and advantages/disadvantages of each approach.
This document outlines the roles and relationships involved in a conference paper submission and review process. It shows that papers are submitted by authors to a conference event and reviewed by reviewers who are members of the program committee. The program committee is overseen by PC chairs who handle the process and ensure papers are reviewed.
Entity Relationship (ER) Model QuestionsMohd Tousif
The document provides 5 scenarios for entity relationship diagrams and asks the reader to draw an ER diagram for each one. The scenarios involve:
1) A university with departments, courses, modules, students, lecturers
2) Products with descriptions, prices, suppliers and supplier addresses
3) A hospital with patients, admissions, wards, doctors, nurses
4) A company timecard system with employees, managers, timecards and statuses
5) Tree measurements with people, trees, species, locations, diameters and heights
The document discusses entity relationship data modeling, which visually represents how data is related. It defines key concepts like entities (objects like people or places), attributes (properties of entities), relationships (connections between entities), and relationship types (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many). Symbols are used to depict these elements on an entity relationship diagram, including rectangles for entities, ovals for attributes, diamonds for relationships, and lines for links. Weak entities, composite attributes, and recursive relationships are also summarized.
This document contains 42 SQL queries to retrieve and analyze data from various database tables. The queries include finding maximum, minimum, sum and average salaries; counting managers; finding salary differences; joining employee and department tables; adding, modifying and deleting tables; and validating data through constraints.
Introduction to Databases - Assignment_1Mohd Tousif
This document provides instructions for creating and manipulating tables in a database. It includes commands to:
1) Create an Employees table with columns for employee details like ID, name, email, hire date etc and insert sample data.
2) Create other tables like Departments, Salary Grades and insert sample data.
3) Write SQL queries to update, select, filter and format data from the tables including changing data types, adding/removing columns, updating salaries etc.
Data definition language (DDL) statements are used to create, alter, and drop schema objects like tables, indexes, views etc. DDL statements also grant and revoke privileges, analyze objects, add comments, and establish auditing options. Common DDL statements include CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, and RENAME. DDL statements require exclusive access to objects and implicitly commit transactions before and after execution.
Data Warehouse Concepts and ArchitectureMohd Tousif
The document discusses data warehouse concepts and architecture. It defines a data warehouse as a structured repository of historic data that is subject oriented, integrated, time variant, and non-volatile. It contains business specified data to answer business questions. The document outlines why data warehouses are needed, compares them to operational data stores, and describes how they can be built, populated with data from multiple sources, and used for strategic reporting and analysis over time.
The document outlines various SQL queries to retrieve and analyze data from database tables. It includes queries to find maximum, minimum, sum and average values, count records that meet certain conditions, calculate differences between values, extract data from specific columns, and join data from multiple tables. It also provides instructions to create tables with different data types, constraints, and relationships between tables. Sample data is inserted and constraints/views are created and dropped.
This document provides instructions for creating and modifying tables in a database, performing inserts and updates, and writing SQL queries. It includes steps to prepare employee, department, and salary grade tables, insert data, modify table and column names and structures, add and remove columns, and perform data manipulation and queries on the tables. 42 SQL queries are provided to return specific fields and filter, sort, and format the data in various ways.
The document describes 5 scenarios for entity relationship diagrams. The scenarios involve:
1) A university with departments, courses, modules, students, and lecturers.
2) Products with descriptions, prices, suppliers, and supplier addresses.
3) A hospital with patients, wards, doctors, nurses, and patient treatments.
4) A company timecard system with employees, timecards, managers, and approval statuses.
5) Measuring trees with species, locations, identifiers, measurers, measurements, and dates.
This document provides an introduction and tutorial to SQL and the Oracle relational database system. It covers the basics of SQL, including defining and querying tables, modifying data, and more advanced query techniques. It also discusses additional Oracle topics like PL/SQL, integrity constraints, triggers, and the overall Oracle system architecture. The tutorial is intended to provide a detailed overview of SQL and how to work with Oracle databases.
Sql (Introduction to Structured Query language)Mohd Tousif
Practical guide for a beginner who wants to learn SQL, which is a quite important language for working with any RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) like Oracle, MySql, DB2 etc..
This document provides summaries of common SQL statements including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, JOIN, GROUP BY and more. Each statement is summarized with its basic syntax structure and purpose. For example, SELECT is used to retrieve data from one or more tables and includes the columns to select, tables to query from and optional filters.
Virtualization software allows operating systems and applications to run within a "virtual machine" environment on top of a physical host computer. This provides benefits like running different operating systems at the same time, consolidating multiple physical servers onto fewer hosts to reduce hardware costs, and easily testing or restoring systems using snapshots. VirtualBox in particular provides near-native performance for virtual machines while allowing different operating systems to run applications written for other platforms.
The document discusses various techniques for avoiding deadlocks in computing systems, including:
1) The Banker's Algorithm which tracks resource allocation and only grants new requests if the system will remain in a safe state.
2) Requiring processes to request all resources upfront before acquiring any, or to release all resources before requesting new ones.
3) Numbering resources and requiring processes request them in order to prevent circular waits.
4) Two-phase locking used in databases where processes lock multiple records in two phases to complete an operation safely.
This document outlines scheduling algorithms. It begins with an introduction and overview, then discusses key concepts like processes, process states, and scheduling criteria. It proceeds to explain common scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SJF, priority scheduling, and round robin. It concludes by covering more advanced topics such as multi-level queue scheduling, multi-processor scheduling, and load balancing.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. OVERVIEW producer-consumer problem (also known as the bounded-buffer problem) is a multi-process synchronization problem. The problem describes two processes, the producer and the consumer, who share a common, fixed-size buffer. Producer :- The producer's job is to generate a piece of data, put it into the buffer and start again. Consumer :- The consumer is consuming the data (i.e., removing it from the buffer) one piece at a time.
3. PROBLEM The problem is to make sure that the producer won't try to add data into the buffer if it's full and that the consumer won't try to remove data from an empty buffer.
8. INADEQUATE SOLUTION BufferSize = 3; count = 0; Producer() { int item; WHILE (true) { make_new(item); // create a new item to put in the buffer IF(count==BufferSize) Sleep(); // if the buffer is full, sleep put_item(item); // put the item in the buffer count = count + 1; // increment count of items IF (count==1) Wakeup(Consumer); // if the buffer was previously empty, wake the consumer } }
9. INADEQUATE SOLUTION Consumer() { Int item; WHILE(true) { IF(count==0) Sleep(); // if the buffer is empty, sleep remove_item(item); // take an item from the buffer count = count - 1; // decrement count of items IF(count==N-1) Wakeup(Producer); // if buffer was previously full, wake the producer Consume_item(item); // consume the item } }
10. Problem with the above Solution The problem with this solution is that it contains a race condition that can lead into a deadlock. Consider the following scenario: The consumer has just read the variable itemCount, noticed it's zero and is just about to move inside the if-block. Just before calling sleep, the consumer is interrupted and the producer is resumed. The producer creates an item, puts it into the buffer, and increases itemCount. Because the buffer was empty prior to the last addition, the producer tries to wake up the consumer. Unfortunately the consumer wasn't yet sleeping, and the wakeup call is lost. When the consumer resumes, it goes to sleep and will never be awakened again. This is because the consumer is only awakened by the producer when itemCount is equal to 1. The producer will loop until the buffer is full, after which it will also go to sleep. Since both processes will sleep forever, we have run into a deadlock. This solution therefore is unsatisfactory.
11. Solution using Semaphore BufferSize = 3; semaphore mutex = 1; // Controls access to critical section semaphore empty = BufferSize; // counts number of empty buffer slots semaphore full = 0; // counts number of full buffer slots Producer() { intitem; while (TRUE) { make_new(item); // create a new item to put in the buffer down(∅); // decrement the empty semaphore down(&mutex); // enter critical section put_item(item); // put item in buffer up(&mutex); // leave critical section up(&full); // increment the full semaphore } }
12. Solution using Semaphore Consumer() { int item; while (TRUE) { down(&full); // decrement the full semaphore down(&mutex); // enter critical section remove_item(item); // take a item from the buffer up(&mutex); // leave critical section up(∅); // increment the empty semaphore consume_item(item); // consume the item } }
13.
14. empty, used for counting the number of slots that are empty;
15.
16. Solution using Monitors monitorProducerConsumer condition full, empty; int count; procedure enter(); { if (count == N) wait(full); // if buffer is full, block put_item(item); // put item in buffer count = count + 1; // increment count of full slots if (count == 1) signal(empty); // if buffer was empty, wake consumer }
17. Solution using Monitors procedure remove(); { if (count == 0) wait(empty); // if buffer is empty, block remove_item(item); // remove item from buffer count = count - 1; // decrement count of full slots if (count == N-1) signal(full); // if buffer was full, wake producer } count = 0; end monitor;
18. Solution using Monitors Producer(); { while (TRUE) { make_item(item); // make a new item ProducerConsumer.enter; // call enter function in monitor } }
19. Solution using Monitors Consumer(); { while (TRUE) { ProducerConsumer.remove; // call remove function in monitor consume_item; // consume an item } }