Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML) , Transaction Control Language (TCL) , Data Control Language (DCL) - , SQL Constraints
Consists of the explanations of the basics of SQL and commands of SQL.Helpful for II PU NCERT students and also degree studeents to understand some basic things.
Structured Query Language
SQL Commands:
• The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/zbMHLJ0dY4w
** MySQL DBA Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/mysql-dba **
This Edureka video on 'SQL Basics for Beginners' will help you understand the basics of SQL and also sql queries which are very popular and essential.. In this SQL Tutorial for Beginners you will learn SQL from scratch with examples. Following topics have been covered in this sql tutorial.
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
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Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML) , Transaction Control Language (TCL) , Data Control Language (DCL) - , SQL Constraints
Consists of the explanations of the basics of SQL and commands of SQL.Helpful for II PU NCERT students and also degree studeents to understand some basic things.
Structured Query Language
SQL Commands:
• The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/zbMHLJ0dY4w
** MySQL DBA Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/mysql-dba **
This Edureka video on 'SQL Basics for Beginners' will help you understand the basics of SQL and also sql queries which are very popular and essential.. In this SQL Tutorial for Beginners you will learn SQL from scratch with examples. Following topics have been covered in this sql tutorial.
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
An tutorial for sql learners in very easy way. It contains all the sql commands like ddl, dml, etc. with suitable examples.
at the end there are 3 sets of question with their solution with explanation. each set contains 40+ questions.
Sql (Introduction to Structured Query language)Mohd Tousif
Practical guide for a beginner who wants to learn SQL, which is a quite important language for working with any RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) like Oracle, MySql, DB2 etc..
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
2. 2
SQL
Originally 'Sequel' , part of an IBM project in 70's.
SQL is Structured Query Language.
Programming language used for storing and managing data in RDBMS.
All operations performed in Oracle database are run using SQL
statements.
SQL is a declarative (non-procedural language).
3. Data Types
CHAR (size) : - Stores character strings values of fixed length. The size in the
braces indicates the number of characters the cell can hold. The maximum
number of characters this data type can hold is 255 characters.
VARCHAR(size) / VARCHAR2(size) : - Stores variable length alpha-numeric
data.
DATE : - Used to represent date and time. Standard format is DD-MON -YY.
NUMBER(p,s) : - Stores numbers.
LONG : - Stores variable length character strings. Only one long data can be
defined per table.
RAW / LONG RAW : - Stores binary data, such as digitized picture or image.
4. Schema & Table
Schema : Collection of logical structures of data or schema objects.
Table : Basic units of data storage in an Oracle database.
5. SQL Statements
A statement consists of identifiers , parameters , variables, names , data types and
SQL Reserved words.
DDL (Data Definition Language) :- Commands used to create , modify and delete data
structures not data.
DML (Data Manipulation Language) : - Commands used to allow changing data within
the database.
TCL (Transaction Control Language) :- Commands used to control access to data.
DCL (Data Control Language) : - Commands used to control access to database.
DRL (Data Retrieval Language) : - Commands used to get data from the database.
6. Data Definition Language
DDL statements are dependent upon the structure of the table. All DDL statements
are auto-committed. DDL statements implicitly commit the preceding commands
and start new transactions.
CREATE – Used to create a new database object (Ex: table, index, synonym)
ALTER - Used for modifying the structure of the object.
DROP – Used to remove an object permanently from the database.
TRUNCATE – Used to empty the table.
RENAME – Used to change the name of the table.
7. CREATE : - Defines each column of the table uniquely. Each column has a
minimum of three attributes : name , data type and size.
CREATE TABLE <Table_Name> (<ColumnName1> <Data Type> (<size>),
<ColumnName2> <Data Type> (<size>),....);
Rules : -
1. A name can have maximum up to 30 characters.
2.Name should begin with alphabet.
3. A-Z , a-z , 0-9 are allowed
4. _ is allowed
5. Reserved words are not allowed
Ex: CREATE TABLE Student
(sid NUMBER(4),student_name VARCHAR2(30),gender CHAR(1));
8. ALTER :- To modify the structure of a table.
ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> ADD (<New_Column_Name> <Data_Type> (size));
ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> DROP <Column_Name>;
ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> MODIFY (<Column_Name <New_Data_Type>
(size) );
ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> MODIFY (<Column_Name <New_Data_Type>
(new_size) );
ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> MODIFY (<Column_Name <Data_Type>
(new_size) );
ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> RENAME COLUMN <Column_Name> to
<New_Column_Name>;
Rules : -
Cannot decrease the size of a column if table data exists.
Cannot change the data type when data exists.
9. Examples:
ALTER TABLE student ADD (admission_date DATE,prev_college_name
VARCHAR2(30));
ALTER TABLE student DROP COLUMN prev_college_name;
ALTER TABLE student MODIFY(student_name CHAR(20));
ALTER TABLE student RENAME student_name TO sname;
10. DROP : - To remove a table permanently from the database
DROP TABLE <Table_Name>;
Example : DROP TABLE student;
11. TRUNCATE : - Empties a table completely. Structure of the table will be available
for future reference.
TRUNCATE TABLE <Table_Name>;
Example : TRUNCATE TABLE student;
12. RENAME : - Changes the name of a table permanently.
RENAME <Table_Name> TO <New_Table_Name>;
Example : RENAME Student TO Univ_Student;
13. Data Manipulation Language
DML statements are used to modify the data available in the table. DML statements
are not auto-committed . The changes made by DML statements are not
permanently stored in the database.
INSERT :- To insert a new row / record into a table
UPDATE :- To modify the existing data in the table.
DELETE :- To remove the data available in the table.
MERGE :- To merge two rows or two tables.
14. INSERT : - Loads the data into the table
INSERT INTO <Table_Name> VALUES (<expression1>,<expression2>,........);
INSERT INTO <Table_Name> (<Column_Name1>) VALUES (<expression1>);
INSERT INTO <Table_Name> VALUES (<&expr1>,'<&expr2>',........);
INSERT INTO <Table_Name> (<Column_Name1>) VALUES (<&expr1>);
15. Examples :
INSERT INTO student VALUES (10,'xyz','M','12-oct-95');
INSERT INTO student (sno,sname) VALUES (11,'abc');
INSERT INTO student VALUES (&sno,'&sname','&gender','&doj');
INSERT INTO student (sno,sname) VALUES (&sno,'&sname');
16. UPDATE : - Changes the data values in a table.
UPDATE <Table_Name> SET <Column_Name>=<Expression1>;
UPDATE <Table_Name> SET <Column_Name>=<Expression1> WHERE <condition>;
Examples :
UPDATE Student SET doj='13-jun-95';
UPDATE Student SET doj='13-jun-95',gender='F' WHERE sid=11;
17. DELETE : - Deletes rows from a table and returns the number of records deleted.
DELETE FROM <Table_Name>;
DELETE FROM <Table_Name> WHERE <condition>;
Examples :
DELETE FROM student;
DELETE FROM student WHERE sid=11;
18. 18
Data Retrieval Language
SELECT : - To view data from a table.
1.To view all the columns information from a table
SELECT * FROM <Table_Name>;
2. To view all the columns information of a specific column from a table
SELECT <Column_Name> from <Table_Name>;
3. To view all the columns information from a table when a specific condition is
satisfied
SELECT * FROM <Table_Name> WHERE <condition>;
4. To view all the columns information of a specific column from a table when a
specific condition is satisfied
SELECT <Column_Name> from <Table_Name> WHERE
<condition>;
19. Examples :
SELECT * FROM student;
SELECT sid,sname FROM student;
SELECT * FROM student WHERE sid=1;
SELECT sid,sname FROM student WHERE sid=1;
20. 20
SQL Operators
Operators are symbols which have a special meaning within SQL
and PL/SQL statements.
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
SET Operators
Range Searching Operators
Pattern Matching Operators
Boolean Operators
21. 21
Oracle allows Arithmetic Operators to be used while viewing records from
a table or while performing data manipulation operations.
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulus / Remainder
Example :
SELECT 153*14/15 FROM dual;
SELECT sid,sid+10 FROM student;
Arithmetic Operators
22. 22
The relational operators determines the comparisons within two or more
values.
= Equal
!= Not Equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
Example:
SELECT * FROM student WHERE sid < 20;
SELECT * FROM student WHERE dob != '10-jan-85';
Relational Operators
23. 23
Logical Operators
Operators are used whenever multiple conditions need to be satisfied
AND
OR
NOT
SELECT * FROM student WHERE gender='M' AND dob='15-jan-86';
SELECT * FROM student WHERE gender='M' OR dob='15-jan-86';
24. 24
SET Operators
To retrieve information from multiple tables when there are same
number of columns available in the queries
UNION
UNION ALL
INTERSECT
MINUS
25. 25
Range Searching Operator
To retrieve information within a specified range (including the boundary
values)
BETWEEN
NOT BETWEEN
Example :
SELECT * FROM student WHERE dob BETWEEN '01-jan-85' AND '30-
jun-85';
26. 26
Pattern Matching Operators
LIKE
NOT LIKE
IN
NOT IN
IS NULL
IS NOT NULL
Example:
SELECT * FROM student WHERE sname LIKE '_A%';
SELECT * FROM student WHERE sno IN (15,75,85);
SELECT * FROM student WHERE dob IS NOT NULL;