The document discusses fragmentation in operating systems. It defines fragmentation as when free memory becomes broken into small pieces that are not large enough to allocate to processes. There are two types of fragmentation: external fragmentation, which occurs when memory is released and the free space is broken into small pieces; and internal fragmentation, which occurs when allocated memory is larger than the requested size. Solutions to fragmentation include segmentation, paging, and memory allocation strategies like first fit, best fit, and worst fit.

1. Course Name- Operating System
Course Code – CSE 323
Topic – Fragmentation
Submitted By-
Iffat Firozy :163-15-8432
Khandakar Sanjana Akter Mun :163-15-8443
Maisha Mumtaz Monsur : 163-15-8438
Submitted to-
Ms. Zerin Nasrin Tumpa (Lecturer)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

2. Iffat Firozy Rimi
ID: 163-15-8432

3. What is Fragmentation?
 As processes are loaded and removed from memory, the free
memory space is broken into little pieces. It happens after
sometimes that processes cannot be allocated to memory blocks
considering their small size and memory blocks remains unused.
This problem is known as Fragmentation.

4. Types of Fragmentation −
External fragmentation Vs Internal Fragmentation-
Different size memory block allocation. Fixed size memory block allocation.
Process release the RAM causes Fragmentation Assigned memory size is greater than requested.
Solution- segmentation , paging. Solution- Best Fit.
External
fragmentation
Internal
fragmentation

5. Khandakar Sanjana Akter Mun
Id: 163-15-8443

6. Process Process Size Status Available Memory
Size
P1 15 KB USED 15 KB
P2 5KB USED 5KB
P3 20KB USED 20KB
Process Process Size Status Available Memory
Size
15 KB
P2 5KB USED 5KB
P3 20KB USED 20KB
P1 terminated and 15 KB free
P3 terminated 20 KB free
After
Before

7. Process Process Size Status Available
Memory Size
P1 10KB USED 15KB
P2 15KB USED 15KB
P3 5KB USED 15KB
FREE 5KB
FREE 10KB
5KB WASTED
10KB WASTED

8. Paging
Paging is a memory management technique in which process address
space is broken into blocks of the same size called pages.

9. Maisha Mumtaz Monsur
ID:163-15-8438

10. Compaction
Compaction is a process in which the free space is collected in a large
memory chunk to make some space available for processes.

11. First Fit
o In the first fit approach is to allocate the first free partition or
hole large enough which can accommodate the process.
Best Fit
o The best fit deals with allocating the smallest free partition
which meets the requirement of the requesting process.
Worst fit
o In worst fit approach is to locate largest available free portion so
that the portion left will be big enough to be useful. It is the
reverse of best fit.