This document discusses problem-based learning (PBL) and problem solving as methods of teaching. It defines PBL as starting with a problem or puzzle that the learner wishes to solve. The key features of PBL are that learning is initiated by a problem based on real-world situations, learners identify resources to find solutions, and learning is active and integrated. PBL is used to develop students' skills and motivate learning. The document also outlines the inductive, deductive, and combined approaches to problem solving, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using problem solving as a teaching method.

2. DR. MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR.
maheswarijaikumar2103@gmail.com

3. SKINNER
• The problem solving
is a process of
overcoming
difficulties that
appears to interfere
with the attainment
of goal. It is a
procedure of making
adjustment in spite
of interferences.

4. DEFINITION
• The principle idea behind
Problem Based Learning is
that the starting point should
be a problem, a query or a
puzzle that the learner wishes
to solve”. D.J.BOUND (1985)

5. FEATURES OF PBL
• Learning is initiated by a
problem.
• Problems are based on
complex, real world situations.

6. LEARNER FINDS THE SOLUTION

7. • All information required for
problem solving is not given
initially.
• Learners identify, find and use
appropriate resources.

8. • Learning is active, integrated ,
cumulative and connected.
• Students work in a permanent
group.

9. USE OF PBL
• To acquire subject matter
knowledge.
• Motivate learners to learn.
• Help learners with retention.

10. • Develop student’s thinking
skills.
• Developing student’s key skills
relevant to employment such
as interpersonal
communication skills.

11. • Fostering professional competencies
and confidence together with
professional identity.
• Mirroring the inter disciplinary team
process graduates will use in work
and research.
• Linking theory and practice.

12. • Encourage learners to integrate
knowledge from different subjects,
disciplines and sources.
• Having a sense of belonging and
friendship.
• Having a sense of fun while
learning.

13. • Expressing in operational form a
philosophy of learning that is
student-centric and problem
focused.

14. PBL CYCLE

15. THE PBL CYCLE
• The PBL cycle starts with
APPLYING. (PLANNING
EFFECTIVE USE OF LEARNING).
• The second step is
EXPERIENCING (activity phase)

16. • The third step involves SHARING
(exchanging reactions and
observations).
• The fourth step includes PROCESSING
(discussing patterns and dynamics.
• The fifth step relates to GENERALIZING
(developing and real world principles).

17. PROBLEM SOLVING
AS A METHOD OF
TEACHING

18. PURPOSES OF PROBLEM
SOLVING
• To train the students in the act of
reasoning.
• To give practical knowledge.
• To discover new knowledge.

19. • To solve a puzzling problem.
• To help overcome the obstacles
or interferences in the
attainment of objectives.
• To help in an individual’s as well
as society’s progress.

20. ESSENTIALS FEATURES OF
PEOBLEM SOLVING
• The problem should be meaningful.
• It should have correlation with life.
• It should arise out of the student’s
real need.

21. • Students must posses some
background knowledge of the
problem.
• The problem should be clearly
defined.
• The solution of the problem should
be found out by the students under
the guidance of the teacher.

22. STEPS IN PBL

23. PBL PROCESS

24. METHODS AND APPROACHES
TO PROBLEM SOLVING
• 1. INDUCTIVE METHOD.
• 2. DEDUCTIVE METHOD.
• 3. COMBINATION OF
INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE
METHOD.

25. INDUCTIVE METHOD
• The inductive method is a
method of development.
• The student is led to discover
the truth about him.

26. • It includes : 1. Observation of the given
material
2. Discrimination & analysis
noting differences &
similarities.
3. Abstraction &
Generalization.
4. Application or
Verification.

27. DEDUCTIVE METHOD
• In this method rules,
generalizations and principles
are provided to students and
they are asked to verify them
with the help of particular
examples.

28. COMBINED METHOD
• Induction is followed by deduction
and deduction is followed by
induction.
• According to Miller, induction is the
making of the tools of thought and
deduction is the using of the tools.

29. • Get the learners to make suggestions
by encouraging them.
• Give them time to evaluate each
suggestion carefully.
• Give them time to organize material.
• Set up an atmosphere of freedom in
the class.

30. ROLE OF TEACHER IN
PROBLEM SOLVING
• Get the students to define the
problem clearly.
• Aid the learners to keep the
problem in mind.

31. THE DIFFERENCE

32. ADVANTAGES
• Improves problem solving abilities.
• It is student centric rather than
teacher centric.
• It is an activity of collaboration.

33. • Helps in the development of
constructivism.
• Allows for multiple intelligence
development.
• Offers opportunity of extended time
frames.
• Provides a deeper understanding of
knowledge.

34. • It develops in developing good study
habits.
• It affords opportunities for participation in
social activities.
• The learners learn to be self dependent.
• Discussion help develop the power of
expressions of students.

35. • It provides opportunities to the teachers
to know their students in detail.
• Students learn facts that are meaningful
and have been discovered by their own
efforts.
• It helps in the maintenance of discipline.

36. • Learning becomes more interesting in
place of dread.
• It gives the power of critical judgment.
• It helps verify an option.
• It satisfies curiosity.
• It helps learn how to act in a new
situation.

37. DISADVANTAGES
• PBS involves mental activity
only.
• There is a lack of suitable
references and source books for
the learners.

38. • It involves a lot of time & teachers
find it difficult to cover the
prescribed syllabus.
• Problem Solving methods need very
capable teachers to provide
effective guidance.

39. THANK YOU