The document summarizes key topics in cognitive psychology from a course textbook, including cognitive processes like attention, memory, problem solving, and reasoning. It discusses how cognitive scientists study topics like language use, concepts, decision making, and visual representations. It also outlines stages of language development and concepts of linguistic relativity.

1. Psychology 102: Cognitive processes Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2009

2. Reading Gerrig et al. (Chapter 8): Cognitive processes

3. The Brain: 1.5 kg of wet tissue

4. Cognitive Scenarios: A mysterious note At midnight, there's a knock on your door. When you answer, there is no one there, but you see an envelope on the floor. Inside the envelope is a handwritten message: “The cat is on the mat.” What do you make of this? Gerrig et al. (2008), p. 248

5. Cognitive Scenarios: Attention, Problem Solving, Memory... Kris is sitting at a desk reading some interesting papers to help with an assignment. Without removing her eyes from the paper she is reading, she reaches for a bag of sweets, unties a wrapper and pops a sweet into her mouth. Suddenly she stops and wonders: “What is happening here?” Gerrig et al. (2008), p. 248

6. Studying cognition

7. Language use

8. Concepts & their organisation

9. Problem solving & reasoning Overview

10. Studying cognition Cognitive science

11. Cognitive psychology

12. Cognition

13. Processes of attention

14. Framing decisions

15. Consequences of decision making Decision aversion Decision making

16. Cognitive Science

17. Cognitive Psychology

18. Processes of knowing Attending,

19. Remembering

20. Reasoning Content of the processes e.g., Concepts

21. Memories Cognition

22. Thinking

23. Knowing

24. Remembering

25. Communicating Cognition

26. Discovering the process of mind F.C. Donders: Reaction time The amount of time it takes experimental participants to perform particular tasks Studying cognition

27. Serial processes Carried out in order, one after the other Parallel processes Carried out simultaneously Mental processes & resources

28. Attentional processes Distribute the limited processing resources over different tasks Controlled processes Require attention Automatic processes Do not require attention Mental processes & resources

29. Language use Language production

30. Audience design

31. Speech execution & errors

32. Language understanding

33. Language & evolution

34. Linguistic relativity

35. Visual representations

36. What people say, sign, and write and the processes they go through to produce the message Speakers versus listeners Language production

37. Shaping a message depending on the audience H. Paul Grice

38. Cooperative principle Speakers should produce utterances appropriate to the setting and meaning of the ongoing conversation Audience design

39. Herbert Clark Common Ground Community membership

40. Linguistic co presence

41. Physical co presence Audience design

42. Spoonerism “You have tasted the whole worm!”

43. “Tips of the slung” Processes

44. Representations Speech execution & speech errors

45. Resolving ambiguity Lexical ambiguity

46. Structural ambiguity Products of understanding Representations

47. Propositions Language understanding

48. Fully human speech anatomy first appears in the fossil record ~50,000 years ago. Language & evolution May have evolved with walking, running, tool making, & complex group organisation.

49. Language structure Washoe & ASL

50. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh Bonobos Audience design Dorothy Cheny & Robert Seyfarth Veret monkeys Cross-species comparisons Language structure Washoe & ASL

51. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh Bonobos Audience design Dorothy Cheny & Robert Seyfarth Veret monkeys Language structure Washoe & ASL

52. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh Bonobos Audience design Dorothy Cheny & Robert Seyfarth Veret monkeys

53. Language development Babbling stage : 4 months, sounds like “ah-goo”

54. One-word stage : ~1 year old.

55. Telegraphic speech : Before 2nd birthday, “want juice”

56. Complete sentences : 2+ years

57. Language development We learn language before learning numbers

58. Between 1 and 18, we learn on ~10 words/day or 3,500 per year.

59. Vocab of ~60,000 by end of high school Time Life Pictures/ Getty Images

60. Language development Operant Learning (Skinner) - language development can be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement.

61. Inborn Universal Grammar (Chomsky) - the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, so most of it is inborn.

62. Phonemes The smallest, distinctive sound unit

63. bat, has three phonemes b · a · t

64. chat, has three phonemes ch · a · t

65. Morpheme Smallest unit of language that conveys meaning Bat

66. Pre

67. Un

68. Undesirables – 4 morphemes Un-desir-able-s

69. Grammar - the rules Semantics – how we get meaning from the sentence, e.g., add “ed” and it happened in the past Syntax – rules for making a grammatically correct sentence http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Ed

70. Semantics & syntax They are hunting dogs.

71. They are hunting dogs.

72. They are hunting dogs .