Principal component analysis
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Principal component analysis was conducted on 60 greengram germplasm accessions to determine their relationship and genetic diversity based on various morphological traits including days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, 100-seed weight, and seed yield per plant. The study was conducted using a randomized block design at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in Coimbatore, India.
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EcoTILLING is a method for identifying natural mutations and polymorphisms in populations using TILLING techniques. It allows for the detection of point mutations and small insertions/deletions in DNA in a high-throughput but low-cost manner using gel electrophoresis. EcoTILLING has been used to identify allelic variants in genes related to powdery mildew resistance (mlo and Mla) in barley. It has also been applied to identify natural variation in 196 Arabidopsis ecotypes and 41 cottonwood trees. The method shows potential for discovering alleles relevant to salt tolerance in rice varieties and resistance to potato virus Y in pepper varieties.
Biotechnology in forestry
This document discusses the ecological consequences of biodiversity and biotechnology in forestry. It covers topics such as the first genetically modified trees, effects on target and non-target pests from Bt genes, methods of insect and herbicide resistance, flowering modification, lignin modification, and in vitro techniques for conserving forest resources. Biotechnology offers new tools that can complement classical forest improvement methods to better manage forest genetic resources.
Plant lipidomics
Plant lipidomics involves the comprehensive study of all lipids in plants and their roles in cell signaling, membrane structure, and responses to environmental changes. Lipids perform many key functions in plants, including energy storage, cell compartmentalization, and defense. Mass spectrometry-based techniques like MALDI-TOF imaging MS and high-resolution FTMS coupled with HPLC are important analytical methods for identifying and quantifying lipids. These emerging 'lipidomics' approaches combined with genomics and metabolomics can provide insights into lipid pathways and their relationships to plant stress responses and disease. Further development of analytical methods and bioinformatics resources can continue advancing the field of plant lipid research.
Diffused centres of origin
This document discusses the diffuse origins of crops. It notes that early crops like wheat and maize originated in different places than where modern high-yielding varieties were developed. The origins of crop plants occurred over long periods of time in various locations. While Vavilov proposed centers of origin for some crops, evidence suggests crops originated from multiple locations. Archaeobotanical evidence indicates agriculture began independently in different regions through people gradually domesticating wild plants and adding cultigens. Crops and agricultural techniques then diffused from these origins as people migrated and ideas spread. However, agriculture did not always diffuse fully from one culture to another. The document examines archaeological evidence for the spread of pulses from origins in the Fertile Crescent to other
eui gene in rice
1) The eui gene controls elongation of the uppermost internode in rice, allowing panicles to emerge from leaf sheaths. This helps overcome the problem of "panicle enclosure" in hybrid rice production.
2) EUI1 encodes an enzyme that deactivates bioactive GAs in rice. Mutations in EUI1 result in increased bioactive GAs and elongated internodes.
3) HOX12 regulates EUI1 expression - higher HOX12 promotes EUI1 and limits GA levels, while lower HOX12 reduces EUI1 and increases GAs, enhancing panicle exsertion.
PCR based molecular markers
This document discusses various types of PCR-based molecular markers used in genetic analysis. It begins by describing PCR and how it is used to amplify DNA fragments. It then explains different steps of PCR like denaturation, annealing and extension. The document further discusses different types of PCR like reverse transcription PCR, real-time PCR, multiplex PCR etc. It also summarizes various molecular marker techniques derived from PCR including RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SCAR etc and explains the procedure involved in each.
National and international protocol for plant genetic resource management
The document discusses several international agreements related to the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources:
- The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) established in 1993 aims to conserve biodiversity and share benefits from genetic resources.
- The Nagoya Protocol aims to ensure fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
- The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) guarantees food security through conservation and exchange of plant genetic resources. It established a multilateral system for access and benefit sharing involving 64 major crops.
- The Cartagena Protocol addresses transboundary movements of living modified organisms from biotechnology.
The document also discusses India's Biodiversity Act of
Marker Assisted Backcrossing
Marker-assisted backcrossing is used to transfer a desirable trait from a donor parent into a recurrent parent. It involves repeatedly crossing the hybrid progeny with the recurrent parent to recover the recurrent parent's genome while retaining the desired trait. Foreground selection uses markers linked to the target gene to select for its presence, while background and recombinant selection use unlinked markers to recover the recurrent parent's genome and reduce the size of the introgressed donor segment. The process involves multiple generations of backcrossing along with phenotypic, foreground, background, and recombinant selection to efficiently transfer traits into adapted varieties.
Recent Advances in microscopy
Recent Advances in microscopy to view the ultrastructure of the cell
Scanning electron microscopes scan samples with an electron beam to produce images showing surface topography and composition. Cryo-electron tomography vitrifies biological materials and images them in a close-to-native state to acquire 3D information about macromolecular architecture and cellular states. Cellular tomography using cryo-ET can investigate processes like cell adhesion and mitosis as well as observe the cytoskeleton. Phase plate technology provides increased image contrast, allowing observation of thicker cell specimens in situ. Future improvements may allow routine subnanometer resolution cryo-ET observation of cellular features in their native environments.
Distyly- Genetics of Distyly in plants
This document summarizes research on distyly, a polymorphism in plant reproductive structures. It describes distyly involving two floral morphs, one with long stamens and short styles and the other with short stamens and long styles. Genetics research indicates distyly is controlled by a supergene with three tightly linked loci controlling anther position, pollen characteristics, and female structures. The document also reviews models for the evolution of distyly and pathways for its breakdown, such as recombination within the supergene leading to homostyly. It analyzes the phylogenetic distribution of distyly across plant families and the potential effects of polyploidization.
Wide hybridization in cotton
Hybridization between genetically dissimilar cotton species can introduce desirable traits like disease resistance. There are three types of interspecific cotton crosses: fully fertile between species with complete chromosomal homology, partially fertile between species that differ in chromosome number but share some chromosomes, and fully sterile between species without chromosomal homology. Wild cotton species possess traits like hairiness and drought tolerance that can be transferred to cultivated species through distant hybridization. Interspecific cotton crosses can be made fully fertile through colchicine treatment to double chromosomes. This allows transfer of fiber strength from G. anomalum to G. herbaceum.
More from Divya S (20)
Comparative evaluation of Physical and Chemical mutagens
Comparative evaluation of Physical and Chemical mutagens
National and international protocol for plant genetic resource management
National and international protocol for plant genetic resource management
Recently uploaded
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Recently uploaded (20)
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Principal component analysis
- 1. Principal component analysis Presented by, DIVYA.S (2017600805) TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, COIMBATORE - 641003
- 2. NAAS RATing – 5.13
- 3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY • To determine the relationship and genetic diversity among sixty greengram germplasm accessions using principal component for various morphological traits.
- 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS • The material for the study comprised 60 greengram germplasm accessions. • Design –RBD. • Observations taken on – Days to 50% Flowering,Days to maturity, Plant Height (cm),Number of primary branches, Number of clusters per plant, Number of pods per Cluster, Number of pods per plant, Number of seeds per pod, Pod length (cm), 100-seed weight (gm) and seed yield per plant(gm).
- 19. THANK YOU…..