The document summarizes information about permafrost seed banks, specifically focusing on the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and India's Chang La seed vault. The Svalbard vault was established in 2008 in permafrost in Norway as a backup storage location for seeds from gene banks around the world. It has the capacity to store over 4.5 million different seed samples and is funded by Norway. India's Chang La vault was established in the Himalayas in 2014 as the second permafrost seed bank and contains over 5,000 seed accessions from India as its first deposit to Svalbard. Both vaults take advantage of permafrost conditions for long-term seed storage and preservation of biodiversity.
Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
biological control of mealy bugs by australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
The Sterile Insect Technique, best known by its acronym SIT and also identified as the Sterile Insect Release Method (SIRM), is a biologically-based method for the management of key insect pests of agricultural and medical/veterinary importance. In the FAO glossary, the Sterile Insect Technique is defined as "a method of pest control using area-wide inundative releases of sterile insects to reduce reproduction in a field population of the same species". It is therefore a type of "birth control" in which wild female insects of the pest population do not reproduce when they are inseminated by released, radiation-sterilized males. Sterilization is induced through the effects of irradiation on the reproductive cells of the insects. SIT does not involve the release of insects modified through transgenic (genetic engineering) processes. In this type of autocidal control, sequential releases of the sterilized insects in adequate sterile to wild male overflooding ratio's lead to a reduction in pest population numbers
This powerpoint illustrates the role of SSTL in Sericulture. This presentation is based on the data made available by CSB in public domain through RTI. This PPT is intended purely for educational purposes
Here I would like to inform you on physiology of impulse transmission in insects. I hope this would increase your understanding -------------------------------------------------
Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a secure seedbank located on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen near the town of Longyearbyen in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago.
Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
biological control of mealy bugs by australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
The Sterile Insect Technique, best known by its acronym SIT and also identified as the Sterile Insect Release Method (SIRM), is a biologically-based method for the management of key insect pests of agricultural and medical/veterinary importance. In the FAO glossary, the Sterile Insect Technique is defined as "a method of pest control using area-wide inundative releases of sterile insects to reduce reproduction in a field population of the same species". It is therefore a type of "birth control" in which wild female insects of the pest population do not reproduce when they are inseminated by released, radiation-sterilized males. Sterilization is induced through the effects of irradiation on the reproductive cells of the insects. SIT does not involve the release of insects modified through transgenic (genetic engineering) processes. In this type of autocidal control, sequential releases of the sterilized insects in adequate sterile to wild male overflooding ratio's lead to a reduction in pest population numbers
This powerpoint illustrates the role of SSTL in Sericulture. This presentation is based on the data made available by CSB in public domain through RTI. This PPT is intended purely for educational purposes
Here I would like to inform you on physiology of impulse transmission in insects. I hope this would increase your understanding -------------------------------------------------
Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a secure seedbank located on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen near the town of Longyearbyen in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago.
Securing plant genetic resources for perpetuity through cryopreservationBioversity International
Presentation delivered by Dr Bart Panis at the International Agrobiodiversity Congress 2016, held in Delhi, India, 6-9 November.
Among other international endeavors, this presentation highlighted the efforts of the International Transit Centre in conserving plant genetic resources such as Musa (banana) for our consumption today and tomorrow.
Find out more about the India Agrobiodiversity Congress:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/iac2016/
A gene bank is a managed collection of genetic resources. Gene banks are necessary whenever the genetic resources fundamental to farming and harvesting animals and plants are threatened. While modern genetic techniques make it possible to bank any plant or animal tissue that contains DNA, most gene banks are collections either of whole organisms, their reproductive cells or early life stages. The technologies used for aquatic gene banking are as applicable to industry (broodstock collections, prospecting for new genetic material) as they are for traditional conservation. Gene banks are a type of biorepository which preserve genetic material.
How long do seeds live? A 100-year experiment in the Arctic to reveal the secretICRISAT
Genebanks of six global research institutions including ICRISAT have begun a 100-year experiment at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in a quest to know how long seeds live. Data from seeds of 13 crops, four of which will be provided by ICRISAT’s genebank in India, will be collected during the experiment.“ICRISAT will bring seeds of chickpea, groundnut, pearl millet and pigeonpea to the experiment during 2022-23. The seeds will be tested initially before being put in the vault for storage at -18 degree Celsius. They will be taken out for testing once every decade during the course of the next 100 years to determine longevity,”.
English version of
http://www.slideshare.net/1950/la-boveda-del-fin-del-mundo
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault, which is established in the permafrost in the mountains of Svalbard, is designed to store duplicates of seeds from seed collections around the globe. Many of these collections are in developing countries. If seeds are lost, e.g. as a result of natural disasters, war or simply a lack of resources, the seed collections may be reestablished using seeds from Svalbard.
English version of
http://www.slideshare.net/1950/la-boveda-del-fin-del-mundo
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault, which is established in the permafrost in the mountains of Svalbard, is designed to store duplicates of seeds from seed collections around the globe. Many of these collections are in developing countries. If seeds are lost, e.g. as a result of natural disasters, war or simply a lack of resources, the seed collections may be reestablished using seeds from Svalbard.
Cryopreservation Prepared by Md. Ali HaidarAli Haidar
I am Md. Ali Haidar student at faculty of Agriculture, EXIM Bank Agricultural University Bangladesh. I am a future Agriculturist. I published my Presentation for helping other student.
presenation only for exsitu conservation includes topic (Components of ex-situ conservation
Plant genetic resources conservation in gene banks, national gene banks and gene repositories
Preservation of genetic materials under natural conditions, Perma-frost conservation
Guidelines for sending seeds to network of active/ working collections
Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds- differences in handling
Clonal repositories
genetic stability under long term storage condition)
Until two decades ago the genetic resources were getting depleted owing to the
It was imperative therefore that many of the elite, economically important and endangered species are preserved to make them available when needed.
The conventional methods of storage failed to prevent losses caused due to various reasons.
A new methodology had to be devised for long term preservation of material.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Introduction
Active layer- Areas not overlain by ice, it exists beneath a layer of soil, rock or
sediment, which freezes and thaws annually and is called the "active layer“
Active layer thickness varies with the season, but is 0.3 to 4 meters thick
The permafrost occurs at an mean annual temperature of -2 °C or colder.
Beneath the active layer annual temperature swings of permafrost become smaller
with depth.
Above that bottom limit there may be permafrost, whose temperature doesn't
change annually—"isothermal permafrost"
3.
4. HistoryofSvalbardorDoomsdayseedvault
The foundation of a “global central seed bank” for the world’s seeds (primarily of food plants) has
therefore long been an issue and Svalbard Global Seed Vault was a step in this direction.
In 1989, IBPGR started surveying the relevant alternative sites in Svalbard.
Norway offered to take care of the actual construction of the vault
FAO and IBPGR would take care of the administrative operating costs through the creation of a
fund based on capital from external donors.
5. Descriptionofthefacility
This Seed Vault lies about 1 kilometre from Longyearbyen Airport, at about
130 metres above sea level and consists entirely of an underground facility
The facility is designed to have an almost “endless” lifetime.
The facility consists of three separate underground chambers.
Each chamber has the capacity to store 1,5 million different seed samples.
With the aid of its own electric machinery, powered by electricity from the
local power station, it will maintain a constant interior temperature of
minus 18 degrees Celsius
8. The outer half of the entrance tunnel is constructed as a steel pipe with
a diameter of about 5 metres.
This will pass through the layer of snow and ice and the loose rocks,
into solid mountain.
9. Whoownstheworld’sheritage?
In the early 90s there was heated debate between the various member countries of the FAO about
patenting and access to genetic resources.
Developing countries wished to receive part of the proceeds from the commercial seed industry,
since the diversity mainly came from their areas, whilst the commercial seed industry wanted
free access to such resources and the opportunity to patent the seeds.
The lack of international agreements to regulate this area eventually became an obstacle to
realizing the plans and IBPGR and FAO eventually had to give up looking for donors.
The turning point came when FAO’s International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture came into force in 2004.
10. A group of Nordic and international experts under the direction of Noragric at the Norwegian University of Life
Scientists (UMB) were appointed to carry out a preliminary study in finding the location for seed storage.
In September 2004 the group put forward an unambiguously positive report, which concluded that suitable
locations were to be found in Svalbard.
The report recommended that a chamber should be built inside the mountain.
It was also stressed that the storage of seeds should be done in accordance with international gene bank standards,
at minus 18 degrees, and that the seeds should be stored by the ”black box” method, that is that only the institution
which deposits seeds has right of ownership and disposition over them.
Building work will be completed in November 2007.
Then the cooling process begins and the temperature should be down to minus 18 degrees during the course of
January.
The facility will be officially opened on 26th February 2008.
11. OwnedbyNorway
It is Norway which formally owns the seed vault, with Ministry of Agriculture and
Food as the responsible authority for Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
Construction has cost almost 9 million US dollar and has been entirely financed by
the Government of Norway.
The Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCDT) has also been brought in as an active
partner and will finance a substantial amount of the annual operating costs of the
vault. The other operating costs will be financed by the he primary funding of the
Trust came from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, United Kingdom, Norway,
Australia,Switzerland, and Sweden
12. Managementandoperations
Free of cost
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault will provide facilities free of cost for safety deposits under “black box
conditions” on request from public or private holders of seeds of distinct genetic resources that are important
to humanity.
Priority will be given to the safety deposit of plant genetic resources of importance for food security and
sustainable agriculture.
Packaging and shipment
Costs pertaining to the packaging and shipping of the deposited seeds will be borne by the depositors
However, in the case of developing countries and international gene banks, the Global Crop Diversity Trust is
funding the costs of preparing, packing and shipping their seeds to Svalbard.
13. -18°C
The material deposited will be maintained in permafrost conditions supplemented by
refrigeration in accordance with internationally agreed standards.
International regulations
The depositors who will deposit material will do so consistently with relevant national and
international law.
The Seed Vault will only agree to receive seeds that are shared under the Multilateral System
or under Article 15 of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic resources for Food and
Agriculture (ITPGRFA) or seeds that have originated in the country of the depositor
14. Replacement policy
The Seed Vault will not have the opportunity to test the viability of the seeds,
but will accept new shipments of seeds when the duplicate samples at the
depositor’s possession have lost fertility.
Import and storage of GMO seeds according to Norwegian legislation will
require advance approval.
15. Black boxes
"Black box arrangements" mean
• that the deposit of the seeds will not affect any property or other rights pertaining
to the material;
• that the deposited seeds will remain in sealed envelopes, unless otherwise agreed
with the Depositor;
• That the Svalbard Global Seed Vault will take no action to further transfer the
material except back to the original Depositor or the Depositor’s successor in title,
or in accordance with the Depositor’s instructions .
16. conclusion
Svalbard Global Seed Vault is not a gene bank, it is a facility for maintaining crop diversity in the form of
seeds, stored and conserved in a frozen state.
The ideal temperature is between minus 10 and minus 20 degrees Celsius. The Seeds in the Seed Vault shall
only be accessed when the original seed collections have been lost for any reason.
The depositors will retain their rights over the seeds.
There will be no way that Svalbard Global Seed Vault, or Norway can give access to the seeds without
consent from the depositors.
The Seed Vault has the capacity to store 4,5 million different seed samples.
Each sample will contain on average 500 seeds, so a maximum of 2,25 billion seeds may be stored in the
Seed Vault.
17. The Seed Vault will therefore have the capacity to hold all the unique seed samples
that are conserved today by all the approximately 1400 gene banks that are found in
more than 100 countries all over the world
The low temperature and the limited access to oxygen will ensure low metabolic
activity and cause a delay in the aging of the seeds
Svalbard is a unique location for such a facility in multiple ways
Svalbard has perfect climate and geology for underground cold storage. Because of
the permafrost, the temperature will never rise above minus 3,5 Celsius
18. Second permafrost seed bank in the world, after the
International Seed Vault in Norway’s Svalbard
In April 2014, India made its first seed deposit to
the Svalbard Global Seed Vault with one box of
25 accessions of pigeon pea
The official deposit took place on April 9, 2014
19. ChangLa-India’sDoomsdayVaultInTheHimalayas
It is far from rising seas and tectonic plate movement but around 75 km from the Leh aiport
India’s Seed Vault is located at Chang La (Ladakh) in the Himalayas, at a height of 17,300 feet, there is a
storage facility with over 5,000 seed accessions. One accession consists of a set of seeds of one species
collected from different locations or different populations.
The vault is a joint venture of the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (which comes under the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research) and the Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (under Defence
Research and Development Organisation)
20. Reference
Sarala Yadav, S.K.Yadav and Manoj Kumar (2016) , Svalbard
Global Seed Vault: Global central seed bank, ICAR-Central
Potato Research Station, Patna (Bihar), India -801506