Describes cross sectional anatomy of the mediastinum , and lobar and segmental anatomy of the lung with teaching points and radiological guidelines and multiple examples of lobar and segmental pathologies and how we localize these pathologies .Also the types of chest CT images and indications of chest CT.
Describes cross sectional anatomy of the mediastinum , and lobar and segmental anatomy of the lung with teaching points and radiological guidelines and multiple examples of lobar and segmental pathologies and how we localize these pathologies .Also the types of chest CT images and indications of chest CT.
HRCT in Diffuse Lung Diseases - II (Honeycombing, UIP pattern, IPF)Bhavin Jankharia
This is the second part of this series on HRCT in diffuse lung diseases, focussing on the diagnosis of honeycombing, UIP pattern and IPF and the associated complications and differential diagnoses
Detection and classification of plant disease using image analysis and machine learning. Plant images acquired from a mobile hand-held device are analysed to predict the type and magnitude of disease afflicting the plant.
Detection of Diseases on Cotton Leaves and its Possible DiagnosisCSCJournals
In a research of identifying and diagnosing cotton disease, the pattern of disease is important part in that, various features of the images are extracted viz. the color of actual infected image, there are so many diseases occurred on the cotton leaf so the leaf color for different diseases is also different, also there are various other features related to shape of image, also there are different shape of holes are present on the leaf of the image, generally the leaf of infected image have elliptical shape of holes, so calculating the major and minor axis is the major task . The features could be extracted using self organizing feature map together with a back-propagation neural network is used to recognize color of image. This information is used to segment cotton leaf pixels within the image, now image which is under consideration is well analyzed and depending upon this software perform further analysis based on the nature of this image.
Describes the basic radiology of diffuse interstitial disease ,with differential diagnosis of reticular interstitial pattern and how to approach HRCT findings .
CHRONIC OBUSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE POWER POINT.pptxAgbaMakuochi
This describes a whole lot more of what Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is with their pathophysiology and management both medical and nursing management
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2. Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease.
Diffuse interstitial lung disease is a group of lung diseases that
affects the connective tissue that forms the support structure of the
air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs.
During inhalation, the alveoli fill with air. Oxygen within the air
passes through the walls of the alveoli into the blood stream. In
reverse fashion, carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the
alveoli and is exhaled. When affected by an interstitial lung disease,
the tissue supporting the air sacs—called the interstitium—becomes
inflamed and stiff, making it difficult for air sacs to fully expand,
limiting the delivery of oxygen to the body and the removal of
carbon dioxide from the body. As the disease progresses, the tissue
scars and thickens the alveolar walls, further decreasing lung
function.
This inflammation of the interstitium is typically diffuse, meaning it
occurs throughout both lungs rather than being confined to one
area.
3. The diseases in this group include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF),
acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
(COP) and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Some forms of
interstitial pneumonia are related to the inhalation of cigarette
smoke and occur as a spectrum of injury that includes respiratory
bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease and desquamative interstitial
pneumonia. Others are associated with multi-systemic diseases such
as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, dermatomyositis and
asbestosis. Occasionally prior drug exposure can result in interstitial
lung disease, such as the anti-cancer drug Bleomycin.
Shortness of breath and a dry cough are the most common symptoms
of diffuse interstitial lung disease. As the disease progresses, weight
loss, muscle and joint pain and fatigue may also occur. At a more
advanced stage, individuals may develop an enlarged heart, an
enlargement of the fingertips called clubbing, and cyanosis—a blue
coloration in the lips, skin and fingernails as a result of reduced
oxygen levels in the blood.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. How is diffuse interstitial lung disease evaluated.
To diagnose and determine the cause of interstitial lung disease, a physician will
need to perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests, including:
Blood tests: These are focused on identifying autoimmune diseases such as
lupus and rheumatoid arthritis which can result in interstitial lung disease as a
result.
Spirometry: This is a test of lung function, in which the patient exhales quickly
and forcefully through a tube connected to a machine that measures how much
air the lungs can hold and how quickly the air moves in and out of the lungs.
Spirometry can help determine if there is an issue with air getting into the lungs
(restriction, such as fibrosis) versus air getting out of the lungs (obstruction,
such as asthma).
Pulse oximetry: This test uses a small device placed on a finger tip to measure
the oxygen saturation of the blood. It shines a specific wavelength of light
though the end of the finger painlessly to measure the amount of oxygen in the
blood.
Chest x-ray : The patterns of lung damage associated with various types of
interstitial lung disease are often identifiable on a chest x-ray. Chest x-rays may
also be used to track the progression of the disease.
10. CT imaging of the chest : Computed tomography (CT) scanning,
particularly a specific technique known as high resolution CT, is used
to see the fine detail of the interstitium where the disease is occurring.
Based on the imaging appearance, a diagnosis (specifically idiopathic
pulmonary fibrosis) can sometimes be confirmed, thus avoiding the
need for lung biopsy. The CT scan can also help determine the extent
of damage to the lungs and help determine appropriate treatment.
Bronchoscopy and biopsy: In this procedure, a very small sample of
tissue is removed from the lung using a small, flexible tube called a
bronchoscope that is passed through the mouth or nose and into the
lungs.
Surgical biopsy: A surgical biopsy is often needed to obtain a larger
sample tissue than is possible with bronchoscopy. During this
procedure, surgical instruments and a small camera are inserted
through two or three small incisions between the ribs that allow a
physician to see and remove tissue samples from the lungs.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. X-Ray chest.
It is important modality for diagnosis of ILDs.
The correlation between the radiographic pattern and the stage of the
disease(clinical or histological) is generally poor.
Review all previous film to assess the rate of changes on disease
activity.
Honeycombing correlated a poor prognosis.
X-Ray limitations:
X-Ray chest is normal in 10-15% of symptomatic patients with
infiltrative lung disease.
The X-Ray sensitivity and a specificity of 80% for detection of DPLD.
The X-Ray can provide a confident diagnosis in 25% of cases.
A diffuse ground glass pattern- early in the disease, progress,- nodules,
linear (reticular) infiltrate, or a combination.
- Infiltrate become coarser and lung volume is lost- honeycomb pattern.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. CT pattern of diffuse lung diseases.
Four major patterns (ground-glass opacity, nodular
opacity, reticular opacity, and honeycombing) on thin-
section computed tomographic images were identified.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis with subpleural reticular marking, traction
bronchiectasis and honeycombing in a lower lobe distribution.
27. HRCT cross-sectional view showing a pattern of peripheral reticulation
and honeycomb change that is diagnostic of the presence of UIP.
28. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis with subpleural reticular marking, traction
bronchiectasis and honeycombing in a lower lobe distribution.
29. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis with subpleural reticular marking, traction
bronchiectasis and honeycombing in a lower lobe distribution.