Lung disease is any condition that affects the lungs and prevents them from working properly. There are three main types of lung disease: airway diseases which affect the tubes that carry air to the lungs, lung tissue diseases which affect lung tissue structure, and lung circulation diseases which affect blood vessels in the lungs. Common lung diseases include asthma, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Asthma causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways and is diagnosed based on a person's medical history, physical exam findings, and results of breathing tests.
Emphysema is a condition that damages the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, causing them to lose their elasticity and become enlarged. This makes breathing difficult. The main causes are smoking cigarettes and exposure to air pollution or dust. Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest X-rays, and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhalers, oxygen therapy, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Managing the condition can help prevent further lung damage and associated complications.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and reduced activity levels that worsen over time. Smoking is the leading cause and damages the lungs by destroying elastic fibers in the air sacs. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking and managing symptoms through medications, supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery. Yoga practices like breathing exercises and poses can help relieve symptoms and reduce stress.
The document defines emphysema as a lung condition that makes breathing difficult due to the breakdown of alveoli from smoking. It notes that alveoli are air sacs in the lungs where oxygen enters the blood. While some argue emphysema has other causes like infections, the statistics show the vast majority of emphysema deaths are smokers, especially men who smoke. The document concludes smoking is a major cause of the lung condition emphysema.
Emphysema is a lung disease where the air sacs (alveoli) are progressively destroyed, resulting in fewer and larger air spaces. The main causes are smoking and genetic conditions. In emphysema, elastic fibers and alveolar walls are broken down due to an imbalance between proteases from inflammatory cells and their inhibitors like alpha-1 antitrypsin. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, chest imaging, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, supplemental oxygen, and reducing risk factors.
J. Parker Emphysema Presentation Powerpointjpcode1
Emphysema affects around 1.8 million Americans and causes limitations in daily activities for many sufferers. It is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is primarily caused by cigarette smoking in around 82% of cases. The top symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic coughing and mucus production. Left untreated, emphysema can lead to serious health complications like infections, respiratory failure, and even death.
Emphysema is a lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, resulting in shortness of breath. It is usually caused by smoking or long-term exposure to irritants or pollutants. As the disease progresses, the alveoli are destroyed, reducing the lungs' ability to take in oxygen. Symptoms start mild but worsen over time, ultimately causing severe shortness of breath and respiratory failure if left untreated. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, medications, surgery, pulmonary rehabilitation, and managing symptoms.
Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease where the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) become damaged, causing shortness of breath. It is primarily caused by cigarette smoking and long-term exposure to air pollution. The main symptoms are a productive cough, breathlessness, and wheezing. Signs include cyanosis, wheezing, fast breathing, hyperinflation of the lungs, and reduced breath sounds. Treatment focuses on stopping smoking, using bronchodilators and steroids, and supplemental oxygen. Prevention emphasizes avoiding pollution and respiratory infections by getting vaccinated.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
Emphysema is a condition that damages the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, causing them to lose their elasticity and become enlarged. This makes breathing difficult. The main causes are smoking cigarettes and exposure to air pollution or dust. Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest X-rays, and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhalers, oxygen therapy, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Managing the condition can help prevent further lung damage and associated complications.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and reduced activity levels that worsen over time. Smoking is the leading cause and damages the lungs by destroying elastic fibers in the air sacs. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking and managing symptoms through medications, supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery. Yoga practices like breathing exercises and poses can help relieve symptoms and reduce stress.
The document defines emphysema as a lung condition that makes breathing difficult due to the breakdown of alveoli from smoking. It notes that alveoli are air sacs in the lungs where oxygen enters the blood. While some argue emphysema has other causes like infections, the statistics show the vast majority of emphysema deaths are smokers, especially men who smoke. The document concludes smoking is a major cause of the lung condition emphysema.
Emphysema is a lung disease where the air sacs (alveoli) are progressively destroyed, resulting in fewer and larger air spaces. The main causes are smoking and genetic conditions. In emphysema, elastic fibers and alveolar walls are broken down due to an imbalance between proteases from inflammatory cells and their inhibitors like alpha-1 antitrypsin. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, chest imaging, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, supplemental oxygen, and reducing risk factors.
J. Parker Emphysema Presentation Powerpointjpcode1
Emphysema affects around 1.8 million Americans and causes limitations in daily activities for many sufferers. It is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is primarily caused by cigarette smoking in around 82% of cases. The top symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic coughing and mucus production. Left untreated, emphysema can lead to serious health complications like infections, respiratory failure, and even death.
Emphysema is a lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, resulting in shortness of breath. It is usually caused by smoking or long-term exposure to irritants or pollutants. As the disease progresses, the alveoli are destroyed, reducing the lungs' ability to take in oxygen. Symptoms start mild but worsen over time, ultimately causing severe shortness of breath and respiratory failure if left untreated. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, medications, surgery, pulmonary rehabilitation, and managing symptoms.
Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease where the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) become damaged, causing shortness of breath. It is primarily caused by cigarette smoking and long-term exposure to air pollution. The main symptoms are a productive cough, breathlessness, and wheezing. Signs include cyanosis, wheezing, fast breathing, hyperinflation of the lungs, and reduced breath sounds. Treatment focuses on stopping smoking, using bronchodilators and steroids, and supplemental oxygen. Prevention emphasizes avoiding pollution and respiratory infections by getting vaccinated.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), describing its pathology and the changes that occur in the lungs. COPD involves pathological changes in the central airways, peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. In the central airways, there is goblet cell and mucous gland hyperplasia leading to excessive mucus production. In the peripheral airways, bronchiolitis and fibrosis occur. Emphysema involves the destruction of lung parenchyma and loss of alveoli. Changes in the pulmonary vasculature include intimal hyperplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and destruction of the capillary bed. Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and small airways disease. COPD risk factors include cigarette smoking, air pollution, and genetic conditions. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests showing airflow obstruction. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, and pulmonary rehabilitation.
Introduction Yoga Therapy For The Management Of Respiratory DisordersShama
Dr. Shamanthakamani discusses yoga therapy for respiratory disorders. Slow, deep breathing techniques like pranayama can help balance the respiratory system and reduce stress, a trigger for conditions like asthma. Pranayama techniques like anuloma viloma and ujjayi strengthen lung muscles. Yoga postures and breathing practices work together to relax muscles and increase lung capacity. Studies show yoga can help manage diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and tuberculosis by bridging the voluntary and involuntary breathing systems.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
Pulmonary emphysema is an abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs caused by destruction of alveolar walls. It affects over 210 million people worldwide and is primarily caused by smoking. The main types are centriacinar, panacinar, and paraseptal emphysema. Patients present with shortness of breath but without sputum production. Diagnosis can be made through chest imaging that shows hyperinflated lungs and loss of markings. Emphysema results from an imbalance between proteases that break down lung tissue and antiproteases that inhibit them.
This document summarizes various lung diseases and respiratory conditions. It is divided into sections covering diseases affecting the airways, alveoli, blood vessels, pleura, chest wall, and respiratory procedures. Key conditions mentioned include asthma, COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, pneumothorax, and respiratory therapy/intubation. The document provides brief descriptions of symptoms and causes for each disease.
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a condition that forms part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The alveoli at the end of the bronchioles of the lung become enlarged because of the breakdown of their walls. The fewer and larger damaged sacs that result mean there is a reduced surface area for the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it.
Definition
Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli become stiff expands and continuously filled the air even after expiration. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease due to lack of elasticity in the lungs and alveoli surface area.
Classification
Panlobular (panacinar)
It is damage to the respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts and alveoli. All air space in the little lobes much enlarged, with little inflammatory disease. The characteristics that have chest hyperinflation, and is characterized by dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss.
CENTRILOBULAR (CENTROACINAR)
The pathological changes mainly occur in the centre of the secondary lobes, and peripheral of acini remain good. Often there is chaos-ventilation perfusion ratio, which lead to hypoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the arterial blood), polycythaemia and heart failure episodes right. The condition leads to cyanosis, peripheral oedema, and respiratory failure.
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
The biggest known cause or risk factor for emphysema - and for COPD - is smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for around 90% of cases of COPD. However, COPD will develop only in smokers who are genetically susceptible - smoking does not always lead to the disease.
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the destruction of lung tissue and the abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs. It is primarily caused by smoking and long-term exposure to air pollutants. A CT scan can detect emphysema by showing decreases in lung density and pulmonary vessels. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and reduced exercise capacity. Treatment focuses on pulmonary rehabilitation, which aims to improve quality of life through exercise and education. Preventing emphysema involves avoiding smoking and other lung irritants.
COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by obstructed airflow caused by conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, genetics, and air pollution. Symptoms include excessive cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, examining lungs, and tests like chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests, and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on preventing further lung damage by quitting smoking, using bronchodilators and steroids, antibiotics for infections, and exercises to clear airways and strengthen breathing. Complications can be respiratory failure, pneumonia, and depression if not properly managed.
This document discusses a case of a 65-year-old female smoker who presents with shortness of breath, cough, fatigue, poor appetite and weight loss. She is diagnosed with emphysema. The document then covers an introduction to emphysema, how the patient's flow-volume curve would appear, that weight loss in emphysema can be caused by anorexia, dyspnea and protein breakdown, and discusses pharmacological treatments like bronchodilators and antibiotics as well as non-pharmacological treatments like education, smoking cessation and lifestyle changes.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is caused by noxious particles or gases like cigarette smoke that trigger an inflammatory response in the lungs. Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Diagnosis involves spirometry to detect airflow obstruction and chest imaging to rule out other conditions. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation and medications like bronchodilators and corticosteroids to relieve symptoms and prevent exacerbations.
Emphysema is defined pathologically as an abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. Together, emphysema and chronic bronchitis are known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The damage is permanent - not reversible - and it causes reduced respiratory function. When the hazards of smoking are bought up, the most common disease discussed is
cancer and no one brings up emphysema. Although, most cases of COPD, and therefore emphysema, are caused by cigarette smoking.
Emphysema is rarely caused by a congenital condition known as α1-antitrypsin
deficiency, for which there is a lab test.
The most common symptoms are breathlessness, or a 'need for air', excessive sputum
production, and a chronic cough. However, COPD is not just simply a "smoker's
cough", but an under-diagnosed, life threatening lung disease that may progressively
lead to death.
Doctors diagnose COPD and emphysema with lung function tests to measure lung capacity. Spirometry is used in diagnosis - to measure the volume of air a patient can
blow out in one second after a deep breath.
Treatment does not halt or reverse lung damage but eases symptoms and prevents exacerbations. Drugs and supportive therapies are the mainstay of emphysema treatment.
Drugs may include inhaled bronchodilators, corticosteroids and, when there is an infection, antibiotics.
Support therapy includes oxygen supplementation, nutrition, help with smoking cessation, and other educational interventions.
Surgical intervention, including lung transplantation, is reserved for severe cases of emphysema.
People with emphysema and COPD should have an annual flu jab and may be recommended for a pneumonia shot once every 5 years.
This document provides an overview of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation. The document discusses the causes of COPD, including cigarette smoking which is the primary cause in over 90% of patients. It also examines the pathophysiology of the two main types of COPD - chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests used to diagnose COPD are outlined, including the use of spirometry to confirm airflow limitation. Treatment objectives for COPD and its management are briefly mentioned.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that involves damage to the alveoli in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It can be caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke or air pollution. Symptoms include shortness of breath and coughing. Diagnosis involves physical exams, imaging tests, and pulmonary function tests. While the lung damage cannot be reversed, treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through medications, oxygen therapy, lung surgery, and transplants in severe cases.
This document summarizes pulmonary emphysema, including its causes, pathological anatomy, and complications. It was prepared by Myrzakhanov Yerik for a course on pulmonary pathology and reviewed by Abishev Zhasulan Zhumataevich. The document defines emphysema and describes the pathological changes that occur at the microscopic level, including destruction of alveolar walls and thinning of capillaries. It notes that emphysema can develop from chronic bronchitis or long-term inhalation of irritants and leads to respiratory failure due to reduced gas exchange in the lungs.
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by damage to the lungs. An acute exacerbation of COPD occurs when symptoms like dyspnea, cough, and sputum production worsen beyond normal day-to-day variations. Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and assessment of symptom severity. Treatment focuses on restoring oxygen levels, bronchodilation with nebulized bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics if an infection is present, IV fluids, ventilation support if needed, and smoking cessation counseling.
COPD refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, two commonly co-existing lung diseases where the airways become narrowed leading to limited airflow. The main causes are smoking, occupational exposures, air pollution, and genetic conditions. Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Management includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, promoting exercise, and controlling complications to improve lung function and general health.
Emphysema-medical information |management |diagnosis | tests martinshaji
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease where the air sacs in the lungs become damaged and stretched, making breathing difficult. Smoking is the primary cause. Symptoms include shortness of breath and cough. Treatment focuses on medications to open airways, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes. For severe cases, surgery may help reduce lung volume or transplant lungs. The goal of treatment is stabilizing the condition and preventing complications.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. It is divided into two main types: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, which accounts for 85% of lung cancers. The greatest risk factors are smoking and exposure to radon gas or other carcinogens. Symptoms often appear at later stages and include coughing or coughing up blood. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, biopsies, and laboratory tests. Screening high-risk individuals with low-dose CT is the only proven method for early detection.
This document provides an overview of lung cancer, including its causes, symptoms, types, and how it starts and spreads. It discusses that lung cancer has become a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The main causes of lung cancer are smoking tobacco and exposure to secondhand smoke. There are two main types of lung cancer - non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, and weight loss.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), describing its pathology and the changes that occur in the lungs. COPD involves pathological changes in the central airways, peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. In the central airways, there is goblet cell and mucous gland hyperplasia leading to excessive mucus production. In the peripheral airways, bronchiolitis and fibrosis occur. Emphysema involves the destruction of lung parenchyma and loss of alveoli. Changes in the pulmonary vasculature include intimal hyperplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and destruction of the capillary bed. Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and small airways disease. COPD risk factors include cigarette smoking, air pollution, and genetic conditions. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests showing airflow obstruction. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, and pulmonary rehabilitation.
Introduction Yoga Therapy For The Management Of Respiratory DisordersShama
Dr. Shamanthakamani discusses yoga therapy for respiratory disorders. Slow, deep breathing techniques like pranayama can help balance the respiratory system and reduce stress, a trigger for conditions like asthma. Pranayama techniques like anuloma viloma and ujjayi strengthen lung muscles. Yoga postures and breathing practices work together to relax muscles and increase lung capacity. Studies show yoga can help manage diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and tuberculosis by bridging the voluntary and involuntary breathing systems.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
Pulmonary emphysema is an abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs caused by destruction of alveolar walls. It affects over 210 million people worldwide and is primarily caused by smoking. The main types are centriacinar, panacinar, and paraseptal emphysema. Patients present with shortness of breath but without sputum production. Diagnosis can be made through chest imaging that shows hyperinflated lungs and loss of markings. Emphysema results from an imbalance between proteases that break down lung tissue and antiproteases that inhibit them.
This document summarizes various lung diseases and respiratory conditions. It is divided into sections covering diseases affecting the airways, alveoli, blood vessels, pleura, chest wall, and respiratory procedures. Key conditions mentioned include asthma, COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, pneumothorax, and respiratory therapy/intubation. The document provides brief descriptions of symptoms and causes for each disease.
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a condition that forms part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The alveoli at the end of the bronchioles of the lung become enlarged because of the breakdown of their walls. The fewer and larger damaged sacs that result mean there is a reduced surface area for the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it.
Definition
Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli become stiff expands and continuously filled the air even after expiration. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease due to lack of elasticity in the lungs and alveoli surface area.
Classification
Panlobular (panacinar)
It is damage to the respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts and alveoli. All air space in the little lobes much enlarged, with little inflammatory disease. The characteristics that have chest hyperinflation, and is characterized by dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss.
CENTRILOBULAR (CENTROACINAR)
The pathological changes mainly occur in the centre of the secondary lobes, and peripheral of acini remain good. Often there is chaos-ventilation perfusion ratio, which lead to hypoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the arterial blood), polycythaemia and heart failure episodes right. The condition leads to cyanosis, peripheral oedema, and respiratory failure.
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
The biggest known cause or risk factor for emphysema - and for COPD - is smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for around 90% of cases of COPD. However, COPD will develop only in smokers who are genetically susceptible - smoking does not always lead to the disease.
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the destruction of lung tissue and the abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs. It is primarily caused by smoking and long-term exposure to air pollutants. A CT scan can detect emphysema by showing decreases in lung density and pulmonary vessels. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and reduced exercise capacity. Treatment focuses on pulmonary rehabilitation, which aims to improve quality of life through exercise and education. Preventing emphysema involves avoiding smoking and other lung irritants.
COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by obstructed airflow caused by conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, genetics, and air pollution. Symptoms include excessive cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, examining lungs, and tests like chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests, and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on preventing further lung damage by quitting smoking, using bronchodilators and steroids, antibiotics for infections, and exercises to clear airways and strengthen breathing. Complications can be respiratory failure, pneumonia, and depression if not properly managed.
This document discusses a case of a 65-year-old female smoker who presents with shortness of breath, cough, fatigue, poor appetite and weight loss. She is diagnosed with emphysema. The document then covers an introduction to emphysema, how the patient's flow-volume curve would appear, that weight loss in emphysema can be caused by anorexia, dyspnea and protein breakdown, and discusses pharmacological treatments like bronchodilators and antibiotics as well as non-pharmacological treatments like education, smoking cessation and lifestyle changes.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is caused by noxious particles or gases like cigarette smoke that trigger an inflammatory response in the lungs. Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Diagnosis involves spirometry to detect airflow obstruction and chest imaging to rule out other conditions. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation and medications like bronchodilators and corticosteroids to relieve symptoms and prevent exacerbations.
Emphysema is defined pathologically as an abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. Together, emphysema and chronic bronchitis are known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The damage is permanent - not reversible - and it causes reduced respiratory function. When the hazards of smoking are bought up, the most common disease discussed is
cancer and no one brings up emphysema. Although, most cases of COPD, and therefore emphysema, are caused by cigarette smoking.
Emphysema is rarely caused by a congenital condition known as α1-antitrypsin
deficiency, for which there is a lab test.
The most common symptoms are breathlessness, or a 'need for air', excessive sputum
production, and a chronic cough. However, COPD is not just simply a "smoker's
cough", but an under-diagnosed, life threatening lung disease that may progressively
lead to death.
Doctors diagnose COPD and emphysema with lung function tests to measure lung capacity. Spirometry is used in diagnosis - to measure the volume of air a patient can
blow out in one second after a deep breath.
Treatment does not halt or reverse lung damage but eases symptoms and prevents exacerbations. Drugs and supportive therapies are the mainstay of emphysema treatment.
Drugs may include inhaled bronchodilators, corticosteroids and, when there is an infection, antibiotics.
Support therapy includes oxygen supplementation, nutrition, help with smoking cessation, and other educational interventions.
Surgical intervention, including lung transplantation, is reserved for severe cases of emphysema.
People with emphysema and COPD should have an annual flu jab and may be recommended for a pneumonia shot once every 5 years.
This document provides an overview of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation. The document discusses the causes of COPD, including cigarette smoking which is the primary cause in over 90% of patients. It also examines the pathophysiology of the two main types of COPD - chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests used to diagnose COPD are outlined, including the use of spirometry to confirm airflow limitation. Treatment objectives for COPD and its management are briefly mentioned.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that involves damage to the alveoli in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It can be caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke or air pollution. Symptoms include shortness of breath and coughing. Diagnosis involves physical exams, imaging tests, and pulmonary function tests. While the lung damage cannot be reversed, treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through medications, oxygen therapy, lung surgery, and transplants in severe cases.
This document summarizes pulmonary emphysema, including its causes, pathological anatomy, and complications. It was prepared by Myrzakhanov Yerik for a course on pulmonary pathology and reviewed by Abishev Zhasulan Zhumataevich. The document defines emphysema and describes the pathological changes that occur at the microscopic level, including destruction of alveolar walls and thinning of capillaries. It notes that emphysema can develop from chronic bronchitis or long-term inhalation of irritants and leads to respiratory failure due to reduced gas exchange in the lungs.
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by damage to the lungs. An acute exacerbation of COPD occurs when symptoms like dyspnea, cough, and sputum production worsen beyond normal day-to-day variations. Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and assessment of symptom severity. Treatment focuses on restoring oxygen levels, bronchodilation with nebulized bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics if an infection is present, IV fluids, ventilation support if needed, and smoking cessation counseling.
COPD refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, two commonly co-existing lung diseases where the airways become narrowed leading to limited airflow. The main causes are smoking, occupational exposures, air pollution, and genetic conditions. Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Management includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, promoting exercise, and controlling complications to improve lung function and general health.
Emphysema-medical information |management |diagnosis | tests martinshaji
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease where the air sacs in the lungs become damaged and stretched, making breathing difficult. Smoking is the primary cause. Symptoms include shortness of breath and cough. Treatment focuses on medications to open airways, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes. For severe cases, surgery may help reduce lung volume or transplant lungs. The goal of treatment is stabilizing the condition and preventing complications.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. It is divided into two main types: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, which accounts for 85% of lung cancers. The greatest risk factors are smoking and exposure to radon gas or other carcinogens. Symptoms often appear at later stages and include coughing or coughing up blood. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, biopsies, and laboratory tests. Screening high-risk individuals with low-dose CT is the only proven method for early detection.
This document provides an overview of lung cancer, including its causes, symptoms, types, and how it starts and spreads. It discusses that lung cancer has become a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The main causes of lung cancer are smoking tobacco and exposure to secondhand smoke. There are two main types of lung cancer - non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, and weight loss.
This document provides an overview of lung cancer including:
- Definitions of terms like immobility and mobility.
- Epidemiology statistics on lung cancer prevalence.
- Risk factors like smoking, air pollution, and family history.
- Types of lung cancer including small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.
- Stages of lung cancer from localized to metastatic.
- Signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, complications, and medical treatments which may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or experimental therapies.
The document summarizes lung cancer, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It states that smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, with over 90% of cases caused by smoking. It describes the main types of lung cancer and explains that staging helps determine prognosis and treatment options. Diagnosis involves tests such as x-rays, CT scans, biopsies, and PET scans to determine if the cancer has spread from the lungs. Treatment depends on factors like cancer stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination.
The document discusses lung cancer, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women. Key risk factors include smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke, radon, asbestos, and other carcinogens. Common symptoms are cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsies. Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and other approaches depending on the cancer's stage and type.
The air we breathe nowadays is highly polluted and consists of dangerous chemicals. Exposure to such toxic substances on a daily basis is the major reason behind the high prevalence of lung cancer at present. However, lung cancer can also occur due to various other factors such as excessive smoking.
This document discusses lung cancer, including its causes, symptoms, types, risk factors, complications, and treatment methods. It notes that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and that smoking is the primary risk factor. The two main types of lung cancer are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Preventing smoking and quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.
Mesothelioma and lung cancer are often confused but have key differences. Mesothelioma originates in the mesothelium lining of organs like the lungs, while lung cancer begins in the lung tissue. Asbestos exposure is the main cause of mesothelioma but smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer. Both can cause similar symptoms but require different treatment approaches based on their distinct characteristics and origins.
This document provides information on emphysema, including its causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs. The main risk factor is smoking, which destroys the elastic fibers in the lungs over many years. Symptoms include shortness of breath and coughing. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests and imaging. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking and managing symptoms through medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery.
This document discusses lung cancer including its anatomy, physiology, types, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, treatment, nursing management, and prevention. It defines lung cancer as originating from lung tissues and describes the two main types - small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Risk factors include smoking tobacco, exposure to workplace carcinogens, and family history. Screening, diagnostic tests, and staging help determine appropriate treatment which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, or palliative care. Nursing focuses on symptom management and patient education. Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke are key prevention strategies.
The respiratory system introduces oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide through a series of anatomical structures including the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged between the blood and air by diffusion. Diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease make breathing difficult by constricting the airways or destroying lung tissue. Lung cancer, commonly caused by smoking, is treated through surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy depending on the cancer type and stage.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, causing about 80% of lung cancer deaths. The risk increases with duration and amount smoked but can be reduced by quitting smoking. Early lung cancer usually causes no symptoms but later symptoms may include coughing, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, and weight loss. Treatment options depend on the cancer type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapy.
Lung Cancer Awareness By Epillo Health Systems EpilloHealth
November is officially lung cancer awareness month. The event started back in 1995 as lung cancer awareness day. As the lung cancer community and the lung cancer movement grew, the awareness activities increased and the day matured into Lung Cancer awareness month. This is a brief presentation for the awareness on Lung Cancer Awareness by the team Epillo.
This document discusses lung cancer, including causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, stages, and treatment options. It notes that in Indonesia in 2012, there were 25,322 lung cancer cases in men and 9,374 in women. The main causes of lung cancer are smoking tobacco, radon exposure, asbestos, and other air pollutants. There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and prevention through smoking cessation.
Lung cancer results from abnormal cell growth and division in the lungs. It tends to spread early, making it difficult to treat. Symptoms can include coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood. Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted drug therapy. Researchers have discovered lung stem cells that could be precursors to lung cancer.
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs. It can cause a range of symptoms and early warning signs that may indicate the presence of the disease. Early detection and treatment of lung cancer can improve the chances of successful treatment and survival.
Lung cancer results from abnormal cell growth and division that causes tumors. It tends to spread early, making it life-threatening. Symptoms vary depending on location and spread but include cough, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood. Treatment depends on cancer type, location, health, and spread and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted drug therapy. Scientists recently discovered lung stem cells that could be precursors to lung cancer.
This document provides information on tumors of the bronchus and lung, including bronchogenic carcinoma. It discusses:
- The majority (99%) of lung tumors are malignant, while less than 1% are benign. Non-small cell carcinoma accounts for 80% of lung cancers, while small cell carcinoma makes up 20-25%.
- Risk factors for bronchogenic carcinoma include tobacco smoking, industrial hazards, air pollution, and scarring from old infections. Symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. Diagnostic tests include chest imaging, biopsy, and PET scans.
- Treatment options are based on cancer type and stage. They include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination. Out
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. It is typically diagnosed based on symptoms and chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, and rest. Complications can include respiratory failure, lung abscesses, or sepsis. Prevention involves vaccination against influenza and streptococcus pneumoniae.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. Introduction:
Lung disease is any problem in the lungs that prevents the lungs from
workingproperly. There are three main types of lung disease:
Airway diseases -- These diseases affect the tubes (airways) that
carry gases to the lungs. They usually cause a narrowing or
blockageof the airways. Airway diseases include asthma, COPD
and bronchiectasis.
Lung tissue diseases -- These diseases affect the structure of the
lung tissue. Scarringor inflammationof the tissue makes the
lungs unable to expand fully (restrictive lung disease). Pulmonary
fibrosis and sarcoidosis are examples of lung tissue disease.
Lung circulation diseases -- These diseases affect the blood
vessels in the lungs. They are caused by clotting, scarring, or
inflammationof the blood vessel. These diseases may also affect
heart function. An example of a lung circulationdisease is
pulmonary hypertension.
Many lung diseases involve a combination of these three types.
3. Some of the most common lung diseases include:
Asthma
Lung cancer
Lung cancer
The lungs are located in the chest. When you breathe, air goes
through your nose, down your windpipe (trachea), and into the
lungs, where it flows through tubes called bronchi. Most lung cancer
begins in the cells that line these tubes.
There are two main types of lung cancer:
Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer.
4. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) makes up about 20% of all lung cancer
cases.
If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small
cell/large cell cancer.If the cancer started somewhere else in the
body and spreads to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the
lung.
Causes:
Exposure to asbestos and to cancer-causing chemicals such as
uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal
products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline,radongas
and diesel exhaust.
Family history of lung cancer.
High levels of arsenic in drinking water and air pollution.
Symptoms:
Early lung cancer may not cause any symptoms.
Symptoms depend on the type of cancer you have, but may include:
Chest pain
Coughing up blood
Fatigue
Lose of weight
Wheezing
Other symptoms that may also occur with lung cancer, often in the
late stages:
Bone pain or tenderness
Eyelid drooping
Facial paralysis
Hoarseness or changing voice
5. Joint pain
Weakness
Teststoconformcancer:
Lung cancer can be found from a CTscan or X ray .If lung cancer is
suspected the victim will be asked if he smokes or working under any
cancer causing chemicals.
Tests to see how large the cancer is spread include:
x-ray, MRI and CT scan of the chest.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
Sputum test to look for cancer cells.
Thoracentesis (sampling of fluid buildup around the lung)
In most cases, Biopsy is done (taking a small piece of lung and
observing it)
Bronchoscopy combined with biopsy
Ultra sound directed needle biopsy
Endoscopic esophageal ultrasound (EUS) with biopsy
Mediastinoscopy with biopsy
Pleural biopsy
Treatment:
6. Treatment for lung cancer depends on the type of cancer, how
advanced it is, and how healthy you are:
Surgery to remove the tumor may be done when it has not spread
beyond nearby lymph nodes.
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells and stop new cells from
growing.
Radiation therapy uses powerful x-rays or other forms of radiation to
kill cancer cells.
Prevention:
Cessation of smoking and eliminating exposure to tobacco smoke is
the most important measure that can prevent lung cancer. Many
products, such as nicotine gum, nicotine sprays, or nicotine inhalers,
may be helpful to people trying to quit smoking.
Non Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)
Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer.
It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer.
There are three common types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC):
Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung.
Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung
next to an air tube (bronchus).
Large cell carcinomas can occuIf the biopsy shows cancer, more
imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer. Stage
means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread.
NSCLC is divided into 5 stages:
Stage 0 - spread beyond the inner lining of the lung.
7. Stage I - small and has not spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage II - some lymph nodes near the original tumor are affected.
Stage III - spread to other lymph nodes away.
Stage IV - spread to other organs of the body, such as brain or liver.
There are many different types of treatment for NSCLC. Treatment
depends on the stage of the cancer.
Surgery is the common treatment for NSCLC that has not spread
beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:
One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)
Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)
The entire lung (pneumonectomy)
Some people need chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill
cancer cells. It may also be given before surgery or radiation to make
those treatments more effective. This is called neoadjuvant therapy.
It may be given after surgery to kill any remaining cancer. This is
called adjuvant therapy.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a fast-growing type of lung cancer. It
spreads much more quickly than non-small cell lung cancer. Most
common in womens.There are two types of SCLC:
Small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer) and combined small cell
carcinoma.
NOTE :
8. Examining tissue samples from lung cancer patients, the researchers
found that nearly 6% showed signs they may have been driven by a
strain of known to cause cancer.
Cancer cure centers in india:
Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai.
Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Delhi.
Fortis Malar Hospital and Adyar Cancer Institute, Chennai
Asthma
Asthma is a common inflammation of the airways and can be very
distressing. We look at the treatments and preventative measures
for this condition.Asthma is a chronic disease in which sufferers have
repeated attacks of difficulty in breathing.The main airway
(windpipe, trachea) of the body is about 2 to 3cm across. It divides
into its main branches (bronchi), which lead to the right and left lung.
Each bronchus divides further, like the branches of a tree, to supply
air to all parts of the lungs.The smallest tubes (bronchioles) are only
millimetres wide and they are made up of ring-shaped muscles that
are capable of contracting or relaxing.
Anything that makes them contract will narrow the passages, which
makes it more difficult for the air to pass through (so making it
harder to breathe) and also gives rise to the characteristic wheezy
noise that a person makes when they have an asthma
attack.Asthmatics tend to be sensitive to various types of irritants in
the atmosphere that can trigger this contraction response from the
bronchial muscles.The bronchioles also have an inner lining that
becomes inflamed in asthma. This inflammation makes the lining
swell (further narrowing the airway) and produce an excess amount
of the mucus (phlegm) it normally makes, clogging up the tubes.
9. All of these processes contribute to the airway narrowing and the
treatment for asthma is aimed at reversing them as much as
possible. The airway inflammation and narrowing may be an on-
going chronic problem which is intermittently made worse during
acute asthma attacks.
As many different factors come together to cause asthma, there are
many different types of the disease, separated by age and
severity.Adults and children share the same triggers for symptoms
that set off an allergic response in the airways, including airborne
pollutants, mold, mildew, and cigarette smoke.
are chemicals that are released from the lungs in
people with asthma, causing inflammation and increased mucus
production in the airways. They also cause the muscles lining the
airways to contract, which narrows the airways. All of this makes it
difficult for air to get in and out of the lungs.
Typesof asthma
Childhood asthma:
Children are more likely to have an intermittent form of asthma that
presents in severe attacks. Some children might experience daily
10. symptoms, but the common characteristic among children with
asthma is a heightened sensitivity to substances that cause allergy.
Adult-onsetasthma:
Asthma in adults is often persistent and requires the daily
management of flare-ups and preventing symptoms. Asthma can
begin at any age.
Occupationalasthma:
This is a type of asthma that occurs as a direct result of a job or
profession.Symptoms will become apparent after attending a
particular workplace. Industries with regular associations to
occupational asthma include baking, laboratory work, or
manufacturing.
In this type, the work environment leads to the return of childhood
asthma or the start of adult-onset asthma.Other symptoms might
include a runny nose and red eyes.
Difficult-to-controlandsevereasthma:
These types involve consistent, debilitating asthma symptoms and
breathing difficulties. Around 12 percent of people with asthma have
difficult-to-control or severe asthma.With the correct medication
and effective trigger avoidance, those in this category can bring
asthma symptoms back under control.
Newer medications are becoming available to address the different
forms of severe asthma, such as eosinophilic asthma that does not
link to any allergic reactions.
Seasonalasthma:
11. This type occurs in response to allergens that are only in the
surrounding environment at certain times of year, such as cold air in
the winter or pollen during hay fever season.People still have asthma
for the rest of the year but do not experience symptoms.
Symptoms:
Asthma symptoms vary from person to person. You may have
infrequent asthma attacks, have symptoms only at certain times —
such as when exercising — or have symptoms all the time.
Asthma signs and symptoms include:
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness or pain
coughing or wheezing
A whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling (wheezing is a
common sign of asthma in children)
Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a
respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu
Signs that your asthma is probably worsening include:
Increasing difficulty breathing (measurable with a peak flow
meter, a device used to check how well your lungs are
working).
The need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often.
For some people, asthma signs and symptoms flare up in certain
situations:
Exercise-induced asthma, which may be worse when the air is cold
and dry
Occupational asthma, triggered by workplace irritants such as
chemical fumes, gases or dust
12. Allergy-induced asthma, triggered by airborne substances, such as
pollen, mold spores, cockroach waste or particles of skin and dried
saliva shed by pets (pet dander)
Causes:
Many different aspects of a person's environment and genetic
makeup can contribute to the development of asthma.Asthma is the
most common chronic disease among children. The first symptoms
become clear at around 5 years of age in the form of wheezing and
regular infections in the respiratory tracts.
The following are the primary causes of asthma:
Allergies:
A strong link exists between allergies and asthma.
One 2013 study in the Annals of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology
suggests that over 65 percent of adults with asthma over the age of
55 years also have an allergy, and the figure is closer to 75 percent
for adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years.
Common sources of indoor allergens include animal proteins, mostly
from cat and dog dander, dust mites, cockroaches, and fungi.
Smokingtobacco:
Research has linked tobacco smoke to an increased risk of asthma,
wheezing, respiratory infections, and death from asthma. In addition,
the children of parents who smoke have a higher risk of developing
asthma.Smoking makes the effects of asthma on the airways worse
13. by adding coughing and breathlessness to its symptoms, as well as
increasing the risk of infections from the overproduction of mucus.
Environmentalfactors:
Air pollution both in and out of the home can impact the
development and triggers of asthma.Allergic reactions and asthma
symptoms often occur because of indoor air pollution from mold or
noxious fumes from household cleaners and paints.
Pollen:
Anything from pollen to pollution can trigger an asthma attack and
inflame the airways.
Other asthma triggers in the home and environment include:
pollution
sulphur dioxide
nitrogen oxide
ozone
cold temperatures
high humidity
Heavy air pollution tends to cause a higher recurrence of asthma
symptoms and hospital admissions.
Smoggy conditions release the destructive ingredient known as
ozone, causing coughing, shortness of breath, and even chest pain.
14. These same conditions emit sulfur dioxide, which also results in
asthma attacks by constricting the airways.
Changes in the weather might also stimulate attacks. Cold air can
lead to airway congestion, constricted airway, extra secretions of
mucus, and a reduced ability to clear that mucus.Humidity might also
lead to breathing difficulties for populations in some areas.
Obesity:
Some studies, such as this report from 2014, suggest a link between
obesity and asthma, although the American Academy of Asthma,
Allergies, and Immunology does not recognize obesity as a formal
risk factor for asthma.Obesity can worsen asthma symptoms and
make them more difficult manage. Simply being obese may put you
at increased risk of developing asthma.The inflammatory
mechanisms that drive asthma also link to obesity.
Stress:
People who undergo stress have higher asthma rates. Increases in
asthma-related behaviors during stressful times, such as smoking,
might explain these increased rates.Emotional responses, including
laughter and grief, might trigger asthma attacks.
Genetics:
A parent can pass asthma on to their child. If one parent has asthma,
there is a 25 percent chance that a child will develop asthma. Having
two parents with asthma increase the risk to 50 percent.
Many genes are involved in passing on asthma. These genes can
interact with the environment to become active, although confirming
these findings may require further research.
15. Atopy:
Atopy is a general class of allergic hypersensitivity that leads to
allergic reactions in different parts of the body that do not come in
contact with an allergen. Examples include eczema, hay fever, and an
eye condition called allergic conjunctivitis.During atopy, the body
produces more immunoglobin (IgE) antibodies than usual in
response to common allergens.It leads to production of IgE cells.
The most common type of asthma is atopic asthma, and atopy plays
a key role in its development.
Menstrualcycle:
One type of asthma, known as perimenstrual asthma (PMA), leads to
acute symptoms during the menstrual cycle and a particular
sensitivity to aspirin.
The sex hormones that circulate during menstruation, such as
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
impact immune activity. This increased immune action can cause
hypersensitivity in the airways.
Diagnosis:
Three main components comprise an accurate asthma diagnosis:
Medical history, observations during a physical exam, and results
from breathing tests.A primary care physician will administer these
tests and determine the level of asthma as mild, intermittent,
moderate, or severe in people who show signs of the condition, as
well as identifying the type.
Keep a note of any potential triggers of asthma symptoms to help
guide treatment, including information about any potential irritants
in the workplace.
16. Be sure to identify any health conditions that can interfere with
asthma management, such as:
sinus infections
acid reflux
psychological stress
sleep apnea
Young children who develop asthma symptoms before the age of 5
years find it more difficult to receive a clear diagnosis. Doctors might
confuse asthma symptoms with those of other childhood
conditions.If children experience wheezing episodes during colds or
respiratory infections in early life, they are likely to develop asthma
after 6 years of age.
A physical examination will generally focus on the upper respiratory
tract, chest, and skin. A doctor will listen for signs of wheezing, or a
high-pitched whistle on breathing out, in the lungs during a breath
using a stethoscope. Wheezing is a key sign of both an obstructed
airway and asthma.
Physicians will also check for swollen nasal passages, and soft
growths on the inside of the nose and check for skin conditions
including eczema and hives. These are allergic conditions that link to
asthma and suggest heightened immune activity that could be
causing any wheezing.People with asthma do not always show
physical symptoms always.
Testtoconformasthma:
Lung function tests are another component of an asthma diagnosis.
They measure how much air a person inhales and exhales and the
speed with which a person can expel air from the lungs.
A spirometry test can provide an indication of lung function.
17. A spirometry can help assess lung function.
Spirometry is a non-invasive test that requires deep breaths and
forceful exhalation into a hose. The hose links to a machine called a
spirometer that displays two key measurements:
Forced vital capacity (FVC), or the maximum amount of air a person
can inhale and exhale.
Forced expiratory volume (FEV-1), the maximum amount of air a
person can exhale in one second.
The doctor then compares these measurements against what would
be normal for another person of the same age. Measurements below
normal indicate obstructed airways and probable asthma.
A bronchodilator drug to open air passages before retesting with the
spirometer to confirm the diagnosis. If results improve after using
the drug, the risk of an asthma diagnosis increases.
Children under 5 years of age are difficult to test using spirometry, so
asthma diagnoses will rely mostly on symptoms, medical histories,
and other parts of the physical examination process.
18. A bronchoprovocation test, also known as a "challenge test" involves
the administration an airway-constricting substance, such as cold air,
to deliberately trigger airway obstruction and asthma symptoms.
Similarly, a challenge test for exercise-induced asthma would consist
of vigorous exercise with the aim of triggering symptoms. The doctor
then conducts a spirometry, and if measurements are still normal,
they are not likely to reach a diagnosis of asthma.
Doctors may also test for other diseases with similar symptoms,
such as:
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
heartburn
hay fever
sinusitis
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
airway tumors and obstruction
bronchitis
pneumonia
a blood clot in the lung, or pulmonary embolism
congestive heart failure
vocal cord dysfunction
viral lower respiratory tract infection
These are the common methods to test the level of asthma:
electrocardiogram (ECG)
gastroesophageal reflux assessment
Prevention:
Get vaccinated for influenza and pneumonia. Staying current
with vaccinations can prevent flu and pneumonia from triggering
asthma flare-ups.
19. Identify and avoid asthma triggers and treat early.
Take your medication as prescribed.
Pay attention to increasing quick-relief inhaler use.