This document discusses methods for creating transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as those with recombinant DNA introduced through human intervention. The major methods described are DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer, retrovirus mediated gene transfer, use of transposons, sperm mediated gene transfer, and nuclear transfer. Applications mentioned include using transgenic animals as models for studying oncogenesis, diseases, and producing therapeutic proteins.
1. A transgenic animal is one that has had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982 by inserting a human growth hormone gene.
2. There are three main steps to creating a transgenic animal: construction of the transgene, introduction of the gene into the animal, and screening progeny for integration of the gene. Methods like pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell manipulation are used.
3. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. They are used as disease models, to produce pharmaceuticals, for improved food production, and to test chemicals.
This document discusses the creation of transgenic animals and cloning. It provides details on the four main routes to create transgenic mammals: microinjection of DNA, integration of viral vectors, incorporation of stem cells, and nuclear transfer. For each method, it describes the key steps and challenges. The document also covers various applications of transgenic animals like producing human therapeutic proteins in the milk of livestock. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive overview of generating transgenic animals and the techniques involved.
Transgenic animals are organisms that have been genetically engineered to carry foreign DNA in their genome. This document discusses transgenic animals, including their definition, goals, benefits and risks, types, methods of production, and applications. Some key points covered are: transgenic animals are useful for studying gene function and producing human proteins; common types include mice, fish, cows, and pigs; methods to create them include pronuclear microinjection and using embryonic stem cells or retroviruses; they have applications in research, agriculture, and biotechnology.
Transgenic animals are produced by artificially introducing genetic material from another species into the animal's genome. There are several methods used to create transgenic animals, including DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include mice, cows, pigs, monkeys, rabbits, and fish. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, such as producing human proteins for pharmaceuticals, creating disease models, and improving crop yields. However, there are also disadvantages like unintended effects on the animal's genes and low survival rates.
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been altered by the addition of foreign DNA. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retroviral vector method, DNA microinjection, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Many transgenic animals have been created successfully for various purposes, including glowing zebrafish, faster growing salmon, Alzheimer's disease mouse models, and the first transgenic monkey. Transgenic technology holds promise for applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns and biosafety issues.
RETROVIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION CLONINGSrishtiRoy10
- The retroviral virion is a spherical particle 80-100 nm in diameter composed of a lipid bilayer envelope containing glycoproteins and a capsid containing two copies of the viral RNA genome and enzymes.
- Retroviruses replicate by reverse transcribing their RNA genome into DNA which is then integrated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme to become a provirus, allowing transcription of viral genes.
- Retrovirus mediated gene transfer involves the virus producing a DNA copy of its genome using reverse transcriptase, with the DNA then integrating randomly into the host cell genome, allowing investigation of gene function.
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been modified by the addition or deletion of genes. Common methods to produce transgenic animals include DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic animals are produced for various economic, medical, and industrial applications such as increasing milk production in cows, developing disease models, and producing pharmaceuticals in the milk of transgenic animals. Proper housing and care is required to maintain transgenic animals.
The document discusses the production of transgenic organisms. It defines key terms like transgenic, transgene, and transgenesis. It explains that a transgene is a foreign gene deliberately inserted into an organism's genome, making it transgenic. The common methods to produce transgenic animals are pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell methods. The document provides examples of important transgenic animals and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and research.
1. A transgenic animal is one that has had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982 by inserting a human growth hormone gene.
2. There are three main steps to creating a transgenic animal: construction of the transgene, introduction of the gene into the animal, and screening progeny for integration of the gene. Methods like pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell manipulation are used.
3. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. They are used as disease models, to produce pharmaceuticals, for improved food production, and to test chemicals.
This document discusses the creation of transgenic animals and cloning. It provides details on the four main routes to create transgenic mammals: microinjection of DNA, integration of viral vectors, incorporation of stem cells, and nuclear transfer. For each method, it describes the key steps and challenges. The document also covers various applications of transgenic animals like producing human therapeutic proteins in the milk of livestock. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive overview of generating transgenic animals and the techniques involved.
Transgenic animals are organisms that have been genetically engineered to carry foreign DNA in their genome. This document discusses transgenic animals, including their definition, goals, benefits and risks, types, methods of production, and applications. Some key points covered are: transgenic animals are useful for studying gene function and producing human proteins; common types include mice, fish, cows, and pigs; methods to create them include pronuclear microinjection and using embryonic stem cells or retroviruses; they have applications in research, agriculture, and biotechnology.
Transgenic animals are produced by artificially introducing genetic material from another species into the animal's genome. There are several methods used to create transgenic animals, including DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include mice, cows, pigs, monkeys, rabbits, and fish. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, such as producing human proteins for pharmaceuticals, creating disease models, and improving crop yields. However, there are also disadvantages like unintended effects on the animal's genes and low survival rates.
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been altered by the addition of foreign DNA. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retroviral vector method, DNA microinjection, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Many transgenic animals have been created successfully for various purposes, including glowing zebrafish, faster growing salmon, Alzheimer's disease mouse models, and the first transgenic monkey. Transgenic technology holds promise for applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns and biosafety issues.
RETROVIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION CLONINGSrishtiRoy10
- The retroviral virion is a spherical particle 80-100 nm in diameter composed of a lipid bilayer envelope containing glycoproteins and a capsid containing two copies of the viral RNA genome and enzymes.
- Retroviruses replicate by reverse transcribing their RNA genome into DNA which is then integrated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme to become a provirus, allowing transcription of viral genes.
- Retrovirus mediated gene transfer involves the virus producing a DNA copy of its genome using reverse transcriptase, with the DNA then integrating randomly into the host cell genome, allowing investigation of gene function.
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been modified by the addition or deletion of genes. Common methods to produce transgenic animals include DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic animals are produced for various economic, medical, and industrial applications such as increasing milk production in cows, developing disease models, and producing pharmaceuticals in the milk of transgenic animals. Proper housing and care is required to maintain transgenic animals.
The document discusses the production of transgenic organisms. It defines key terms like transgenic, transgene, and transgenesis. It explains that a transgene is a foreign gene deliberately inserted into an organism's genome, making it transgenic. The common methods to produce transgenic animals are pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell methods. The document provides examples of important transgenic animals and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and research.
KnockOut mouse technology By Bikash karkiBikash Karki
The document summarizes the process of creating a knockout mouse through genetic engineering techniques. Key points:
- Knockout mice are created by "knocking out" or inactivating specific genes in embryonic stem cells taken from early mouse embryos.
- There are two main methods - homologous recombination, which precisely replaces a gene with an inactive version, and gene trapping, which randomly inserts DNA to disrupt gene function.
- Genetically modified stem cells are injected into mouse blastocysts to generate chimeric mice, and breeding is used to produce mice that are homozygous for the knocked out gene. Studying these mice helps reveal the function of the targeted gene.
Transgenesis involves introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. This allows for the production of transgenic animals that exhibit new traits. Common methods for creating transgenic animals include pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell manipulation, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include glowing fish, disease models like Alzheimer's mice, and farm animals engineered for increased wool/milk. While transgenic technology has benefits for research, agriculture, and medicine, it also carries some risks that require further study.
Transgenic animals are genetically modified organisms with DNA from another source inserted into their genome. The document discusses the history of studying genes and developing transgenic techniques. It provides details on how transgenic animals are produced, primarily through DNA microinjection into reproductive cells. A variety of transgenic animals have been created for various purposes, such as developing disease models. While transgenic research has benefits, it also raises ethical issues and animal welfare concerns that require consideration.
Transgenic animal production and its applicationkishoreGupta17
A genetically modified animal with the heterologous gene of interest being inserted for the purpose of biopharming or make a diseased model to study the consequences of disease and its probable therapy
This document discusses various aspects of transgenesis including:
- Chandresh Tripathi providing an introductory overview and discussing ethics
- Km. Amita Singh explaining gene therapy and transgenesis methods like DNA microinjection and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
- Madhav Tripathi concluding that transgenics continue to present challenges but also hold great potential if developed responsibly
- Komal Verma and Deepa Yadav discussing applications and pros/cons of transgenesis like increased crop yields but also potential health risks
- Astha Yadav providing a brief history of transgenesis
Transgenesis is the future of healthcare where the world is focusing on it so why not us? Let's delve into the exclusive depth of this transgenesis in the slide.
Rishabh Maheshwari presents information on transgenic techniques. Transgenics involve introducing foreign DNA into a host organism's genome, typically using a mouse as the host. This allows for engineering organisms with DNA from another source as part of their genetic material. Common methods to create transgenic animals include DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, sperm-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic technology has applications in disease models, pharmaceutical production, agriculture, and industry. While it has benefits, there are also concerns regarding animal welfare and environmental impacts.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
Transgenic animals are produced by introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Since then, various methods have been used to generate transgenic fish, livestock, and other species. Transgenic animals have applications in biomedical research, agriculture, and industry. They can serve as models for human disease or help produce pharmaceuticals in their milk. However, transgenesis also carries risks if the inserted gene has unintended effects on the animal's development or physiology.
Transgenic pigs are genetically engineered to have desired traits. There are several methods used to create transgenic pigs, including microinjection of DNA into pig zygotes, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic pigs are studied as models for human diseases and could potentially be a source of organs for xenotransplantation. Key applications include using transgenic pigs to study cardiovascular diseases, wound healing, and as potential donors for heart transplants.
Retroviral vectors are derived from wild type retroviruses like Moloney murine leukemia virus. They are engineered to carry foreign genes into target cells. The vectors contain cis-acting elements from the viral genome like LTRs and packaging signals but lack the trans-acting genes gag, pol, and env. This prevents replication but allows the vector and its gene of interest to integrate stably into the host cell genome. Retroviral vectors show promise for gene therapy applications but also have limitations like requiring actively dividing cells for transduction and potential risks of insertional mutagenesis leading to cancer.
Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
1) Mouse models are commonly used to study colorectal cancer due to similarities between mouse and human biology. Several types of mouse models exist including spontaneous, transgenic, knockout, and chemically induced models.
2) The APCmin mouse model involves a mutation in the APC gene and spontaneously develops intestinal polyps. Chemically induced models use chemicals like AOM and DSS to induce colorectal cancer tumors in mice.
3) No single mouse model perfectly represents human colorectal cancer. The selection of the appropriate model depends on the specific research questions being investigated.
Transgenic animals are produced by inserting foreign genes into their genomes using recombinant DNA methodology. This allows for increased growth, improved disease resistance, and other benefits. However, it can also lead to unintended effects if the inserted gene has multiple functions or causes mutations. Common methods to create transgenic animals include embryonic stem cell methods, pronuclear injection, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples include transgenic mice, cows, fish, sheep, and monkeys.
Gene delivery is the process of introducing foreign DNA into host cells. There are four principal mechanisms for transferring genes into animal cells: direct physical transfer through microinjection or particle bombardment; chemical-mediated transfection using calcium phosphate or liposomes; transduction using viral vectors; and bactofection using bacterial vectors. Mammalian cells are widely used hosts as they allow production of recombinant human proteins with authentic post-translational modifications. Important applications include gene therapy and producing therapeutic proteins.
This document discusses various methods for creating transgenic animals. Nuclear microinjection involves injecting a transgene into fertilized egg cells, which are then cultured and implanted into a foster mother. This can result in the stable integration of the transgene into the founder animal's genome. Embryonic stem cells can also be engineered with a transgene and inserted into a blastocyst to generate a chimeric transgenic animal. Precise targeting of transgenes utilizes homologous recombination to replace the native gene with an altered version at the same chromosomal location. Position effects can influence transgene expression depending on the location of integration in the host genome.
The use of genetic engineering technology in animals has been associated with ethical issues, some of which relate to animal welfare. Discuss examples of genetically engineered animals and evaluate the ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Transgenic Animals: The ability to manipulate the genome of the whole animal ...hilalahmad693671
Transgenic Animals
Since the early 1980s, fruit flies, fish, sea urchins, frogs, laboratory mice and farm animals, such as cows, pigs,
and sheep have been successfully produced.
The ability to manipulate the genome of the whole animal
and the production of transgenic animals has influenced the science dramatically in the last 15 years. The procedure for introducing exogenous donor DNA into
a recipient cell is called Transfection. Chromosomes are taken up inefficiently so that intact chromosomes rarely survived the procedure. Instead the recipient cell usually get a part of the DNA.
Transgenic animals are animals whose genome has been altered by the addition of foreign DNA from other species. This can be done to improve genetic traits like increased milk or wool production. Common methods to create transgenic animals include microinjecting DNA into fertilized eggs, using viruses to insert DNA, or manipulating embryonic stem cells. Transgenic mice and sheep are useful for research, as disease models, and to produce pharmaceuticals or other proteins.
KnockOut mouse technology By Bikash karkiBikash Karki
The document summarizes the process of creating a knockout mouse through genetic engineering techniques. Key points:
- Knockout mice are created by "knocking out" or inactivating specific genes in embryonic stem cells taken from early mouse embryos.
- There are two main methods - homologous recombination, which precisely replaces a gene with an inactive version, and gene trapping, which randomly inserts DNA to disrupt gene function.
- Genetically modified stem cells are injected into mouse blastocysts to generate chimeric mice, and breeding is used to produce mice that are homozygous for the knocked out gene. Studying these mice helps reveal the function of the targeted gene.
Transgenesis involves introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. This allows for the production of transgenic animals that exhibit new traits. Common methods for creating transgenic animals include pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell manipulation, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include glowing fish, disease models like Alzheimer's mice, and farm animals engineered for increased wool/milk. While transgenic technology has benefits for research, agriculture, and medicine, it also carries some risks that require further study.
Transgenic animals are genetically modified organisms with DNA from another source inserted into their genome. The document discusses the history of studying genes and developing transgenic techniques. It provides details on how transgenic animals are produced, primarily through DNA microinjection into reproductive cells. A variety of transgenic animals have been created for various purposes, such as developing disease models. While transgenic research has benefits, it also raises ethical issues and animal welfare concerns that require consideration.
Transgenic animal production and its applicationkishoreGupta17
A genetically modified animal with the heterologous gene of interest being inserted for the purpose of biopharming or make a diseased model to study the consequences of disease and its probable therapy
This document discusses various aspects of transgenesis including:
- Chandresh Tripathi providing an introductory overview and discussing ethics
- Km. Amita Singh explaining gene therapy and transgenesis methods like DNA microinjection and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
- Madhav Tripathi concluding that transgenics continue to present challenges but also hold great potential if developed responsibly
- Komal Verma and Deepa Yadav discussing applications and pros/cons of transgenesis like increased crop yields but also potential health risks
- Astha Yadav providing a brief history of transgenesis
Transgenesis is the future of healthcare where the world is focusing on it so why not us? Let's delve into the exclusive depth of this transgenesis in the slide.
Rishabh Maheshwari presents information on transgenic techniques. Transgenics involve introducing foreign DNA into a host organism's genome, typically using a mouse as the host. This allows for engineering organisms with DNA from another source as part of their genetic material. Common methods to create transgenic animals include DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, sperm-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic technology has applications in disease models, pharmaceutical production, agriculture, and industry. While it has benefits, there are also concerns regarding animal welfare and environmental impacts.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
Transgenic animals are produced by introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Since then, various methods have been used to generate transgenic fish, livestock, and other species. Transgenic animals have applications in biomedical research, agriculture, and industry. They can serve as models for human disease or help produce pharmaceuticals in their milk. However, transgenesis also carries risks if the inserted gene has unintended effects on the animal's development or physiology.
Transgenic pigs are genetically engineered to have desired traits. There are several methods used to create transgenic pigs, including microinjection of DNA into pig zygotes, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic pigs are studied as models for human diseases and could potentially be a source of organs for xenotransplantation. Key applications include using transgenic pigs to study cardiovascular diseases, wound healing, and as potential donors for heart transplants.
Retroviral vectors are derived from wild type retroviruses like Moloney murine leukemia virus. They are engineered to carry foreign genes into target cells. The vectors contain cis-acting elements from the viral genome like LTRs and packaging signals but lack the trans-acting genes gag, pol, and env. This prevents replication but allows the vector and its gene of interest to integrate stably into the host cell genome. Retroviral vectors show promise for gene therapy applications but also have limitations like requiring actively dividing cells for transduction and potential risks of insertional mutagenesis leading to cancer.
Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
1) Mouse models are commonly used to study colorectal cancer due to similarities between mouse and human biology. Several types of mouse models exist including spontaneous, transgenic, knockout, and chemically induced models.
2) The APCmin mouse model involves a mutation in the APC gene and spontaneously develops intestinal polyps. Chemically induced models use chemicals like AOM and DSS to induce colorectal cancer tumors in mice.
3) No single mouse model perfectly represents human colorectal cancer. The selection of the appropriate model depends on the specific research questions being investigated.
Transgenic animals are produced by inserting foreign genes into their genomes using recombinant DNA methodology. This allows for increased growth, improved disease resistance, and other benefits. However, it can also lead to unintended effects if the inserted gene has multiple functions or causes mutations. Common methods to create transgenic animals include embryonic stem cell methods, pronuclear injection, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples include transgenic mice, cows, fish, sheep, and monkeys.
Gene delivery is the process of introducing foreign DNA into host cells. There are four principal mechanisms for transferring genes into animal cells: direct physical transfer through microinjection or particle bombardment; chemical-mediated transfection using calcium phosphate or liposomes; transduction using viral vectors; and bactofection using bacterial vectors. Mammalian cells are widely used hosts as they allow production of recombinant human proteins with authentic post-translational modifications. Important applications include gene therapy and producing therapeutic proteins.
This document discusses various methods for creating transgenic animals. Nuclear microinjection involves injecting a transgene into fertilized egg cells, which are then cultured and implanted into a foster mother. This can result in the stable integration of the transgene into the founder animal's genome. Embryonic stem cells can also be engineered with a transgene and inserted into a blastocyst to generate a chimeric transgenic animal. Precise targeting of transgenes utilizes homologous recombination to replace the native gene with an altered version at the same chromosomal location. Position effects can influence transgene expression depending on the location of integration in the host genome.
The use of genetic engineering technology in animals has been associated with ethical issues, some of which relate to animal welfare. Discuss examples of genetically engineered animals and evaluate the ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Transgenic Animals: The ability to manipulate the genome of the whole animal ...hilalahmad693671
Transgenic Animals
Since the early 1980s, fruit flies, fish, sea urchins, frogs, laboratory mice and farm animals, such as cows, pigs,
and sheep have been successfully produced.
The ability to manipulate the genome of the whole animal
and the production of transgenic animals has influenced the science dramatically in the last 15 years. The procedure for introducing exogenous donor DNA into
a recipient cell is called Transfection. Chromosomes are taken up inefficiently so that intact chromosomes rarely survived the procedure. Instead the recipient cell usually get a part of the DNA.
Transgenic animals are animals whose genome has been altered by the addition of foreign DNA from other species. This can be done to improve genetic traits like increased milk or wool production. Common methods to create transgenic animals include microinjecting DNA into fertilized eggs, using viruses to insert DNA, or manipulating embryonic stem cells. Transgenic mice and sheep are useful for research, as disease models, and to produce pharmaceuticals or other proteins.
The document discusses transgenesis, which is introducing an exogenous gene into an organism so it exhibits a new property transmittable to offspring. Methods described include retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, microinjection of DNA into fertilized eggs, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenesis has advantages like being more specific and faster than traditional breeding. However, it also carries risks of unpredictability if defense mechanisms silence or inactivate foreign genes.
Methods for producing_transgenic_animalsErin Sharkawy
Transgenic animals are produced by microinjecting foreign DNA into fertilized eggs. The DNA integrates randomly into the animal's chromosomes and is carried by every cell, allowing expression of the transgene. Microinjection is currently the preferred method, involving injection of a few hundred DNA copies into the pronucleus of early mouse embryos. The injected embryos are then transferred to a foster mother to develop, and offspring are later screened for the presence of the integrated transgene. Transgenic animals are useful for studying gene expression and modeling human diseases.
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
The document discusses several methods to generate transgenic animals, including:
1. Microinjecting DNA directly into embryos, which was the first successful method for mice but has low efficiency in other species.
2. Using transposons to insert DNA randomly throughout the genome, which is effective for insects, fish, and mammals.
3. Employing lentiviral vectors to integrate foreign genes into the host genome, which has proven highly efficient in several species.
4. Incubating sperm with DNA and using intracytoplasmic sperm injection for fertilization, which has generated transgenic mice and rabbits.
Transgenic animals are genetically engineered to contain genes from another species. The first transgenic animal was produced by microinjecting DNA into fertilized mouse eggs. This allows the new genes to integrate into the genome and be passed to offspring. Knockout mice have a specific endogenous gene altered so it is no longer expressed normally. They are used to study gene function and model human diseases. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell, showing that nuclear transfer can generate a live offspring genetically identical to the donor animal.
This presentation aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the science behind creating transgenic animals, explore their potential applications, and delve into the ethical considerations surrounding this emerging field of research.
Definition and Background:
We begin by defining transgenic animals as organisms that have had their genetic material intentionally altered through the introduction of foreign genes. This groundbreaking field of genetic engineering has its roots in the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, which enabled the transfer of genes across different species.
Genetic Engineering Techniques:
This section delves into the techniques employed to create transgenic animals, emphasizing the following key methodologies:
a. DNA Microinjection: The introduction of foreign DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized embryo, allowing the foreign gene to be incorporated into the animal's genome and expressed in its cells.
b. Gene Targeting: The precise modification of an organism's genome by replacing or disrupting specific genes using technologies such as homologous recombination or CRISPR-Cas9.
c. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT): The cloning technique involving the transfer of a nucleus from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg, resulting in the creation of an embryo with the same genetic makeup as the somatic cell donor.
Applications of Transgenic Animals:
This section explores the wide-ranging applications of transgenic animals across various fields, including:
a. Biomedical Research: Transgenic animals serve as invaluable models for studying human diseases and testing potential therapies, enabling significant advancements in medical research.
b. Agriculture: Transgenic animals can be engineered to possess desirable traits, such as increased resistance to diseases or improved meat quality, offering the potential to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
c. Pharmaceutical Production: Transgenic animals can be designed to produce therapeutic proteins or antibodies in their milk or blood, providing a cost-effective means of manufacturing valuable pharmaceutical products.
d. Organ Transplantation: Research on transgenic animals has explored the possibility of generating organs that are genetically compatible with humans, addressing the shortage of donor organs for transplantation.
Transgenic technology involves introducing exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism. This DNA is then transmitted to progeny. There are several methods for creating transgenic organisms, including embryonic stem cell and pronuclear microinjection methods. The embryonic stem cell method involves inserting foreign DNA into embryonic stem cells, which are then fused with blastula cells. The pronuclear microinjection method injects DNA directly into the male pronucleus of a fertilized egg. Applications of transgenic technology include disease research, agriculture, and pharmaceutical development.
Mid-1970s, Dr. Jaenisch and Dr. Mulligan infected mouse embryos with retroviruses, integrating proviral DNA into the genome and passing it to subsequent generations, laying the groundwork for transgenic mouse techniques. Gene targeting and conditional genetic manipulations now enable precise gene modifications, such as cell-type specific knockout using Cre-lox recombination between loxP sites introduced via gene targeting. These transgenic and gene targeting methods in mice are powerful tools for modeling human diseases and developing therapies.
Methods for producing transgenic animals include retroviral, microinjection, and engineered stem cell methods. Transgenic animals can be identified through integration and expression methods like southern blot, PCR, dot blot, and protein expression analysis. The document discusses various transgenic animal production techniques in detail, including retroviral method, microinjection, and using engineered stem cells, outlining the key steps for each. It also covers transgene integration and identification methods.
Transgenic animals are produced by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome. There are several methods for producing transgenic animals. The first successful method involved microinjecting a rat growth hormone gene controlled by a promoter into mouse embryos, producing mice that grew larger. Other methods include using embryonic stem cells, viral vectors, cloning, and sperm-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic animals are useful for researching gene function and regulation, modeling human diseases, and potentially increasing agricultural production.
Knockout mice are genetically engineered mice where one or more genes have been inactivated through gene knockout. They are important animal models for studying the role of genes with unknown functions. By causing a specific gene to be inactive in mice and observing differences in behavior or health, researchers can infer the probable function of that gene. Transgenic mice have foreign or modified genes added, which are then integrated randomly into the mouse genome, allowing the study of these additional genes. Both knockout and transgenic mice are useful models for studying human genetic diseases.
Transgenic animals and process to make transgenic animalsSnehasishKundu1
The document summarizes topics related to transgenic animals and gene therapy. It discusses transgenic cows, sheep, poultry, and fish. For each animal, it describes the process used to create transgenic versions, including pronuclear microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Benefits include producing human therapeutic proteins and altering milk composition. Challenges include high costs and low success rates. Gene therapy techniques like viral vectors and electroporation are explained for inserting genes into tissues to treat disease. Somatic gene therapy aims to modify individual patients while germline gene therapy alters heritable genes passed to offspring.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign genes into the animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982. There are several methods to produce transgenic animals, including pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell methods, sperm-mediated transgenesis, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. However, there are also some ethical and environmental concerns regarding transgenic technology.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome using recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Common animals used for transgenics include mice, pigs, cows, and goats. The foreign DNA is constructed with a gene, vector, and regulatory sequences and inserted into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals are screened for the inserted gene and used to study gene functions, create disease models, and produce therapeutic products. They have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Issues include potential health and environmental risks of transgenic organisms.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome using recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Common animals used for transgenics include mice, pigs, cows, and fish. The foreign DNA is constructed with a gene, vector, and regulatory sequences and inserted into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals are useful for studying gene functions, developing disease models, and producing therapeutic products. Issues include potential health and environmental risks. Recent research has produced bioluminescent mouse models and transgenic goats engineered to produce human breast milk components. Transgenic technology holds promise but requires responsible research and oversight.
Synthesis of benzil From benzoin by Pankaj Maurya Pankaj Maurya
1. Benzoin is reacted with concentrated nitric acid through reflux for 1.5 hours to synthesize benzil.
2. The reaction produces toxic nitrous fumes, so it is performed with a reflux condenser.
3. After cooling, the reaction mixture is poured into cold water, causing benzil to crystallize as a yellow solid, which is then filtered, washed, and recrystallized to obtain the final product.
Monophasic liquid dosage form B.Pharmacy 1st Sem PTU by pankaj kumar mauryaPankaj Maurya
The document discusses monophasic liquid dosage forms, which are clear, homogeneous mixtures containing two or more components dissolved in a single phase. It classifies monophasic liquids based on their route of administration, such as those for internal use like syrups, elixirs, and linctuses; those for topical use like gargles, mouthwashes, and throat paints; and those for instillation into body cavities like eye drops, nasal drops, and enemas. Preparations of various monophasic liquids are also described, including gargles, mouthwashes, elixirs, syrups, throat paints, lotions, ear drops, nasal drops, and liniments.
INTRODUCTION
IND TYPES
IND CATEGORIES
THE IND APPLICATION MUST CONTAIN INFORMATION IN THREE BROAD AREA
THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT AND FDA ROLE
LIST OF IMPORTANT SECTIONS
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG GUIDANCE AND PLANNING
FDA FORM 1571
FDA FORM 1572
FDA FORM 3674
SUBMITTING AN IND
FOLLOWING RECEIPT OF IND BY THE FDA
RESPONDING TO A CLINICAL HOLD
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR AN IND DURING STUDY AND AT COMPLETION
PROTOCOL AMENDMENTS (21 CFR 312.30)
INFORMATION AMENDMENTS (21 CFR 312.31)
SAFETY REPORTS (21 CFR 312.32)
ANNUAL REPORTS (21 CFR 312.33)
WITHDRAWAL, TERMINATION, AND INACTIVATION
MONITORING RESPONSIBILITIES FOR SPONSOR-INVESTIGATORS
This document discusses cell culture techniques. It begins by defining cell culture as the process of isolating cells from animals or plants and growing them under controlled artificial conditions outside their natural environment. It then describes the different types of cell cultures, including primary cultures, cell lines, and cell strains. The general procedure for cell cultures is outlined, involving isolation, subculture, cryopreservation, and characterization of cells. Finally, various applications of cell culture are listed, such as for cancer research, virology, toxicity testing, vaccine production, genetic engineering, gene therapy, and drug screening.
Immunosuppressant drugs by Pankaj Maurya Pankaj Maurya
This document discusses immunosuppressant drugs used to inhibit immune response in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. It begins by introducing immunosuppressants and their uses. It then provides an overview of the cascade of immune responses. The main body of the document classifies and describes various immunosuppressant agents including calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, antiproliferative drugs, glucocorticoids, and biological agents. For each drug class and individual drugs, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. References are provided at the end.
This document discusses ion exchange chromatography, including its principle, apparatus, instrumentation, parameters, factors affecting resolution, and applications. Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to positively or negatively charged sites on a stationary support. It uses columns packed with ion exchange resins as the stationary phase and salt solutions as the mobile phase to separate biomolecules like proteins, amino acids, and sugars. Key factors that affect the resolution of ion exchange chromatography include the nature of exchanging ions, ion exchange resin, chemical and physical variables, and temperature.
This document describes Cosmas Research Lab Limited, which manufactures antibiotics and pharmaceutical preparations. It lists analytical equipment used including an analytical balance, pH meter, hardness tester, dissolution tester, IR spectrophotometer, friability tester, disintegration tester, and HPLC. Descriptions are provided for each piece of equipment and its purpose in testing pharmaceuticals.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Transgenic animals
1. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
Assignment
On
Transgenic Animals
Submitted To
Mr. Surinder Singh
Assistant professor
Submitted By
Pankaj Kumar Maurya
M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
2. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
Transgenic Animals
1. Introduction
A transgenic animal is defined as an animal which is altered by the introduction of recombinant
DNA through human interventions. Transgenesis refers to insertion of cDNA (Complimentary
Deoxyribonucleic Acid) made from specific mRNA (Messenger Ribonucleic Acid) into cells.
The techniques are generally related to the direct manipulation of DNA oriented to the
expression of particular genes. The introduction of genes into the germ line of mammals is one
of the major recent technological advances in biology. Transgenic animals have been
instrumental in providing new insights into mechanisms of development and developmental gene
regulation, into the action of oncogenes, and into the intricate cell interactions within the immune
system. Furthermore, the transgenic technology offers exciting possibilities for generating
precise animal models for human genetic diseases and for producing large quantities of
economically important proteins by means of genetically engineered farm animals. Some
methods of DNA transfer allow random gene addition and targeted gene integration via
homologous recombination or gene replacement thus, causing mutation. Targeted mutation refers
to a process whereby a specific gene (removal of a gene or part of a gene) is made nonfunctional
(knocked-out) or less frequently made functional (knocked-in). These methods do not create new
species, but only offer tools for producing new strains of animals that carry novel genetic
information. Transgenic animals are modified in the laboratory to amplify desired characteristics
which are beneficial to mankind. There are different methods used in production of transgenic
animals. The major ones are microinjection, embryonic stem-cell mediated, Retrovirus mediated,
sperm mediated, transposon mediated and nuclear transfer
2. Methods for Introducing Genes into Animals
1) DNA microinjection: - Gene transfer by microinjection is the predominant method used to
produce transgenic farm animals. This method implies a superovulation of the female egg donors
by injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin that causes her to release three to four times as
many eggs. The eggs are either fertilized in vitro or in vivo. When fertilization occurs in vivo,
the fertilized eggs can be taken by euthanizing the female and removing her oviducts. Eggs taken
early in development will contain the male and female pronuclei that have not yet fused. Then
cloned transgene solution is microinjected into pronuclei using an extremely fine glass pipette.
3. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
The male pronucleus is usually chosen for microinjection due to its slightly larger size and its
close proximity to the periphery of the egg. In non-mammalian species, the pronuclei cannot be
visualized and DNA must be injected into the cytoplasm. After the pronuclei fuse into one
nucleus, producing the zygote, the injected embryos are implanted into a pseudopregnant foster
mother. The pseudopregnant foster mother (recipient female or surrogate mother) is made
pseudopregnant by either injecting her with hormones or by mating her with vasectomized males
which causes a false pregnancy and allows the uterus to receive the egg. The process stimulates
the reproductive system, preparing the female’s body for transplantation. However, the success
rate of producing transgenic animals individually by this method is very low since the insertion
of DNA results in a random process and it may be more efficient to use cloning techniques to
increase their numbers. The mouse was the first animal to undergo success full gene transfer
using this method. The direct DNA microinjection into the pronuclei of embryos was the first
technique which led to regular and relatively easy success in mammals.
4. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
2) Embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer: - This method involves isolation of totipotent
stem cells (stem cell that can develop into any type of specialized cell) derived from early pre-
implantation embryos. ES-cells are isolated from the inner cell mass of donor blastocysts of early
embryos and can be cultured in vitro prior to transfection with a specific gene. The cultured
pluripotent ES-cells are transfected with the appropriate transgene construct by a suitable
transfection technique (preferably by homologous recombination). Transfected ES-cells are
identified and selected, generally by employing a selectable marker gene and are cloned.
Transformed ES-cells are microinjected into animal blastocysts so that they can become
established in the somatic and germ-line tissues. They are then passed onto successive
generations by breeding founder animals. Stable transgenic lines are obtained by crossing
founder animals that have the gene in their germ cells. The embryos co-cultured and
microinjected with transfected ES cells are transferred into surrogate mother where they
complete their development. At present, the ES-cells method is most successful with mice,
because mouse ES-cells are pluripotent and when integrated into blastocysts, can divide and
differentiate in the mouse embryo.
5. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
3) Retrovirus mediated gene transfer: - Retrovirus is a virus that carries genetic material in the
form of RNA rather than DNA. In this method, retroviruses are used as vector to transfer genetic
material into the host cell. They do not have the capacity toauto replicate and they have to be
integrated stably in the genome of the cells they infected to replicate. Besides, they also have an
enzyme called reverse-transcriptase which can make DNA from RNA and can easily be altered
so that they will not destroy the host cells that they are to invade. This property of retroviruses is
being implemented to integrate foreign genes. For this purpose, the experimenters remove the
genes from the genome of lentiviruses (a category of retroviruses) and replaced by the genes of
interest. Next they microinject the virus into the embryo and let it infect the embryo with the
transgene. After that the embryo is allowed to grow to the blastocyst stage and is transplanted
into the surrogate mother. This method has proved highly efficient in several species including
mammals and birds.
6. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
4) Use of transposons: - Transposons are natural DNA sequences present in the genome of most
species and which have the capacity to auto replicate and integrate in multiple sites. In several
species, especially non mammals, foreign DNA injected in embryo cytoplasm becomes very
rarely integrated in the genome. This is the case for medaka, Drosophila, chicken and silk
worms. In order to enhance the frequency of integration, scientist use Transposons which is a
DNA sequences which contain at least one gene coding for a transposase which can trigger
integration. Foreign genes can be introduced into tranposons in vitro. The recombinant
transposons may then be microinjected into one day old embryos. The foreign gene becomes
integrated into the embryos. All the transgenic insects are being generated by using transposons
as vectors. Transposons also proved to be efficient to generate transgenic fish, chicken and
mammals.
5) Sperm mediated gene transfer: - The finding that mature spermatozoa act as vectors of
genetic materials, not only for their own genome, but also for exogenous DNA molecules, has
suggested a strategy for animal transgenesis. This method appeared difficult to use due to a
frequent degradation of DNA. Transgenic mice and rabbits were obtained by incubating sperm
with DNA in the presence of DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) and by using conventional in vitro
fertilization. The method has been greatly improved, mainly by using ICSI (Intracytoplasmic
Sperm Injection). This technique, which consists of injecting sperm into the cytoplasm of
oocytes, is currently used for in vitro fertilization in humans. To transfer genes, sperms from
which plasma membrane have been damaged by freezing and thawing were incubated in the
presence of the gene of interest and further used for fertilization by ICSI. This method has
proved efficient in mice and pigs. Sperm precursors may also be used for gene transfer. In the
mouse, lentiviral vectors can be injected into seminal tubules to infect spermatogonia which
become mature to give sperm harboring the foreign gene and generate transgenic animals. The
sperm cells have the capacity to bind naked DNA or bound to vesicles like liposomes. These
sperm cells are in turn used for introducing exogenous DNA into oocytes either through in vitro
fertilization or artificial insemination. The sperm mediated gene transfer successfully has carried
out in cattle.
7. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
6) Gene transfer by nuclear transfusion: - Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technique
for cloning. The nucleus is removed from a healthy egg. The enucleated egg becomes the host
for a nucleus that is transplanted from another cell, such as a skin cell. The resulting embryo can
be used to generate embryonic stem cells with a genetic match to the nucleus donor or can be
implanted into a surrogate mother to create a cloned individual, such as Dolly the sheep. Cloning
by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells is a remarkable demonstration of developmental
plasticity. When a nucleus is placed in oocyte cytoplasm, the changes in chromatin structure that
govern differentiation can be reversed, and the changed nucleus can control the development of
oocyte to term. Dolly was cloned by SCNT with a nucleus from a cultured mammary gland cell.
8. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
3. Applications of transgenic animals
1) Models for oncogenesis and diseases: - The potential for using specific promoters or
enhancers to direct expression of heterologous genes to a specific cell type has stimulated
numerous attempts to change the physiology of an animal experimentally. The transgenic
technology has been particularly valuable for studying the consequences of oncogene expression
in the animal. With the use of transgenic mice, problems can be addressed that cannot be
approached satisfactorily in cell culture: for example, the spectrum of tissues that are susceptible
to the transforming activity of an oncogene, the relation between multistep oncogenesis and
cooperativity of oncogenes, and the effect of oncogenes on growth and differentiation.
2) Immune system: - Transgenic mice have also been important to the study of Ig gene
expression. Several groups showed functionally rearranged Ig genes introduced into the germ
line to be correctly activated and to alter the expression of the endogenous immunoglobulin
repertoire . These and similar types of studies indicate that light and heavy chains, when
9. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
expressed at a sufficient level, may interfere by some feedback mechanism with fiuther Ig gene
rearrangement
3) Markers for chomosmal regions: - Inserted foreign DNA sequences may serve as
convenient molecular markers for the flanking host loci for which no probes would be available
otherwise. For example, a proviral genome integrated into the pseudoautosomal region of the
mouse sex chromosomes proved to be a unique molecular marker for the analysis of this region,
which is composed of highly repetitive sequences
4) Mutations in transgenic mice: - The insertion of foreign DNA sequences into the cellular
genome can cause mutational changes by disrupting the function of an endogenous gene. Most
insertional mutations in transgenic mice are recessive and have been induced by infection of
embryos or ES cells with retroviruses or by microinjection of recombinant DNA into the
pronucleus. The majority of the mutant strains have an embryonic lethal phenotype. Other
phenotypes include defects in limb formation, transmission distortion, or disturbance of kidney
function
5) Improving milk production and composition: - Advances in recombinant DNA technology
have provided the opportunity either to change the composition of milk or to produce entirely
novel proteins in milk. These changes may add value to increase the potential uses of milk. The
improvement of livestock growth or survivability through the modification of milk composition
requires production of transgenic animals that produce a greater quantity of milk, produce milk
of higher nutrient content or produce milk that contains beneficial protein. The major nutrients in
milk are protein, fat and lactose. By elevating any of these components, we can impact growth
and health of the developing offspring. In many production species such as cattle, sheep and
goat, the nutrients available to the young may not be limiting. However, milk production in the
sow limits piglet growth and therefore, pig production. Methods that increase the growth of
piglets during suckling result in an increase in weaning weights, a decrease in the amount of feed
needed for the animals to reach market weight. Transgenic alteration of milk composition has the
potential to enhance the production of certain proteins and/or growth factors that are deficient in
milk. The increased expression of a number of these proteins in milk may improve growth,
development, health and survivability of the developing offspring. Some of these factors are
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFI), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor
beta (TGF-β) and lactoferrin. Other properties of milk that bear consideration for modifications
10. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
are those that affect human and animal health. It has been shown that specific antibodies can be
produced in genetically engineered animals
6) Enhancing growth rate and carcass composition: - The production of transgenic animal has
been instrumental in providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene action governing
growth. Using transgenic technology, it is possible to manipulate known growth factors, growth
factor receptors and growth modulators. Transgenic mice, sheep and pigs have been used to
examine postnatal growth of mammals. Based on a recent report in the mouse the myostatin gene
is an exceptionally intriguing potential locus for “Knock out” using ES-cells in meat producing
species. The loss of the myostatin protein results in an increase in lean muscle mass. Mice
lacking this gene have enlarged shoulders and hips. The increased skeletal muscle mass is wide
spread throughout the carcass and appears grossly normal. Individual muscle groups from
homozygous Knockouts have 2-3 times the weight of control animals. Fat content was
comparable in both the wild type and mutant genotypes.
7) Generating farm animal resistant to diseases: - In most cases, susceptibility to pathogens
originates from the interplay of numerous genes; in other words, susceptibility to pathogens is
polygenic in nature. Transgenic strategies to enhance disease resistance include the transfer of
major histocompatibility-complex genes, T-cell-receptor genes immunoglobulin genes and genes
that affect lymphokines or specific disease-resistance genes. Transgenic constructs bearing the
immunoglobulin-A (IgA) gene have been successfully introduced into pigs, sheep and mice in an
attempt to increase resistance against infections. Attempts to increase ovine resistance to Visna
virus infection via transgenic production of Visna virus envelope protein have been reported. An
interesting achievement was the production of cattle lacking the prionprotein and this prevent
infection and transmission of spongiform encephalopathies like scrapie or bovine spongiform
encephalopathy. Influenza resistant pigs are also produced after the introduction of mice
fibroblast cell lines that contain the protein which is resistant to infection with influenza virus.
8) Improving reproductive performance and fecundity: - Several candidate genes have been
identified that increase the reproductive performance of farm animals. These included the
estrogen receptor (ESR) and the Booroola fecundity (FECB) genes. Introduction of a mutated or
polymorphic ESR gene could increase litter size in case of pigs. The ovulation rate of different
breeds of sheep, which are superior in carcass traits and wool production, could be increased by
incorporating a single major autosomal gene called booroola fecundity gene (FECB) that
11. PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
increases the prolificacy in sheep. Each copy of this gene increases ovulation rate by
approximately 1.5 ova per cycle. The estrus symptoms in case of pigs could be enhanced by
incorporating a gene from baboons, which make their posterior red.
9) Improving hair and fiber production: - The control of the quality, color, yield and even
ease of harvest of hair, wool and fiber for fabric and yarn production has been an area of focus
for transgenic manipulation in livestock. The manipulation of the quality, length fineness and
crimp of the wool and hair fiber from sheep and goats has been examined using transgenic
methods. Transgenic methods will also allow improvements to fiber elasticity and strength. In
the future transgenic manipulation of wool will focus on the surface of the fibers. Decreasing the
surface interactions between fibers could decrease shrinkage of garments made from such fibers.
Another application of this technology is the efforts to induce sheep to shed their wool at specific
times, to alleviate the need for hand shearing of fiber producing animals. Genes such as EGF
with inducible promoters have been introduced into sheep. The idea is that when EGF expression
is induced, a weak spot is produced in the wool fiber that allows the fleece to be removed easily
10) Improving production in aquaculture: - Several relevant desired phenotypes have been
genetically engineered into fish, including, enhanced growth rate, resistance to bacterial diseases,
tolerance to cold temperatures, improved nutrient use and biocontrol of invasive species.
Transgenic fish which contain an exogenous GH gene has been produced. This type of work
enabled the study of chronic expression of these hormones on growth in fish. For example,
dramatic increases have been shown in growth rate of transgenic Atlantic salmon using the gene
promoter and growth hormone gene derived from fish species. These researchers also indicate
that fish used in Aquaculture would be made sterile, thus minimizing the ecological impact due
to accidental escape of fish that might be raised in ocean pens. Introduction of salmonid GH
constructs has resulted in a 5-11 fold increase in weight after one year of growth. This
demonstrates that increased growth rate and ultimately increased rate of protein production can
be achieved via transgenic technology.
4. References
1) https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/ALST/article/view/32851