DNA Sequencing process
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The document provides information about a presentation on bioinformatics and DNA sequencing. It includes 5 sections written by different group members. The summary is: The presentation discusses DNA sequencing methods including Sanger sequencing. It describes the DNA sequencing process which involves separating newly synthesized DNA strands by length using heating and loading them into a capillary tube, passing the strands through a laser beam to cause dye fluorescence detected by a photocell, and computers interpreting the color sequence. Modern applications of sequencing include forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
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Dna Sequencing
The document summarizes DNA sequencing methods. It discusses the DNA double helix structure and how the four nitrogenous bases form complementary pairs between strands. It then describes the two main historical DNA sequencing methods: the Maxam-Gilbert method which uses chemical degradation, and the Sanger method which is based on chain termination using dideoxynucleotides. The Sanger method is now the most common approach and involves sequencing in four separate reactions with one of the four ddNTPs added to each.
Generations of sequencing technologies.
This document discusses the history and evolution of DNA sequencing technologies. It describes 3 generations of sequencing: 1) First generation sequencing involved Sanger chain termination sequencing; 2) Second generation sequencing included 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina sequencing, and SOLiD sequencing, which allowed massively parallel sequencing; 3) Third generation sequencing features long read lengths up to 50,000 bp from technologies like nanopore sequencing from Oxford Nanopore and single molecule real-time sequencing. The document provides details on the workflow and chemistry of various sequencing platforms.
DNA Sequencing
This document discusses the history and various methods of DNA sequencing. It begins with a brief overview of DNA sequencing and its uses. It then outlines some of the major developments in DNA sequencing techniques, including the earliest RNA sequencing in 1972, Sanger sequencing in 1977, and the first complete genome of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995. The document proceeds to provide more detailed explanations of several DNA sequencing methods, such as Sanger sequencing, pyrosequencing, shotgun sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and SOLiD sequencing.
Next generation sequencing
Next generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized DNA sequencing by increasing throughput and decreasing costs compared to previous methods like Sanger sequencing. Some key next generation sequencing methods include 454 sequencing (pyrosequencing), ABI Solid sequencing (sequencing by ligation), Illumina/Solexa sequencing (sequencing by synthesis), and nanopore sequencing. These new techniques allow for faster and cheaper large-scale sequencing and have enabled applications like whole genome sequencing.
Sanger sequencing
A presentation of how to sequence DNA. Basics of Sanger Sequencing. All animations are created by me. Photographs and graffiti is taken from internet.
NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING
This presentation is explains about the genome sequencing, its traditional method and modern method. This basically focus on Next Generation Sequencing and its types.
Presentation on DNA Sequencing Process
The document summarizes a presentation on bioinformatics and DNA sequencing. It includes 5 group members who each discuss an aspect of DNA sequencing. It describes how DNA stores genetic information and its structure. It then explains the history of DNA discovery and different sequencing methods, including the Sanger method. Modern applications of sequencing in forensics, medicine, and agriculture are outlined. The human genome project is summarized as a large international effort to sequence the entire human genome.
Presentation on dna sequencing
This document provides an overview of DNA sequencing. It begins by defining DNA and its structure. It then explains that DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA strand. Two common methods of DNA sequencing are described in detail: the Maxam-Gilbert chemical cleavage method and the Sanger dideoxy chain termination method. The document concludes by discussing some applications of DNA sequencing in fields like forensics, medical research, and agriculture.
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Dna Sequencing
The document summarizes DNA sequencing methods. It discusses the DNA double helix structure and how the four nitrogenous bases form complementary pairs between strands. It then describes the two main historical DNA sequencing methods: the Maxam-Gilbert method which uses chemical degradation, and the Sanger method which is based on chain termination using dideoxynucleotides. The Sanger method is now the most common approach and involves sequencing in four separate reactions with one of the four ddNTPs added to each.
Generations of sequencing technologies.
This document discusses the history and evolution of DNA sequencing technologies. It describes 3 generations of sequencing: 1) First generation sequencing involved Sanger chain termination sequencing; 2) Second generation sequencing included 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina sequencing, and SOLiD sequencing, which allowed massively parallel sequencing; 3) Third generation sequencing features long read lengths up to 50,000 bp from technologies like nanopore sequencing from Oxford Nanopore and single molecule real-time sequencing. The document provides details on the workflow and chemistry of various sequencing platforms.
DNA Sequencing
This document discusses the history and various methods of DNA sequencing. It begins with a brief overview of DNA sequencing and its uses. It then outlines some of the major developments in DNA sequencing techniques, including the earliest RNA sequencing in 1972, Sanger sequencing in 1977, and the first complete genome of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995. The document proceeds to provide more detailed explanations of several DNA sequencing methods, such as Sanger sequencing, pyrosequencing, shotgun sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and SOLiD sequencing.
Next generation sequencing
Next generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized DNA sequencing by increasing throughput and decreasing costs compared to previous methods like Sanger sequencing. Some key next generation sequencing methods include 454 sequencing (pyrosequencing), ABI Solid sequencing (sequencing by ligation), Illumina/Solexa sequencing (sequencing by synthesis), and nanopore sequencing. These new techniques allow for faster and cheaper large-scale sequencing and have enabled applications like whole genome sequencing.
Sanger sequencing
A presentation of how to sequence DNA. Basics of Sanger Sequencing. All animations are created by me. Photographs and graffiti is taken from internet.
NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING
This presentation is explains about the genome sequencing, its traditional method and modern method. This basically focus on Next Generation Sequencing and its types.
Presentation on DNA Sequencing Process
The document summarizes a presentation on bioinformatics and DNA sequencing. It includes 5 group members who each discuss an aspect of DNA sequencing. It describes how DNA stores genetic information and its structure. It then explains the history of DNA discovery and different sequencing methods, including the Sanger method. Modern applications of sequencing in forensics, medicine, and agriculture are outlined. The human genome project is summarized as a large international effort to sequence the entire human genome.
Presentation on dna sequencing
This document provides an overview of DNA sequencing. It begins by defining DNA and its structure. It then explains that DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA strand. Two common methods of DNA sequencing are described in detail: the Maxam-Gilbert chemical cleavage method and the Sanger dideoxy chain termination method. The document concludes by discussing some applications of DNA sequencing in fields like forensics, medical research, and agriculture.
ILLUMINA SEQUENCE.pptx
The document summarizes the principle and workflow of Illumina next-generation sequencing. It begins with an overview of Illumina and the development of their sequencing technologies. It then describes the wide range of applications of NGS. The core principle is sequencing by synthesis using reversible dye-terminators. The workflow involves library preparation through fragmentation and ligation of adapters, cluster generation by bridge amplification on a flow cell, and sequencing through cycles of reversible terminator incorporation and imaging. Finally, the sequenced reads are aligned and analyzed using Illumina's data analysis software suite.
An introduction to illumina sequencing
Explore the Illumina workflow, including sequencing by synthesis (SBS) technology, in 3-dimensional detail. Go from sample preparation, to cluster generation, to sequencing on a system flow cell with the proprietary SBS process.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA sample. The Sanger method, also known as dideoxy or chain termination method, was the first widely used DNA sequencing technique. It involves DNA polymerase, dNTPs, a primer, and ddNTPs to terminate DNA strand extension. The fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and the sequence is read. Next-generation sequencing methods like pyrosequencing do not require electrophoresis or fragment separation. They detect incorporated nucleotides in real-time. Nanopore sequencing detects changes in electrical current as single-stranded DNA passes through a nanopore protein.
Illumina (sequencing by synthesis) method
The document outlines the Illumina sequencing by synthesis method in 12 steps: 1) DNA sample preparation and attachment to a flow cell, 2) bridge amplification to clone the DNA fragments, 3) determination of the first base by addition of fluorescently labeled nucleotides and imaging, 4) repeating the process to determine the second and subsequent bases, 5) generating sequenced reads. The sequenced reads are then 6) aligned and analyzed by comparing to a reference sequence to identify differences.
Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. Pyrosequencing relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophosphate is released. Hence, the name pyrosequencing.
Dna sequencing.
DNA sequencing refers to determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. Frederick Sanger developed the chain termination/dideoxy method in 1977, which uses DNA polymerase and dideoxynucleotides to generate fragmented DNA strands of different lengths. Pyrosequencing was later developed, detecting light pulses from nucleotide incorporation without electrophoresis. Both methods have advanced biological research and applications in medicine, biotechnology and forensics.
Dna sequencing methods
DNA sequencing determines the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA fragment. There are several methods for DNA sequencing, including the chain termination method developed by Sanger, and the Maxam-Gilbert chemical cleavage method. Next generation sequencing is now used, which allows high-throughput sequencing of entire genomes quickly and accurately using automated methods. DNA sequencing has many applications, such as identifying disease-causing genes and mutations.
Small rna
1) Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are powerful tools for studying gene function through RNA interference (RNAi). shRNAs can be used to create transgenic animals with tissue-specific or whole-body knockdown of target genes.
2) Small RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play important regulatory roles through the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Next-generation sequencing has expanded understanding of small RNA repertoires and functions.
3) Small RNA tools have many applications, including functional screens, model organism studies, and potential therapeutic development through strategies like antagonizing disease-associated miRNAs.
Illumina Sequencing
The document describes the steps of Illumina sequencing. Genomic DNA is first fragmented and adapters are ligated to create single-stranded DNA fragments. These fragments are attached to a flow cell and undergo bridge amplification to create clusters of identical DNA fragments. Sequencing occurs through cycles of reversible terminator-based sequencing using fluorescently labeled dNTPs, imaging of the fluorescence, and cleavage of the label and terminator to allow the next cycle. After multiple cycles, the sequenced reads are aligned to the reference genome to determine the original sequence.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing is a method to determine the order of nucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) in a DNA molecule. The Sanger method is more efficient than previous methods as it uses fewer toxic chemicals and radioactive materials. It involves priming DNA with a primer, dividing the primed DNA into four tubes with a DNA polymerase and one of four dideoxynucleotides. These terminate DNA strand elongation randomly, generating fragments of different lengths that can be separated by gel electrophoresis to reveal the DNA sequence. DNA sequencing has applications in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
polymerase
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex. During this process, DNA polymerase "reads" the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones.[1][2][3][4][5][6] These enzymes catalyze the chemical reaction
deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn ⇌ pyrophosphate + DNAn+1.
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the three prime (3')-end of a DNA strand, one nucleotide at a time. Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerases are required to duplicate the cell's DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each daughter cell. In this way, genetic information is passed down from generation to generation.
Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form, in the process breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases. This opens up or "unzips" the double-stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication in the above reaction.
Dna sequencing ppt
This document discusses DNA sequencing methods and their history and applications. It covers first generation sequencing methods like Sanger sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing. It also covers next generation sequencing (NGS) methods like 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina sequencing, and Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing. NGS allows high-throughput, massively parallel sequencing of DNA fragments. Template preparation for NGS involves fragmenting DNA, attaching fragments to beads, and emulsion PCR. The document provides details on the chemistry and detection methods used for different sequencing platforms.
Sanger sequencing method of DNA
The chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1977. This method used fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the Maxam and Gilbert method. Because of its comparative ease, the Sanger method was soon automated and was the method used in the first generation of DNA sequencers.
New Generation Sequencing Technologies: an overview
The document provides a history of DNA sequencing technologies. It begins with the discovery of DNA's structure in 1953 and the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s. First generation Sanger sequencing produced short reads over 1,000 years to sequence the human genome. Next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms since 2005 have dramatically reduced costs while increasing throughput. NGS methods like Roche/454 pyrosequencing, Illumina/Solexa sequencing by synthesis, SOLiD ligation sequencing, and single-molecule real-time sequencing by Pacific Biosciences now enable large-scale genome and transcriptome analysis.
Orthologs,Paralogs & Xenologs
Orthologs are homologous sequences that descended from a common ancestral sequence after a speciation event separated two species. Paralogs are homologous sequences related through a gene duplication event in a common ancestor. Xenologs are homologous sequences resulting from horizontal gene transfer between two organisms. The document discusses these three types of sequence homology - orthologs, paralogs, and xenologs - which arise from different evolutionary events involving speciation, duplication, and horizontal transfer of genes.
Microarray (DNA and SNP microarray)
DNA microarrays, also known as DNA chips, allow researchers to analyze large numbers of DNA sequences simultaneously. They contain thousands of unique DNA probes immobilized on a solid surface in an organized grid pattern. Unknown DNA samples are labeled with fluorescent dyes and hybridized to the probes on the chip. The bound DNA is then detected using lasers and analyzed by a computer to determine which genes are present or expressed in the sample. There are two main types of DNA chips - cDNA-based chips containing amplified cDNA probes, and oligonucleotide-based chips containing short, synthesized DNA sequences. DNA microarrays have many applications including gene expression profiling, comparative genomics, disease diagnosis, and drug discovery.
Protein and nucleic acid sequencing
Protein Sequencing
Introduction
Protein Sequencing
History of Protein Sequencing
Determining Amino Acid Composition
N-terminal amino acid analysis
C-terminal amino acid analysis
Edman degradation
The Edman degradation reaction
Limitations of the Edman degradation
Mass spectrometry
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
Introduction
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
Type of Nucleic Acid Sequencing
DNA Sequencing
Method of DNA Sequencing
Application of DNA Sequencing
DNA Sequencing Institutes
Conclusion
Reference
Brief Detail on Genetic Mapping
This video will cover everything about genome Mapping
Youtube Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FO8ZIpl7P6o&t=62s
next generation sequemcing
ngs or next generation is and advnced yechnique for determining the sequence of nucleotides in the dna.
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing refers to determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. The first DNA sequence was obtained in the 1970s using chromatography. Modern methods use dye-based sequencing and automation. The two main historical methods are the Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation method and the Sanger dideoxy chain termination method. Next generation sequencing now allows millions of DNA molecules to be sequenced in parallel through massively parallel sequencing technologies.
Dmodulation data
Delta modulation is an analog-to-digital conversion technique used to transfer data. It works by comparing an input signal to a reference signal and encoding the difference as a 1 or 0. A delta modulation system consists of a modulator that encodes an analog signal into a digital bit stream and a demodulator that reconstructs the analog signal from the digital bit stream. Delta modulation achieves a high signal-to-noise ratio and can change signals instantly, though the reconstructed voice signal may not replicate rapid changes due to limitations such as slope overload.
Next Generation Sequencing Technologies and Their Applications in Ornamental ...
This document summarizes research on DNA sequencing and genome sequencing techniques. It discusses early Sanger sequencing and the development of next-generation sequencing platforms like Roche 454, Illumina, Ion Torrent, and SOLiD. The document also presents two case studies, one on sequencing the carnation genome and another on obtaining the rose transcriptome to identify genes related to traits of interest. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of the evolution of DNA sequencing technologies and their applications in sequencing plant genomes and transcriptomes.
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ILLUMINA SEQUENCE.pptx
The document summarizes the principle and workflow of Illumina next-generation sequencing. It begins with an overview of Illumina and the development of their sequencing technologies. It then describes the wide range of applications of NGS. The core principle is sequencing by synthesis using reversible dye-terminators. The workflow involves library preparation through fragmentation and ligation of adapters, cluster generation by bridge amplification on a flow cell, and sequencing through cycles of reversible terminator incorporation and imaging. Finally, the sequenced reads are aligned and analyzed using Illumina's data analysis software suite.
An introduction to illumina sequencing
Explore the Illumina workflow, including sequencing by synthesis (SBS) technology, in 3-dimensional detail. Go from sample preparation, to cluster generation, to sequencing on a system flow cell with the proprietary SBS process.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA sample. The Sanger method, also known as dideoxy or chain termination method, was the first widely used DNA sequencing technique. It involves DNA polymerase, dNTPs, a primer, and ddNTPs to terminate DNA strand extension. The fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and the sequence is read. Next-generation sequencing methods like pyrosequencing do not require electrophoresis or fragment separation. They detect incorporated nucleotides in real-time. Nanopore sequencing detects changes in electrical current as single-stranded DNA passes through a nanopore protein.
Illumina (sequencing by synthesis) method
The document outlines the Illumina sequencing by synthesis method in 12 steps: 1) DNA sample preparation and attachment to a flow cell, 2) bridge amplification to clone the DNA fragments, 3) determination of the first base by addition of fluorescently labeled nucleotides and imaging, 4) repeating the process to determine the second and subsequent bases, 5) generating sequenced reads. The sequenced reads are then 6) aligned and analyzed by comparing to a reference sequence to identify differences.
Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. Pyrosequencing relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophosphate is released. Hence, the name pyrosequencing.
Dna sequencing.
DNA sequencing refers to determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. Frederick Sanger developed the chain termination/dideoxy method in 1977, which uses DNA polymerase and dideoxynucleotides to generate fragmented DNA strands of different lengths. Pyrosequencing was later developed, detecting light pulses from nucleotide incorporation without electrophoresis. Both methods have advanced biological research and applications in medicine, biotechnology and forensics.
Dna sequencing methods
DNA sequencing determines the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA fragment. There are several methods for DNA sequencing, including the chain termination method developed by Sanger, and the Maxam-Gilbert chemical cleavage method. Next generation sequencing is now used, which allows high-throughput sequencing of entire genomes quickly and accurately using automated methods. DNA sequencing has many applications, such as identifying disease-causing genes and mutations.
Small rna
1) Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are powerful tools for studying gene function through RNA interference (RNAi). shRNAs can be used to create transgenic animals with tissue-specific or whole-body knockdown of target genes.
2) Small RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play important regulatory roles through the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Next-generation sequencing has expanded understanding of small RNA repertoires and functions.
3) Small RNA tools have many applications, including functional screens, model organism studies, and potential therapeutic development through strategies like antagonizing disease-associated miRNAs.
Illumina Sequencing
The document describes the steps of Illumina sequencing. Genomic DNA is first fragmented and adapters are ligated to create single-stranded DNA fragments. These fragments are attached to a flow cell and undergo bridge amplification to create clusters of identical DNA fragments. Sequencing occurs through cycles of reversible terminator-based sequencing using fluorescently labeled dNTPs, imaging of the fluorescence, and cleavage of the label and terminator to allow the next cycle. After multiple cycles, the sequenced reads are aligned to the reference genome to determine the original sequence.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing is a method to determine the order of nucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) in a DNA molecule. The Sanger method is more efficient than previous methods as it uses fewer toxic chemicals and radioactive materials. It involves priming DNA with a primer, dividing the primed DNA into four tubes with a DNA polymerase and one of four dideoxynucleotides. These terminate DNA strand elongation randomly, generating fragments of different lengths that can be separated by gel electrophoresis to reveal the DNA sequence. DNA sequencing has applications in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
polymerase
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex. During this process, DNA polymerase "reads" the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones.[1][2][3][4][5][6] These enzymes catalyze the chemical reaction
deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn ⇌ pyrophosphate + DNAn+1.
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the three prime (3')-end of a DNA strand, one nucleotide at a time. Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerases are required to duplicate the cell's DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each daughter cell. In this way, genetic information is passed down from generation to generation.
Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form, in the process breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases. This opens up or "unzips" the double-stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication in the above reaction.
Dna sequencing ppt
This document discusses DNA sequencing methods and their history and applications. It covers first generation sequencing methods like Sanger sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing. It also covers next generation sequencing (NGS) methods like 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina sequencing, and Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing. NGS allows high-throughput, massively parallel sequencing of DNA fragments. Template preparation for NGS involves fragmenting DNA, attaching fragments to beads, and emulsion PCR. The document provides details on the chemistry and detection methods used for different sequencing platforms.
Sanger sequencing method of DNA
The chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1977. This method used fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the Maxam and Gilbert method. Because of its comparative ease, the Sanger method was soon automated and was the method used in the first generation of DNA sequencers.
New Generation Sequencing Technologies: an overview
The document provides a history of DNA sequencing technologies. It begins with the discovery of DNA's structure in 1953 and the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s. First generation Sanger sequencing produced short reads over 1,000 years to sequence the human genome. Next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms since 2005 have dramatically reduced costs while increasing throughput. NGS methods like Roche/454 pyrosequencing, Illumina/Solexa sequencing by synthesis, SOLiD ligation sequencing, and single-molecule real-time sequencing by Pacific Biosciences now enable large-scale genome and transcriptome analysis.
Orthologs,Paralogs & Xenologs
Orthologs are homologous sequences that descended from a common ancestral sequence after a speciation event separated two species. Paralogs are homologous sequences related through a gene duplication event in a common ancestor. Xenologs are homologous sequences resulting from horizontal gene transfer between two organisms. The document discusses these three types of sequence homology - orthologs, paralogs, and xenologs - which arise from different evolutionary events involving speciation, duplication, and horizontal transfer of genes.
Microarray (DNA and SNP microarray)
DNA microarrays, also known as DNA chips, allow researchers to analyze large numbers of DNA sequences simultaneously. They contain thousands of unique DNA probes immobilized on a solid surface in an organized grid pattern. Unknown DNA samples are labeled with fluorescent dyes and hybridized to the probes on the chip. The bound DNA is then detected using lasers and analyzed by a computer to determine which genes are present or expressed in the sample. There are two main types of DNA chips - cDNA-based chips containing amplified cDNA probes, and oligonucleotide-based chips containing short, synthesized DNA sequences. DNA microarrays have many applications including gene expression profiling, comparative genomics, disease diagnosis, and drug discovery.
Protein and nucleic acid sequencing
Protein Sequencing
Introduction
Protein Sequencing
History of Protein Sequencing
Determining Amino Acid Composition
N-terminal amino acid analysis
C-terminal amino acid analysis
Edman degradation
The Edman degradation reaction
Limitations of the Edman degradation
Mass spectrometry
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
Introduction
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
Type of Nucleic Acid Sequencing
DNA Sequencing
Method of DNA Sequencing
Application of DNA Sequencing
DNA Sequencing Institutes
Conclusion
Reference
Brief Detail on Genetic Mapping
This video will cover everything about genome Mapping
Youtube Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FO8ZIpl7P6o&t=62s
next generation sequemcing
ngs or next generation is and advnced yechnique for determining the sequence of nucleotides in the dna.
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing refers to determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. The first DNA sequence was obtained in the 1970s using chromatography. Modern methods use dye-based sequencing and automation. The two main historical methods are the Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation method and the Sanger dideoxy chain termination method. Next generation sequencing now allows millions of DNA molecules to be sequenced in parallel through massively parallel sequencing technologies.
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New Generation Sequencing Technologies: an overview
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Delta modulation is an analog-to-digital conversion technique used to transfer data. It works by comparing an input signal to a reference signal and encoding the difference as a 1 or 0. A delta modulation system consists of a modulator that encodes an analog signal into a digital bit stream and a demodulator that reconstructs the analog signal from the digital bit stream. Delta modulation achieves a high signal-to-noise ratio and can change signals instantly, though the reconstructed voice signal may not replicate rapid changes due to limitations such as slope overload.
Next Generation Sequencing Technologies and Their Applications in Ornamental ...
This document summarizes research on DNA sequencing and genome sequencing techniques. It discusses early Sanger sequencing and the development of next-generation sequencing platforms like Roche 454, Illumina, Ion Torrent, and SOLiD. The document also presents two case studies, one on sequencing the carnation genome and another on obtaining the rose transcriptome to identify genes related to traits of interest. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of the evolution of DNA sequencing technologies and their applications in sequencing plant genomes and transcriptomes.
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DNA sequencing
Its a presentation about DNA sequencing by basic methods and one of the advanced method along with applications of the dna sequencing.
Bioinformatics Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences
DNA sequencing is a technique that provides a detailed analysis of the structure of DNA and consists of a set of techniques and biochemical methods that allow us to determine the sequence of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T) analysis is DNA.
In the mid-1970s happened a revolution in technology for identifying DNA sequence. In 1977 was published the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral genome (φ X174, 5375 nucleotides long). This milestone in molecular biology occurred in the laboratory of Frederick Sanger, who identified the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (insulin) 25 years earlier.
Bioinformatics is the application of computer technology to information in molecular biology, encompassing aspects of the acquisition, processing, distribution, analysis, interpretation and integration of biological information. There are several databases that organize information and they are often used, which are presented in the following bioinformatics centers: GenBank (NCBI) and BOLD Systems
The NCBI database (established in 1988) has a public database, with three components. Creating databases (store biological data), development of algorithms and statistics to determine relationships between databases, and use these tools to analyze and interpret various types of biological data (sequences of DNA, RNA, protein, protein structure, gene expression, biochemical pathways)
The Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) is an informatics workbench aiding the acquisition, storage, analysis, and publication of DNA barcode records. By assembling molecular, morphological, and distributional data, it bridges a traditional bioinformatics chasm. BOLD is freely available to any researcher with interests in DNA barcoding. By providing specialized services, it aids the assembly of records that meet the standards needed to gain BARCODE designation in the global sequence databases. Because of its web-based delivery and flexible data security model, it is also well positioned to support projects that involve broad research alliances.
Dna sequencing
The document summarizes a presentation on DNA sequencing techniques. It describes DNA and its functions of storing genetic information, self-duplication, and expressing genetic messages. It then explains the historical Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger DNA sequencing methods and how modern sequencing uses variations of the Sanger technique. The document provides details on the chemical degradation approach of Maxam-Gilbert and the chain termination approach of Sanger sequencing before polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. It compares the two methods and discusses applications and future directions of DNA sequencing.
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Next Gen Sequencing (NGS) Technology Overview
Next generation sequencing (NGS) provides several new technologies for DNA sequencing that have significantly increased throughput and reduced costs compared to previous methods. NGS technologies include Roche/454, Illumina, ABI SOLiD, Ion Torrent, and PacBio. These technologies have various applications including whole genome sequencing, detection of genetic mutations associated with diseases, RNA sequencing to study gene expression, and ChIP sequencing to identify DNA-binding sites. NGS is revolutionizing genomic research by allowing comprehensive study of genomes, transcriptomes, and gene regulation.
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High throughput sequencing
1. Next-generation sequencing methods such as Roche 454, Illumina GAII, and ABI SOLiD allow for high throughput DNA sequencing through massive parallel sequencing.
2. These methods involve clonal amplification of DNA fragments on solid surfaces or in emulsion PCR followed by sequencing using pyrosequencing, sequencing by synthesis with reversible terminators, or sequencing by ligation approaches.
3. The resulting sequencing data requires high throughput management and analysis pipelines to process the large volumes of sequence data produced.
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Carbohydrates are sugars that provide the body with energy. There are two types - simple carbohydrates like refined sugars and fruits, and complex carbohydrates like grains. Carbohydrates are digested and absorbed for energy, and the best choices are whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Disorders can result from too few or too many carbohydrates, such as diabetes, hypoglycemia, and lactose intolerance. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar is too low and symptoms include shakiness, dizziness, and mood changes.
DNA SEQUENCING METHOD
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. The first methods were developed in the 1970s by Maxam and Gilbert (chemical method) and Sanger (chain termination/dideoxy method). Sanger's method is now most commonly used and involves DNA synthesis with chain termination by dideoxynucleotides to generate fragments of different lengths that can be separated and read to determine the DNA sequence. DNA sequencing has revolutionized biological sciences by enabling diagnosis of genetic diseases, identification of disease-causing mutations, and mapping of genomes. It provides benefits for medicine, forensics, and agriculture.
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DNA sequencing by OLAGBAYE B.ABEL
DNA sequencing methods determine the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA sample. The first methods were developed in the 1970s by Maxam and Gilbert (chemical method) and Sanger (chain termination method). The Sanger method is now most commonly used. It involves DNA synthesis with chain terminating nucleotides to generate fragments of different lengths that can be separated and read to determine the DNA sequence. DNA sequencing has revolutionized biological sciences by allowing for gene mapping and identification of genetic variations linked to disease.
DNA sequencing
Genome sequencing and comparative genomics are important tools in plant breeding. Genome sequencing determines the order of DNA nucleotides in individual genes, chromosomes, or entire genomes. Comparative genomics analyzes and compares genetic material between species to study evolution, gene function, and disease. Next generation sequencing techniques like Illumina sequencing have made genome sequencing faster, cheaper, and able to sequence thousands of sequences at once. Comparative genomics is used to understand differences between species by comparing gene location, structure, sequence similarity and other characteristics. This aids in understanding evolution and identifying genes responsible for unique traits.
sequencing.pptx
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA. Friedrich Miescher first discovered DNA in 1869. In 1977, Frederick Sanger developed the chain-termination method, which is still used today. DNA sequencing reveals the genetic information carried in a DNA segment and has applications in medicine, evolutionary analysis, disease diagnosis, food safety and more. It works by separating single-stranded DNA molecules that differ by a single nucleotide using gel electrophoresis.
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DNA sequencing methods have evolved greatly since first being developed in the 1970s. The document discusses the key developments and purposes of DNA sequencing. It describes the original Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger chain termination methods, and how modern sequencing uses improvements to the Sanger technique. DNA sequencing is now used widely in medicine, forensics, agriculture and more to analyze genetic information and detect mutations or genetic disorders.
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DNA is the hereditary material found in living cells that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. DNA sequencing determines the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, which began in the 1970s with the Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger methods. The Sanger method, also known as chain termination, is the most common approach and involves enzymatic synthesis of complementary strands with termination at specific positions to determine the sequence. Modern techniques like next-generation sequencing and whole genome sequencing have increased sequencing speed and scalability.
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DNA sequencing techniques allow determining the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. In 1977, Sanger and Gilbert independently developed methods for DNA sequencing. Sanger's dideoxy method, also known as chain termination method, uses DNA polymerase and a mixture of dNTPs and ddNTPs, which lack a 3'-OH group and terminate DNA strand extension. Electrophoresis then separates DNA fragments by size to reveal the sequence. Sanger's method became the most widely used technique and helped enable major genome sequencing projects like the Human Genome Project.
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NEED OF GENETIC SEQUENCING
- Understanding the particular DNA sequence can shed light on a genetic condition and offer hope for the eventual development of treatment.
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This document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It provides an overview of DNA and its functions including storing genetic information, self-duplication, and expressing genetic messages. It then describes the Watson and Crick model of DNA structure. The document proceeds to define DNA sequencing as determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA section. It outlines early chemical methods like Maxam-Gilbert sequencing and the still common Sanger method using chain termination. Finally, it introduces some modern next-generation sequencing technologies like Illumina and Pyrosequencing.
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This document discusses DNA sequencing, including its history, different methods, principles, requirements, procedures, importance, purposes, and applications. It describes two main DNA sequencing methods - Maxam-Gilbert sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing uses chemical treatment to generate breaks in DNA at specific bases, while Sanger sequencing uses DNA polymerase and dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA strand extension. The document also outlines how DNA sequencing is used in fields like forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
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The document discusses DNA sequencing and its applications. It describes DNA sequencing as determining the exact order of A, T, C, and G bases that make up human chromosomes. The Sanger dideoxy method was developed in 1977 and remains a popular sequencing technique that uses DNA replication with a primer, polymerase, and tagged nucleotides. DNA sequencing has applications in forensics, medicine, and agriculture such as identifying individuals, detecting genes linked to disorders, and improving crops.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA. There are several methods, with Sanger sequencing being most common. It involves copying DNA strands terminated at different bases labeled with dyes. Gel electrophoresis separates the fragments by size. Applications include identifying genetic mutations, forensic analysis, and furthering biological research. DNA sequencing has advanced science but also raises privacy concerns due to the sensitive genetic information revealed.
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This document provides an overview of DNA sequencing:
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DNA is the molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. A gene is a unit of heredity and consists of a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule. DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule, and includes any method used to determine the order of the four bases - adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. There are two main historical methods for DNA sequencing - the Maxam-Gilbert chemical method and the Sanger dideoxy chain termination method, upon which modern automated sequencing is based using fluorescence detection. DNA sequencing has many applications in fields like medicine, forensics, and agriculture
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This document discusses DNA sequencing, including its history, types, and applications. It describes how the first DNA fragment sequenced was from a bacteriophage virus in the 1970s. Major developments included Frederick Sanger improving the method using chain termination with dideoxynucleotides. The document outlines different sequencing methods like Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation and Sanger chain termination. It discusses sequencing's uses in medicine, forensics, agriculture and its potential to help detect genetic disorders and cancer predisposition, aiding prevention. Challenges of accuracy, variant interpretation, data storage and education are also summarized.
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- 2. GROUP MEMBER SAJIBUL HASSAN NAHIAN AHMED TARIQUL ISLAM MONSUR AHMED SHAFIQ OMAR FARUQ
- 4. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that functions include: ->Storage of genetic information ->Expression of the genetic message DNA’s major function is to code for proteins. Information is encoded in the order of the nitrogenous bases.
- 5. DNA SEQUENCING Determining the order of bases in a section of DNA. To analyze gene structure and its relation to gene expression as well as protein conformation
- 6. HISTORY • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered and isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 • 1953 structure of DNA established as a double helix • 1970 first method of DNA sequencing involved a location specific primed extension strategy.
- 7. • 1977 Frederick sanger published a method for DNA sequencing with chain terminating in hibitors. • 1990 several new methods are developed in the mid to late90,s • 2003 complete human genome project History
- 9. DNA Sequencing is used for: • Mapping genomes • Determining gene structure • Detecting polymorphism • Analyzing genetic variation • Predicting the possible product(s) of DNA fragments • Many purposes depending on the questions one is asking
- 10. DNA SEQUENCING METHOD Methods of DNA sequencing : 1.Maxam-Gilbert sequencing 2.Chain termination method (Sanger method) Next generation methods: 1.Massively parallel signature sequencing 2.Polony sequencing 3.Pyrosequencing 4.Illumina sequencing 5.Solid sequencing
- 11. SANGER METHOD • Most common approach used for DNA sequencing . • Invented by Frederick Sanger - 1977 • Nobel prize - 1980 • Also termed as Chain Termination or Dideoxy method
- 13. STEP - 1 The reaction mixture
- 14. • It sorts the newly synthesized DNA strands by length. • The reaction mixture is heated to keep the newly synthesized strands separated • Separated strands are loaded onto a tiny capillary tube • The tube is not much thicker than a human hair and is 1 to 3 feet long STEP - 2
- 15. 1.The emerged strands are passed through a laser beam 2.The beam causes the dye to glow at a specific wavelength, or color. This color is then detected by a photocell STEP - 3
- 16. • Computers read the sequence from the gel and interpret the colors and print a sequence of nucleotides across the top. STEP - 4
- 18. COMPARISON Sanger Method Maxam Gilbert Method Enzymatic Chemical Requires DNA synthesis Requires DNA Termination of chain elongation Breaks DNA at different nucleotides Automation Automation is not available Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded or single- stranded DNA
- 19. MORDEN APPLICATIONS OF DNA SEQUENCING • Forensics: to help identify individuals because each individual has a different genetic sequence • Medicine: can be used to help detect the genes which are linked to various genetic disorders such as muscular dystrophy. • Agriculture: The mapping and sequencing of a genome of microorganisms has helped to make them useful for crops and food plants.
- 21. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT • The biggest challenge for the life sciences • 15 years project (NIH, DOE of USA) • Primary goal Sequence base pairs of human beings that form DNA • Identifying & mapping approx. 20K-25K genes • Significance Physical & functional •standpoint
- 22. ADVANTAGES • Improved diagnosis of disease • Identify the genes causing genetic diseases • Identifying crime suspects DISADVANTAGES • Whole genome cannot be sequenced at once • Very slow and time consuming
- 23. Thank You!!!