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DNA Sequencing process
The document provides information about a presentation on bioinformatics and DNA sequencing. It includes 5 sections written by different group members. The summary is: The presentation discusses DNA sequencing methods including Sanger sequencing. It describes the DNA sequencing process which involves separating newly synthesized DNA strands by length using heating and loading them into a capillary tube, passing the strands through a laser beam to cause dye fluorescence detected by a photocell, and computers interpreting the color sequence. Modern applications of sequencing include forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
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DNA Sequencing process
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- 2. GROUP MEMBER SAJIBUL HASSAN NAHIANAHMED TARIQUL ISLAM MONSUR AHMED SHAFIQ OMAR FARUQ
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- 4. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Deoxyribonucleicacid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that functions include: ->Storage of genetic information ->Expression of the genetic message DNA’s major function is to code for proteins. Information is encoded in the order of the nitrogenous bases.
- 5. DNA SEQUENCING Determiningthe order of bases in a section of DNA. To analyze gene structure and its relation to gene expression as well as protein conformation
- 6. HISTORY • Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) was first discovered and isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 • 1953 structure of DNA established as a double helix • 1970 first method of DNA sequencing involved a location specific primed extension strategy.
- 7. • 1977 Fredericksanger published a method for DNA sequencing with chain terminating in hibitors. • 1990 several new methods are developed in the mid to late90,s • 2003 complete human genome project History
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- 9. DNA Sequencingis used for: • Mapping genomes • Determining gene structure • Detecting polymorphism • Analyzing genetic variation • Predicting the possible product(s) of DNA fragments • Many purposes depending on the questions one is asking
- 10. DNA SEQUENCING METHOD Methodsof DNA sequencing : 1.Maxam-Gilbert sequencing 2.Chain termination method (Sanger method) Next generation methods: 1.Massively parallel signature sequencing 2.Polony sequencing 3.Pyrosequencing 4.Illumina sequencing 5.Solid sequencing
- 11. SANGER METHOD • Mostcommon approach used for DNA sequencing . • Invented by Frederick Sanger - 1977 • Nobel prize - 1980 • Also termed as Chain Termination or Dideoxy method
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- 13. STEP - 1 Thereaction mixture
- 14. • It sortsthe newly synthesized DNA strands by length. • The reaction mixture is heated to keep the newly synthesized strands separated • Separated strands are loaded onto a tiny capillary tube • The tube is not much thicker than a human hair and is 1 to 3 feet long STEP - 2
- 15. 1.The emerged strands arepassed through a laser beam 2.The beam causes the dye to glow at a specific wavelength, or color. This color is then detected by a photocell STEP - 3
- 16. • Computers readthe sequence from the gel and interpret the colors and print a sequence of nucleotides across the top. STEP - 4
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- 18. COMPARISON Sanger Method MaxamGilbert Method Enzymatic Chemical Requires DNA synthesis Requires DNA Termination of chain elongation Breaks DNA at different nucleotides Automation Automation is not available Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded or single- stranded DNA
- 19. MORDEN APPLICATIONS OF DNASEQUENCING • Forensics: to help identify individuals because each individual has a different genetic sequence • Medicine: can be used to help detect the genes which are linked to various genetic disorders such as muscular dystrophy. • Agriculture: The mapping and sequencing of a genome of microorganisms has helped to make them useful for crops and food plants.
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- 21. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT •The biggest challenge for the life sciences • 15 years project (NIH, DOE of USA) • Primary goal Sequence base pairs of human beings that form DNA • Identifying & mapping approx. 20K-25K genes • Significance Physical & functional •standpoint
- 22. ADVANTAGES • Improved diagnosisof disease • Identify the genes causing genetic diseases • Identifying crime suspects DISADVANTAGES • Whole genome cannot be sequenced at once • Very slow and time consuming
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