Nucleosome
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
9 likes•3,712 views
The nucleosome is the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes and consists of DNA wound around an octamer of core histone proteins. Histones are small positively charged proteins that facilitate the tight coiling of DNA around them in the nucleosome. Post-translational modifications to histones like acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation can affect nucleosome positioning and gene expression.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Chromatin structure and organization
The document summarizes the different levels of chromatin structure and DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells. It discusses how DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which condense further into 30-nanometer fibers called heterochromatin. The highest level of packaging occurs in metaphase chromosomes, where DNA is condensed approximately 40-fold. Chromatin structure allows for compact storage of long DNA molecules in the nucleus while also regulating gene expression and protecting DNA during cell division.
Exonucleases & endonucleases as molecular tools
Exonucleases are enzymes that degrade different types of DNAs in specific ways, while endonucleases cleave at specific DNA structures or modifications. Both exo- and endonucleases are useful as molecular biology tools. In this webinar, we will review the activities of exonucleases and endonucleases in more detail, provide insight on how to choose the right exo- or endonuclease for various molecular biology applications, and explain how to use these reagents when developing new molecular biology workflows.
Heterochromatin and euchromatin mains
This document discusses the structures and functions of heterochromatin and euchromatin. Heterochromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive, found near centromeres and telomeres. Euchromatin is loosely packed and contains most actively transcribed genes. The basic unit of DNA packing is the nucleosome, which involves DNA wound around histone proteins. Heterochromatin and euchromatin differ in their genetic activity, location within chromosomes, and condensation levels during interphase.
Dna replication in eukaryotes
DNA replication in eukaryotes occurs in the nucleus and proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction. It involves several enzymes including helicase, which opens the DNA helix, and DNA polymerase epsilon and delta, which synthesize the leading and lagging strands respectively. Replication occurs through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. At the origin of replication, a pre-replication complex forms and the replication fork bubbles outwards. RNA primers are laid down and DNA synthesis occurs continuously on the leading strand but discontinuously on the lagging strand. The primers are later removed and the gaps filled in.
Dna repair
DNA repair mechanisms identify and correct damage to DNA that occurs due to normal cellular processes and environmental factors. There are two main types of DNA damage: endogenous damage caused by normal cellular processes and exogenous damage caused by external agents like UV radiation and chemicals. The main repair mechanisms are base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, direct repair via photolyases, and error-prone repair systems like SOS repair. Together, these pathways maintain genome integrity by repairing different types of DNA lesions.
Supercoiling
DNA supercoiling occurs when the DNA double helix is over- or under-wound, known as positive and negative supercoiling respectively. The degree of supercoiling is numerically expressed using the linking number which accounts for twists and writhes in the DNA helix. Topoisomerases are enzymes that relieve torsional strain in supercoiled DNA by introducing nicks in one or both strands, allowing the strands to pass through one another and change the linking number.
DNA protein interaction.pptx
DNA Protein interaction occur when a protein binds a molecule of DNA, often to regulate the biological function of DNA, usually the expression of a gene. DNA Protein interactions play very vital roles in any living cell. It controls various cellular processes which are very essential for living beings, viz. replication, transcription, recombination, DNA repair etc. There are several types of proteins found in a cell.Direct recognition occurs when the amino acid side chains of a protein interact with specific DNA bases.
Most protein-DNA interactions are mediated by direct physical interaction (hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions) between the protein and the DNA base pairs.
DNA-binding proteins can be identified by many experimental techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation on microarrays, X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Introns: structure and functions
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
Recommended
Chromatin structure and organization
The document summarizes the different levels of chromatin structure and DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells. It discusses how DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which condense further into 30-nanometer fibers called heterochromatin. The highest level of packaging occurs in metaphase chromosomes, where DNA is condensed approximately 40-fold. Chromatin structure allows for compact storage of long DNA molecules in the nucleus while also regulating gene expression and protecting DNA during cell division.
Exonucleases & endonucleases as molecular tools
Exonucleases are enzymes that degrade different types of DNAs in specific ways, while endonucleases cleave at specific DNA structures or modifications. Both exo- and endonucleases are useful as molecular biology tools. In this webinar, we will review the activities of exonucleases and endonucleases in more detail, provide insight on how to choose the right exo- or endonuclease for various molecular biology applications, and explain how to use these reagents when developing new molecular biology workflows.
Heterochromatin and euchromatin mains
This document discusses the structures and functions of heterochromatin and euchromatin. Heterochromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive, found near centromeres and telomeres. Euchromatin is loosely packed and contains most actively transcribed genes. The basic unit of DNA packing is the nucleosome, which involves DNA wound around histone proteins. Heterochromatin and euchromatin differ in their genetic activity, location within chromosomes, and condensation levels during interphase.
Dna replication in eukaryotes
DNA replication in eukaryotes occurs in the nucleus and proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction. It involves several enzymes including helicase, which opens the DNA helix, and DNA polymerase epsilon and delta, which synthesize the leading and lagging strands respectively. Replication occurs through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. At the origin of replication, a pre-replication complex forms and the replication fork bubbles outwards. RNA primers are laid down and DNA synthesis occurs continuously on the leading strand but discontinuously on the lagging strand. The primers are later removed and the gaps filled in.
Dna repair
DNA repair mechanisms identify and correct damage to DNA that occurs due to normal cellular processes and environmental factors. There are two main types of DNA damage: endogenous damage caused by normal cellular processes and exogenous damage caused by external agents like UV radiation and chemicals. The main repair mechanisms are base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, direct repair via photolyases, and error-prone repair systems like SOS repair. Together, these pathways maintain genome integrity by repairing different types of DNA lesions.
Supercoiling
DNA supercoiling occurs when the DNA double helix is over- or under-wound, known as positive and negative supercoiling respectively. The degree of supercoiling is numerically expressed using the linking number which accounts for twists and writhes in the DNA helix. Topoisomerases are enzymes that relieve torsional strain in supercoiled DNA by introducing nicks in one or both strands, allowing the strands to pass through one another and change the linking number.
DNA protein interaction.pptx
DNA Protein interaction occur when a protein binds a molecule of DNA, often to regulate the biological function of DNA, usually the expression of a gene. DNA Protein interactions play very vital roles in any living cell. It controls various cellular processes which are very essential for living beings, viz. replication, transcription, recombination, DNA repair etc. There are several types of proteins found in a cell.Direct recognition occurs when the amino acid side chains of a protein interact with specific DNA bases.
Most protein-DNA interactions are mediated by direct physical interaction (hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions) between the protein and the DNA base pairs.
DNA-binding proteins can be identified by many experimental techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation on microarrays, X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Introns: structure and functions
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
DNA repair by k sahu
Introduction
Enzyme involve of DNA repair
Types of DNA repair
direct DNA repair
excision repair system
mismatch repair system
Conclusion
Reference
DNA polymerase –a class of enzyme to all synthesize 5’ to 3’ direction of nucleotides.
DNA polymerase I – a class of enzyme 1st isolated by Escherichia coli, and function is removes of RNA primers ,during DNA replication.
Helicase- any of a group of enzyme that unwind the two strand of DNA to facilitate DNA replication.
Exonuclease – an enzyme capable of cutting phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides located at an end of a DNA strand .
Endonuclease – an enzyme capable of cleaving phosphodiester bonds between nucleotide located internally in a DNA strand .
DNA ligase – a enzyme that fill the gap of nucleotides.
Chromatin modulation and role in gene regulation
This document discusses chromatin modulation and its role in gene regulation. It describes how DNA is packaged into chromatin through winding around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Chromatin exists in two forms - loosely packed euchromatin and tightly packed heterochromatin. Gene expression is regulated through chromatin remodeling by mechanisms like nucleosome disruption, sliding, and transfer mediated by protein complexes like SWI/SNF. Histone modifications through processes like acetylation and methylation also influence gene regulation by altering chromatin structure. Precise control of gene expression through such chromatin modulation is important for cellular adaptation and efficient use of cellular resources.
Transcription in prokaryotes
transcription process synthesized ssRNA in prokaryotes, RNA polymerase and promoter of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Dna replication in prokaryotes
This document summarizes DNA replication in prokaryotes. It begins by introducing DNA and its role in encoding genetic instructions. It then describes the general features of DNA replication, including that it is semi-conservative and bidirectional from the origin of replication. It discusses the various enzymes involved, including DNA polymerase, helicase, and ligase. It provides details on the three stages of replication in prokaryotes - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at the origin of replication with unwinding, elongation involves continuous leading and discontinuous lagging strand synthesis, and termination occurs at terminus sequences.
Recombination
The document discusses genetic recombination and site-specific recombination. It describes the Meselson-Radding model of genetic recombination, which involves a single-strand nick that allows DNA polymerase to extend the 3' end and displace the other strand, forming a D loop structure. Site-specific recombination involves recombinases cutting DNA at specific recognition sequences and rejoining the strands to form a Holliday junction intermediate. Examples discussed include bacteriophage lambda integration into E. coli DNA, which is mediated by lambda integrase recombining attP and attB sites.
Nucleus
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that houses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. It was discovered in 1831 and named by Robert Brown. The nucleus stores DNA and RNA, enables protein synthesis, and houses the nucleolus where ribosomes are produced. It occupies about 10% of the cell volume and is surrounded by a double membrane with nuclear pores that regulate transport. The nuclear lamina provides structure and chromatin contains the genome. Within the nucleus, the nucleolus is the site of ribosome biogenesis through rRNA transcription and processing.
DNA Footprinting
Hello There,
DNA Footprinting Is A Molecular Biology Technique With Wide Applications In Many Areas Of Biological Sciences And Importantly It Is Used For Crime Detection In Forensic Sciences. In This Presentation, You Will Learn What It Is, The Technology, Protocol, Pictorial Representation, Applications And References For Further Study.
Charging of tRNA, Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases
CBCS 4TH SEM ,
CHARGING, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF tRNA,
AMINOACYL RNA SYNTHETASE(ASR) PROOFREADING AND EDITING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzOVMWYLiCE
Protein targetting
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
Post translational modification of protein
The document discusses various types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. It describes how PTMs are necessary for normal protein functioning by affecting stability, activity, localization, and signaling. It provides examples of common PTMs like phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, lipidation, disulfide bonding, and ubiquitination. It also discusses protein folding, subunit aggregation, and protein splicing - key processes in protein maturation that occur after translation. PTMs are an important mechanism for regulating protein structure and function after synthesis.
Protein dna interactions
Protein-DNA interactions can be either specific or non-specific. Specific interactions involve transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA motifs through domains like helix-loop-helix, leucine zipper, or zinc finger motifs. Non-specific interactions involve histones that help structure DNA into nucleosomes within chromatin and can be chemically modified through methylation, demethylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation.
Protein Sequencing Strategies
Frederick Sanger developed two important methods for protein sequencing: 1) using fluorodinitrobenzene to determine the N-terminal amino acid, and 2) cleaving proteins into fragments and piecing their sequences together. The standard strategy involves separating chains, identifying terminal residues, cleaving the protein, sequencing fragments, and reconstructing the full sequence. The Edman degradation method allows sequential removal of residues from the N-terminus. Mass spectrometry techniques like peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem mass spectrometry now dominate protein sequencing.
Nucleic acid sequencing- introduction,DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is a fundamental process in biotechnology that determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. There are two main methods: the chemical method developed by Maxam and Gilbert, and the enzymatic method developed by Sanger and Coulson. DNA sequencing involves degrading DNA fragments into smaller pieces, sequencing the individual fragments, and ordering the fragments to determine the full DNA sequence.
Ribozyme
Ribozymes are RNA molecules that act as enzymes and catalyze biochemical reactions. Some key points:
- Ribozymes were first proposed in the 1960s and discovered in the 1980s by Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman, who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize for the discovery.
- Common ribozyme activities include splicing and cleaving RNA and DNA. Ribozymes in the ribosome help link amino acids during protein synthesis.
- Major types of ribozymes include group I and group II introns, hammerhead, hairpin, and RNase P ribozymes. They use mechanisms like metal ion coordination and nucleophilic attacks to catalyze reactions.
- R
Supramolecules assembly by kk sahu
The document discusses various types of supramolecular complexes formed through self-assembly of macromolecules. It describes the plasma membrane as composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that form a bilayer through hydrophobic interactions. Ribosomes are composed of RNA and proteins that bind independently and come together to form the small and large subunits. Nucleosomes consist of DNA wrapped around histone proteins to compact DNA into beads with repeating units that further coil to form chromatin.
DNA organization in Eukaryotic cells
Facts about DNA
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Chemical composition of eukaryotic chromosomes
Histones
Non-histone chromosomal protein
Scaffold proteins
Folded fibre model
Nucleosome model
H1 proteins
Histone modification
Chromatosome
Higher order of chromatin structure
Mechanism of DNA packaging
Conclusion
Ribosome structure and assembly
ribosome types-prokaryotes and eukaryotes,, Structural model in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, chemistry , biogenesis
https://youtu.be/BfHIr8YiHjc
mRNA processing
mRNA processing involves several key steps after transcription. These include 5' capping, which protects mRNA from degradation and aids in translation. Polyadenylation adds a poly-A tail to the 3' end, increasing stability and translation efficiency. Splicing removes non-coding introns and joins exons, which can produce different mRNAs and proteins from the same initial transcript. These processing steps are carried out by cellular enzymes for most eukaryotic mRNAs, but some viruses encode their own enzymes or acquire cellular mRNA caps to modify their own transcripts.
ENZYMES USED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING
description of different types of enzymes used in genetic engineering and also a description of linkers, adaptors, homopolymer tails
Protein degradation(molecular biology)
description of protein degradation pathways in lysosomes and ubiquitin mediated pathway and n-end rule in different organisms
Nucleosomes
Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating subunits of eukaryotic chromatin that package DNA into a compact structure. They are composed of 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins, resembling beads on a string. This represents the first order of DNA compaction. Higher orders of compaction involve the nucleosomes winding further to form solenoid fibers, scaffold loops, chromatids, and finally full chromosomes. Nucleosomes allow the long DNA molecules to fit within cell nuclei while also regulating genetic expression.
Presentación de oportunidad de prosperidad
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
More Related Content
What's hot
DNA repair by k sahu
Introduction
Enzyme involve of DNA repair
Types of DNA repair
direct DNA repair
excision repair system
mismatch repair system
Conclusion
Reference
DNA polymerase –a class of enzyme to all synthesize 5’ to 3’ direction of nucleotides.
DNA polymerase I – a class of enzyme 1st isolated by Escherichia coli, and function is removes of RNA primers ,during DNA replication.
Helicase- any of a group of enzyme that unwind the two strand of DNA to facilitate DNA replication.
Exonuclease – an enzyme capable of cutting phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides located at an end of a DNA strand .
Endonuclease – an enzyme capable of cleaving phosphodiester bonds between nucleotide located internally in a DNA strand .
DNA ligase – a enzyme that fill the gap of nucleotides.
Chromatin modulation and role in gene regulation
This document discusses chromatin modulation and its role in gene regulation. It describes how DNA is packaged into chromatin through winding around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Chromatin exists in two forms - loosely packed euchromatin and tightly packed heterochromatin. Gene expression is regulated through chromatin remodeling by mechanisms like nucleosome disruption, sliding, and transfer mediated by protein complexes like SWI/SNF. Histone modifications through processes like acetylation and methylation also influence gene regulation by altering chromatin structure. Precise control of gene expression through such chromatin modulation is important for cellular adaptation and efficient use of cellular resources.
Transcription in prokaryotes
transcription process synthesized ssRNA in prokaryotes, RNA polymerase and promoter of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Dna replication in prokaryotes
This document summarizes DNA replication in prokaryotes. It begins by introducing DNA and its role in encoding genetic instructions. It then describes the general features of DNA replication, including that it is semi-conservative and bidirectional from the origin of replication. It discusses the various enzymes involved, including DNA polymerase, helicase, and ligase. It provides details on the three stages of replication in prokaryotes - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at the origin of replication with unwinding, elongation involves continuous leading and discontinuous lagging strand synthesis, and termination occurs at terminus sequences.
Recombination
The document discusses genetic recombination and site-specific recombination. It describes the Meselson-Radding model of genetic recombination, which involves a single-strand nick that allows DNA polymerase to extend the 3' end and displace the other strand, forming a D loop structure. Site-specific recombination involves recombinases cutting DNA at specific recognition sequences and rejoining the strands to form a Holliday junction intermediate. Examples discussed include bacteriophage lambda integration into E. coli DNA, which is mediated by lambda integrase recombining attP and attB sites.
Nucleus
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that houses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. It was discovered in 1831 and named by Robert Brown. The nucleus stores DNA and RNA, enables protein synthesis, and houses the nucleolus where ribosomes are produced. It occupies about 10% of the cell volume and is surrounded by a double membrane with nuclear pores that regulate transport. The nuclear lamina provides structure and chromatin contains the genome. Within the nucleus, the nucleolus is the site of ribosome biogenesis through rRNA transcription and processing.
DNA Footprinting
Hello There,
DNA Footprinting Is A Molecular Biology Technique With Wide Applications In Many Areas Of Biological Sciences And Importantly It Is Used For Crime Detection In Forensic Sciences. In This Presentation, You Will Learn What It Is, The Technology, Protocol, Pictorial Representation, Applications And References For Further Study.
Charging of tRNA, Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases
CBCS 4TH SEM ,
CHARGING, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF tRNA,
AMINOACYL RNA SYNTHETASE(ASR) PROOFREADING AND EDITING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzOVMWYLiCE
Protein targetting
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
Post translational modification of protein
The document discusses various types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. It describes how PTMs are necessary for normal protein functioning by affecting stability, activity, localization, and signaling. It provides examples of common PTMs like phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, lipidation, disulfide bonding, and ubiquitination. It also discusses protein folding, subunit aggregation, and protein splicing - key processes in protein maturation that occur after translation. PTMs are an important mechanism for regulating protein structure and function after synthesis.
Protein dna interactions
Protein-DNA interactions can be either specific or non-specific. Specific interactions involve transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA motifs through domains like helix-loop-helix, leucine zipper, or zinc finger motifs. Non-specific interactions involve histones that help structure DNA into nucleosomes within chromatin and can be chemically modified through methylation, demethylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation.
Protein Sequencing Strategies
Frederick Sanger developed two important methods for protein sequencing: 1) using fluorodinitrobenzene to determine the N-terminal amino acid, and 2) cleaving proteins into fragments and piecing their sequences together. The standard strategy involves separating chains, identifying terminal residues, cleaving the protein, sequencing fragments, and reconstructing the full sequence. The Edman degradation method allows sequential removal of residues from the N-terminus. Mass spectrometry techniques like peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem mass spectrometry now dominate protein sequencing.
Nucleic acid sequencing- introduction,DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is a fundamental process in biotechnology that determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. There are two main methods: the chemical method developed by Maxam and Gilbert, and the enzymatic method developed by Sanger and Coulson. DNA sequencing involves degrading DNA fragments into smaller pieces, sequencing the individual fragments, and ordering the fragments to determine the full DNA sequence.
Ribozyme
Ribozymes are RNA molecules that act as enzymes and catalyze biochemical reactions. Some key points:
- Ribozymes were first proposed in the 1960s and discovered in the 1980s by Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman, who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize for the discovery.
- Common ribozyme activities include splicing and cleaving RNA and DNA. Ribozymes in the ribosome help link amino acids during protein synthesis.
- Major types of ribozymes include group I and group II introns, hammerhead, hairpin, and RNase P ribozymes. They use mechanisms like metal ion coordination and nucleophilic attacks to catalyze reactions.
- R
Supramolecules assembly by kk sahu
The document discusses various types of supramolecular complexes formed through self-assembly of macromolecules. It describes the plasma membrane as composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that form a bilayer through hydrophobic interactions. Ribosomes are composed of RNA and proteins that bind independently and come together to form the small and large subunits. Nucleosomes consist of DNA wrapped around histone proteins to compact DNA into beads with repeating units that further coil to form chromatin.
DNA organization in Eukaryotic cells
Facts about DNA
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Chemical composition of eukaryotic chromosomes
Histones
Non-histone chromosomal protein
Scaffold proteins
Folded fibre model
Nucleosome model
H1 proteins
Histone modification
Chromatosome
Higher order of chromatin structure
Mechanism of DNA packaging
Conclusion
Ribosome structure and assembly
ribosome types-prokaryotes and eukaryotes,, Structural model in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, chemistry , biogenesis
https://youtu.be/BfHIr8YiHjc
mRNA processing
mRNA processing involves several key steps after transcription. These include 5' capping, which protects mRNA from degradation and aids in translation. Polyadenylation adds a poly-A tail to the 3' end, increasing stability and translation efficiency. Splicing removes non-coding introns and joins exons, which can produce different mRNAs and proteins from the same initial transcript. These processing steps are carried out by cellular enzymes for most eukaryotic mRNAs, but some viruses encode their own enzymes or acquire cellular mRNA caps to modify their own transcripts.
ENZYMES USED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING
description of different types of enzymes used in genetic engineering and also a description of linkers, adaptors, homopolymer tails
Protein degradation(molecular biology)
description of protein degradation pathways in lysosomes and ubiquitin mediated pathway and n-end rule in different organisms
What's hot (20)
Nucleic acid sequencing- introduction,DNA sequencing
Nucleic acid sequencing- introduction,DNA sequencing
Viewers also liked
Nucleosomes
Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating subunits of eukaryotic chromatin that package DNA into a compact structure. They are composed of 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins, resembling beads on a string. This represents the first order of DNA compaction. Higher orders of compaction involve the nucleosomes winding further to form solenoid fibers, scaffold loops, chromatids, and finally full chromosomes. Nucleosomes allow the long DNA molecules to fit within cell nuclei while also regulating genetic expression.
Presentación de oportunidad de prosperidad
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
Revista
Este documento presenta un resumen de varios temas relacionados con la educación en Costa Rica, incluyendo los fines, agentes, metas, objetivos y políticas educativas. También incluye breves editoriales que cuestionan si se están cumpliendo con los propósitos y funciones de la educación.
Breves apuntes sobre los niveles de la ética en emmanuel lévinas
El documento presenta una introducción al pensamiento ético de Emmanuel Lévinas y sus principales categorías. Lévinas propone una ética basada en el encuentro cara a cara con el Otro, donde la responsabilidad por el Otro precede a la libertad del yo. Su ética se estructura en dos niveles: el nivel fundamental del encuentro con el Otro y el nivel de la existencia de los demás y las instituciones.
06 phuong phap montessori ngay nay clear
Chia sẻ đến bạn Sách Phương Pháp Montessori Ngày Nay - Montessori Today.
Được Chia Sẻ Bởi: http://biquyethoctap.com/
Cộng Ðồng Chia Sẻ Bí Quyết Học Tập.
Influence
Based on studies of executives, managers, and individuals, the document outlines six sources of influence: connecting change to deeply held values; investing in robust training to increase ability; positively aligning social actions through small interactions; actively involving others to enable change; designing real and valuable incentives to reward behaviors; and giving a steady dose of the right information to change outlooks. The mantra for success is to apply more than four of these sources of influence, as that is 10 times more effective than a single source, beginning with personal and social motivation before reinforcing with incentive systems.
Persuasion
The document outlines the turnaround process at BIDMC led by its new CEO from 2002-2011. It describes a 4 phase persuasion process: 1) Convince employees of the need for change, 2) Announce and gather feedback on initial plans, 3) Constant communication to manage mood, 4) Reinforce new behavioral guidelines. Key actions included honestly discussing problems, signaling planned actions, publishing independent reports, and praising employees. After 3 years, the results included a $37.4M net gain, increased revenues and reduced costs, improved decision-making, higher morale, and reduced nursing turnover.
Ilmu Negara - Bentuk Negara, Bentuk Pemerintahan, Sistem Pemerintahan
Dokumen tersebut menyebutkan nama-nama anggota kelompok 5 yang terdiri atas 6 orang.
PID - Copy
This document describes a project to create a virtual PID controller using LabVIEW software to control the fluid level in a tank. A data acquisition card interfaces with hardware including a flow meter, control valve, and level transmitter. The LabVIEW-based PID will generate control signals sent to the control valve via the DAQ card to maintain the desired fluid level. Keywords include DAQ card, LabVIEW, and PID.
Tema 7 exp. musical
El documento habla sobre la orquesta sinfónica como un fenómeno colaborativo que se compone de alrededor de 100 músicos de 4 familias instrumentales (alientos, metales, cuerdas y percusiones) que necesitan una partitura, un director y un instrumentista principal de cada familia para trabajar juntos bajo la dirección del primer violín.
Vírus e viroses
Os vírus não fazem parte dos reinos dos seres vivos, mas são considerados seres vivos porque possuem material genético e se reproduzem. Os vírus dependem de células de outros organismos para se reproduzirem e são classificados como parasitas obrigatórios. Os vírus podem infectar diversos tipos de células e causar doenças como a AIDS, gripe, dengue, varíola e hepatites. Muitas dessas doenças podem ser prevenidas por meio de vacinas.
PM Foundation
The document outlines the key stages in a project management life cycle including initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing a project. It also lists common project elements like identification, objectives, time/resource estimates, stakeholders, risk analysis, and obtaining approval. The overall goal is to successfully transition a project from planning to operation.
Bsd
Bandar Sri Damansara is a mature, established township located in Petaling Jaya that has seen significant development since 1996. It is accessible via major highways and public transportation is expected to improve substantially with upcoming MRT lines. The document discusses recent property transaction prices in BSD, noting stable or increasing prices for residential, commercial, and industrial properties. Future development plans include mixed-use and residential projects expected to further improve amenities and connectivity in the township.
Types teeth
There are four main types of teeth that each have a specific purpose. Incisors are flat and sharp for cutting food. Canines are pointed for tearing food. Premolars are bigger and have ridges for crushing and grinding food. Molars are the strongest teeth and have many ridges for grinding food until it is ready to be swallowed, with the tongue pushing it to the back of the mouth. Wisdom teeth grow in later for chewing tough plants. The different shapes of teeth allow them to perform specialized functions in chewing different types of foods.
Medietrends 2017
12 tendenser der vil præge medierne i 2017 - og en enkelt der først slår igennem i 2018. Den årlige udsigt fra Medietrends.dk og Jan Birkemose.
Denne minibog udkom til abonnenterne af Medietrends nyhedsmail allerede i december i 2016. Men kan fra 1. marts 2017 frit læses af alle.
Hvis du ønsker at modtage den kommende medieprognose for 2018, kan du allerede nu tilmelde dig nyhedsmailen på medietrends.dk
Slide sobre função
1) O documento descreve funções afins, incluindo sua forma geral, gráficos e propriedades como crescimento, decrescimento e raiz.
2) Apresenta exemplos de como calcular funções afins a partir de pontos em um gráfico ou dados de um problema.
3) Demonstra como usar funções afins para modelar situações como salário variando de acordo com vendas ou economias variando no tempo.
Painting
The document discusses several important temples and cave sites from ancient India and Sri Lanka between the 8th-9th centuries CE. It mentions cave paintings from the Newari region on the Nepal-China border, carvings at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, and sculptures of ladies in tents at the Ellora Caves. It also references the prominent Thyagarajaswamy temple in Tamil Nadu and the Panchanadeeswarar temple in Kerala from this time period.
Viewers also liked (20)
Breves apuntes sobre los niveles de la ética en emmanuel lévinas
Breves apuntes sobre los niveles de la ética en emmanuel lévinas
Ilmu Negara - Bentuk Negara, Bentuk Pemerintahan, Sistem Pemerintahan
Ilmu Negara - Bentuk Negara, Bentuk Pemerintahan, Sistem Pemerintahan
Recently uploaded
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Recently uploaded (20)
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Nucleosome
- 6. Histones are small positive charged proteins
- 7. Closer look to histones
- 8. General properties of histones
- 9. Assembly of histones and DNA