The document discusses participatory extension methods. It outlines advantages like efficiency, effectiveness, self-reliance, coverage and sustainability. The basic elements of participatory extension are identified as problem identification, problem analysis, objectives and methodology. Key aspects of problem analysis covered are village introductory meetings, problem trees, identifying causes and effects of priority problems. Several participatory approaches, tools and techniques are also summarized.

1. Participatory Extension
Method
R P Singh
Associate Director Extension

2. Advantages
• Efficiency
• Effectiveness
• Self Reliance
• Coverage
• Sustainability

3. Participatory Extension – Basic Elements and Relationship

4. Problem Identification

5. Problem Analysis
• In the course of the diagnosis, the various socio-
interest groups identify the major problems. In
order to seek valid solutions, it is necessary to
describe and understand the problem in detail by
posing the following questions:
• What exactly causes the problems?
• Who are affected by these problems? How?
• What will happen if the problems are not solved?
• So far the problems have not been solved. Why?
• Do we intend to solve the problems?
• What can be done to solve the problems?

6. Objectives & Methodology
• The objectives of problems analysis are:
• To identify the causes and effects of priority
problems indicated by the village residents.
• To select the most relevant causes which the
village residents can and wish to address
• Methodology: The methods and tools used for
problems analysis are:
• a) Village introductory meeting and
• b) Problem tree

7. Village Introductory Meeting
• Selection of problems for analysis
– A problem for which numerous causes have
apparently been responsible.
– One of the priority problems indicated by the
majority of socio-interest groups; this may
– indicate that a large number of people in the
village have been affected by the problem.
– Problems in the priority list which are of
interest to the service agencies represented.

8. Cont..
• Course of the Meeting
– The facilitator explains the objectives of problem
analysis
– The residents are divided into sub-groups and
allocated problems analysis
– The number of sub-groups should depend on the
number of complex problems and the
– number and the number of the facilitators available.
– It is important that the technical staff from relevant
service agencies participate in the problem analysis.

9. Problem Tree

10. Steps in Participatory Approaches
• Rapport building
• DIY (Do-It Yourself)
• Consultations with the villagers
and outsiders
• Secondary Data Collection
• Training of Trainers
• Diagnosis

11. Some of the these approaches are
• Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)
• Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
• Participatory Learning Methods (PALM)
• Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AEA)
• Participatory Action Research (PAR)
• Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and
Evaluation (PAME)
• Farming Systems Research (FSR)
• Participatory Rural Appraisal and Planning
(PRAP)

12. Distinguishing Features of
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
• Closed to Open
• Measurement to Comparison
• Individual to Group
• Democracy of the Ground
• Verbal to Visual
• Higher to Lower
• Reserve to Rapport

13. Principles of PRA
• Listening and Learning
• Offsetting Biases
• Utilization of precious Community Time
• Seeking Diversity
• Triangulation /Cross checking
• Optimal ignorance and appropriate
imprecision
• Multi-disciplinary Team

14. Behavioral Principles of PRA
• Handing over the Stick
• Self-critical Awareness
• Use Your Best Judgments
• From Stealing to Sharing

15. Participatory Tools and Techniques
•Space related PRA Methods
– Social Map
– Resource Map
– Transect
– Mobility Map
•Time Related PRA Methods
– Time line
– Trend Analysis
– Seasonal diagram

16. Cont..
• Relation Related PRA Methods
– Cause and effect diagram
– Well-being Ranking
– Venn diagram