A journal club presentation comparing and contrasting the EORTC and RTOG trials of concurrent chemoradiation in Head Neck Cancers in the post operative setting.
Altered Fractionation Radiotherapy in Head-Neck CancerJyotirup Goswami
Altered fractionation radiotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes for head and neck cancer patients compared to conventional fractionation. Meta-analyses demonstrate significant benefits including improved 5-year locoregional control and overall survival. However, most modern trials do not address fractionation. Hypofractionation shows promise with comparable tumor control and toxicity but reduced treatment time. Ongoing research combines altered fractionation with chemotherapy and radiosensitizers to further improve outcomes while minimizing toxicity.
Radiotherapy For Non Small Cell Lung Cancerfondas vakalis
- The document discusses treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and combinations.
- For early stage NSCLC (stages I-II), surgery is the standard treatment but radiotherapy is an alternative for medically inoperable patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy may improve outcomes for stage II.
- For locally advanced NSCLC (stage III), combined modality treatment is usually recommended, with concurrent chemoradiotherapy being superior to sequential treatment for stage IIIB.
Dr. Ashutosh Mukherji's document discusses contouring for rectal cancers. It provides guidelines for clinical target volume (CTV) delineation based on international consensus. The CTV should encompass the tumor, mesorectum, presacrum, and lymph node regions depending on tumor stage and location. Proper contouring is important for administering precise radiotherapy doses to treat rectal cancer while avoiding unnecessary radiation to healthy tissues.
SBRT is a precise form of radiation therapy that delivers very high ablative doses of radiation to tumors in a small number of fractions. It has become the standard of care for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSC LC) that is not surgically resectable. Key aspects of SBRT planning and delivery include delineating targets and organs at risk on imaging, determining appropriate dose and fractionation based on tumor location, using motion management strategies to account for tumor motion, precise daily image guidance, and ensuring dose constraints are met to minimize risks to critical structures like the spinal cord. SBRT provides superior local tumor control compared to conventional fractionation for early stage NSCLC with a favorable toxicity profile.
Contouring in breast cancer current practice and future directions Anil Gupta
Contouring guidelines for breast cancer radiation therapy aim to define target volumes to adequately treat while minimizing toxicity. The RTOG and ESTRO guidelines provide consensus on contouring clinical target volumes (CTVs) for the breast/chest wall, lymph nodes, and organs at risk. However, some recurrences occur outside these guidelines. A study mapping 243 nodal recurrences found most were within RTOG or ESTRO CTVs, but out-of-field recurrences were often in the lateral and posterior supraclavicular region, particularly for young, triple-negative patients. While contouring guidelines provide standardization, individualized risk assessment may be needed to optimize local control versus toxicity.
Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is used to prevent brain metastases in cancers with a high risk of spreading to the brain. It is indicated for small cell lung cancer and certain leukemias. PCI significantly reduces the rate of brain metastases in small cell lung cancer, especially when administered early at higher doses. For extensive stage small cell lung cancer, MRI surveillance may be an alternative to PCI. While PCI reduces brain metastases in leukemia, the risk of brain involvement is low for some types such as AML. The standard dose for PCI is 1200-1800 cGy in fractions, with timing and volumes depending on the cancer type. Potential toxicities include neurocognitive effects, endocrine disorders, and secondary cancers.
1) The document discusses various radiation techniques for treating cancer of the esophagus including 2D, 3D conformal radiation therapy, IMRT, and IGRT.
2) It covers topics like target volume delineation, field design considerations for different esophageal subsites, and evolution from 2D to 3D treatment planning.
3) While there is no consensus, most contemporary trials use margins of 3-5cm cranially and caudally on the gross tumor with approximately a 2cm radial margin.
Radiotherapy is used as primary treatment for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma or as part of combined modality treatment with chemotherapy. Historically, large mantle fields covering lymph node regions from the skull to the pelvis were used. More modern approaches use smaller involved field radiotherapy targeting only initially involved lymph node regions after chemotherapy based on imaging. Proper delineation of clinical target volumes requires pre-chemotherapy imaging ideally with PET/CT to define original disease extent.
Altered Fractionation Radiotherapy in Head-Neck CancerJyotirup Goswami
Altered fractionation radiotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes for head and neck cancer patients compared to conventional fractionation. Meta-analyses demonstrate significant benefits including improved 5-year locoregional control and overall survival. However, most modern trials do not address fractionation. Hypofractionation shows promise with comparable tumor control and toxicity but reduced treatment time. Ongoing research combines altered fractionation with chemotherapy and radiosensitizers to further improve outcomes while minimizing toxicity.
Radiotherapy For Non Small Cell Lung Cancerfondas vakalis
- The document discusses treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and combinations.
- For early stage NSCLC (stages I-II), surgery is the standard treatment but radiotherapy is an alternative for medically inoperable patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy may improve outcomes for stage II.
- For locally advanced NSCLC (stage III), combined modality treatment is usually recommended, with concurrent chemoradiotherapy being superior to sequential treatment for stage IIIB.
Dr. Ashutosh Mukherji's document discusses contouring for rectal cancers. It provides guidelines for clinical target volume (CTV) delineation based on international consensus. The CTV should encompass the tumor, mesorectum, presacrum, and lymph node regions depending on tumor stage and location. Proper contouring is important for administering precise radiotherapy doses to treat rectal cancer while avoiding unnecessary radiation to healthy tissues.
SBRT is a precise form of radiation therapy that delivers very high ablative doses of radiation to tumors in a small number of fractions. It has become the standard of care for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSC LC) that is not surgically resectable. Key aspects of SBRT planning and delivery include delineating targets and organs at risk on imaging, determining appropriate dose and fractionation based on tumor location, using motion management strategies to account for tumor motion, precise daily image guidance, and ensuring dose constraints are met to minimize risks to critical structures like the spinal cord. SBRT provides superior local tumor control compared to conventional fractionation for early stage NSCLC with a favorable toxicity profile.
Contouring in breast cancer current practice and future directions Anil Gupta
Contouring guidelines for breast cancer radiation therapy aim to define target volumes to adequately treat while minimizing toxicity. The RTOG and ESTRO guidelines provide consensus on contouring clinical target volumes (CTVs) for the breast/chest wall, lymph nodes, and organs at risk. However, some recurrences occur outside these guidelines. A study mapping 243 nodal recurrences found most were within RTOG or ESTRO CTVs, but out-of-field recurrences were often in the lateral and posterior supraclavicular region, particularly for young, triple-negative patients. While contouring guidelines provide standardization, individualized risk assessment may be needed to optimize local control versus toxicity.
Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is used to prevent brain metastases in cancers with a high risk of spreading to the brain. It is indicated for small cell lung cancer and certain leukemias. PCI significantly reduces the rate of brain metastases in small cell lung cancer, especially when administered early at higher doses. For extensive stage small cell lung cancer, MRI surveillance may be an alternative to PCI. While PCI reduces brain metastases in leukemia, the risk of brain involvement is low for some types such as AML. The standard dose for PCI is 1200-1800 cGy in fractions, with timing and volumes depending on the cancer type. Potential toxicities include neurocognitive effects, endocrine disorders, and secondary cancers.
1) The document discusses various radiation techniques for treating cancer of the esophagus including 2D, 3D conformal radiation therapy, IMRT, and IGRT.
2) It covers topics like target volume delineation, field design considerations for different esophageal subsites, and evolution from 2D to 3D treatment planning.
3) While there is no consensus, most contemporary trials use margins of 3-5cm cranially and caudally on the gross tumor with approximately a 2cm radial margin.
Radiotherapy is used as primary treatment for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma or as part of combined modality treatment with chemotherapy. Historically, large mantle fields covering lymph node regions from the skull to the pelvis were used. More modern approaches use smaller involved field radiotherapy targeting only initially involved lymph node regions after chemotherapy based on imaging. Proper delineation of clinical target volumes requires pre-chemotherapy imaging ideally with PET/CT to define original disease extent.
1) Preoperative chemoradiotherapy improves local control rates and tumor downstaging for rectal cancer compared to postoperative chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone.
2) The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy, whether in the preoperative or postoperative setting, improves local control and disease-free survival compared to radiotherapy alone.
3) For patients who achieve a clinical complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy, observation without surgery may be feasible, with local recurrence rates of approximately 30% that can often be successfully salvaged.
This document provides guidance on contouring for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) radiation treatment planning. It discusses the anatomy and patterns of spread of NPC, as well as staging. It describes how to delineate the primary gross tumor volume (GTVp), clinical target volumes (CTVs) including high-risk (CTVp1) and intermediate-risk (CTVp2) volumes. It also covers nodal CTV delineation (CTVn1, CTVn2, CTVn3) and discusses lymph node levels and risk of spread. Margins around critical organs and intracranial extension guidelines are also summarized. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of target volume delineation for NPC
This document discusses the history and techniques of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It begins by outlining the early development of SRS by Lars Leksell in the 1950s. It then defines key terms like SRS, SBRT, and fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. The document goes on to discuss the rationale and advantages of SRS/SBRT, including its ability to deliver high radiation doses with steep dose gradients using multiple beams and image guidance. It also covers topics like tumor oxygenation, cell kill mechanisms, and recent technological advances in the field like VMAT, flattening filter free beams, and 4D
Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) delivers radiation to only the portion of the breast at highest risk of recurrence rather than the whole breast. This allows radiation to be delivered in a significantly shortened period. Several techniques for APBI exist including brachytherapy using catheters implanted in the breast, balloon brachytherapy, and external beam radiotherapy. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating outcomes and toxicities of APBI compared to whole breast irradiation in appropriately selected patients with early-stage breast cancer.
Role of Post-op Radiotherapy in Head and Neck CancersAshutosh Mukherji
This document discusses the role of adjuvant radiation therapy in head and neck cancers. It begins by outlining the use of radical and palliative treatment for stage III and IV diseases. It then reviews several landmark studies that established the benefits of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) over surgery alone in improving local control and survival. Key factors that determine the need for adjuvant therapy like extracapsular extension, positive margins, and T3/T4 stage are discussed. The document also addresses optimal radiation dose, timing, use of concurrent chemotherapy and altered fractionation schedules based on evidence from clinical trials. While targeted therapies in the adjuvant setting have not proven beneficial so far, ongoing studies are exploring their potential role.
The document discusses various radiation fractionation schedules used in cancer treatment. It begins with an overview of conventional fractionation, which divides the total radiation dose into smaller daily doses to allow healthy cells to repair sublethal damage between fractions. It then explores the radiobiological rationale of the 5 R's of fractionation - repair, redistribution, reoxygenation, repopulation, and radiosensitivity. The document discusses various altered fractionation schedules including hyperfractionation, accelerated fractionation, split-course, and hypofractionation, explaining how each schedule aims to improve the therapeutic ratio for cancer patients.
The document discusses craniospinal irradiation (CSI), which delivers radiation to the entire cranial-spinal axis to treat intracranial tumors. It was pioneered in the 1950s and is commonly used to treat tumors that may spread through the cerebrospinal fluid such as medulloblastoma. The document outlines the techniques, challenges, indications, and evolving approaches for CSI such as reduced dose protocols and hyperfractionated regimens. It discusses topics like patient positioning, target volumes, critical structures, field arrangements, and the use of newer technologies like virtual simulation.
This document discusses external beam radiation therapy techniques for prostate cancer, including 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT and IGRT. It provides details on target volume and organ at risk delineation, dose constraints, fractionation schemes and advantages/disadvantages of different techniques. IMRT allows safer dose escalation beyond 72Gy but requires longer treatment time. IGRT with implanted fiducial markers helps track prostate position and reduces setup errors. Hypofractionated IMRT/SBRT regimens are emerging treatment options.
This document discusses the treatment of lung cancer with radiation. Stage I-II lung cancers are typically treated with surgery and sometimes post-operative chemotherapy or radiation. Stage III cancers usually receive chemotherapy and radiation, sometimes followed by surgery. Stage IV cancers are treated with chemotherapy or radiation. Advanced techniques like CT-guided planning, adaptive radiotherapy using daily CT images, and stereotactic body radiation therapy can help target radiation doses precisely to tumors while minimizing exposure to healthy lung tissue. Radiation is generally well-tolerated but can cause short-term effects like cough and long-term effects like fibrosis. Careful treatment planning aims to limit radiation doses to normal lungs.
Dose to the Dysphagia/Aspiration-Related Structures (DARS) is critical to ensure proper swallowing functions to the patients after IMRT to the head and neck region
Radiation therapy is an important treatment for esophageal cancer. It can be used preoperatively to downstage tumors and improve resection rates, definitively for inoperable locally advanced cancers, or palliatively to relieve symptoms like difficulty swallowing. The document discusses optimal radiation targets, doses, and limits to nearby organs. Combined modality approaches using chemotherapy with radiation have significantly improved survival compared to radiation alone.
This document provides contouring and treatment planning guidelines for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It discusses indications, contraindications, simulation, target volume delineation, organ at risk contouring, dose prescription, and plan evaluation for SBRT treatment of lung, spine, liver, and other cancers. Key considerations include ensuring accurate tumor targeting given organ motion, minimizing dose to nearby organs at risk, and prescribing ablative doses in a small number of fractions to achieve tumor control.
The combined use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is a logical and reasonable approach that has already proven beneficial for several malignancies.
Early stage colorectal cancer is treated with surgery, while more advanced stages receive surgery plus chemotherapy or radiation and chemotherapy. Metastatic or recurrent disease is treated with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and sometimes radiation or surgery. Radiation is commonly used to treat rectal cancer before or after surgery to reduce the risk of local recurrence. It can safely expand the surgical resection area and increase the chance of sphincter preservation. Radiation techniques use imaging like CT and PET scans to precisely target the radiation dose to areas at risk while minimizing side effects. Radiation can also effectively palliate symptoms from recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer.
Management of carcinoma nasopharynx presents many challenges:
1) Detection is difficult due to its deep, silent location and treatment is challenging due to proximity to critical structures.
2) Radiotherapy alone was historically used but results in 5-year OS of only 35-50%.
3) The current standard of care is chemoradiotherapy which provides excellent tumor control and improves outcomes over radiotherapy alone, with 5-year OS of 70-80% for early stages and 50% for advanced stages.
Radiotherapy and Cetuximab in head and neck cancer.pptxNamrata Das
1. The document discusses several trials evaluating the addition of cetuximab, an EGFR inhibitor, to radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
2. The landmark Bonner trial showed improved locoregional control and overall survival when cetuximab was added to radiotherapy alone.
3. Subsequent trials like RTOG 0522 and TREMPLIN found no additional benefit when cetuximab was added to chemoradiotherapy, with increased toxicity.
4. For HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, trials like RTOG 1016, De-ESCALATE and TROG 12.01 found replacement
This seminar is presented as a part of weekly journal club and seminar presented in Apollo Hospital,Kolkata Department of Radiation Oncology.This seminar is moderated by Dr Tanweer Shahid.
Principles of radiotherapy in gastric carcinomaAnil Gupta
This document discusses principles of radiotherapy for gastric carcinoma. It summarizes that post-operative radiotherapy can reduce local recurrence rates after surgery for gastric cancer, although no survival benefit has been proven. Newer radiation techniques like IMRT and VMAT may further reduce doses to organs-at-risk compared to 3D conformal radiotherapy. Pre-operative radiotherapy can also improve resectability in some inoperable cases.
This document discusses reirradiation in recurrent head and neck cancer. It notes that radiation therapy plays a central role in head and neck cancer treatment but recurrence still occurs in 20-35% of patients. Reirradiation presents challenges due to prior radiation exposure and damage to normal tissues. The document discusses treatment options, appropriate patient selection, techniques like IMRT to minimize dose to organs at risk, optimal timing and dosing of reirradiation, and management of toxicities.
Evolving Role of Radiation Therapy in Hodgkins DiseaseSantam Chakraborty
1) Recent advances in radiation therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma include reducing radiation volumes and doses based on clinical trials.
2) For early stage favorable Hodgkin's lymphoma, the standard is 2 cycles of ABVD chemotherapy followed by 20Gy involved field radiation.
3) For early stage unfavorable or poor prognosis disease, 4 cycles of ABVD plus 30Gy involved field radiation is standard based on clinical trials.
1) Preoperative chemoradiotherapy improves local control rates and tumor downstaging for rectal cancer compared to postoperative chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone.
2) The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy, whether in the preoperative or postoperative setting, improves local control and disease-free survival compared to radiotherapy alone.
3) For patients who achieve a clinical complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy, observation without surgery may be feasible, with local recurrence rates of approximately 30% that can often be successfully salvaged.
This document provides guidance on contouring for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) radiation treatment planning. It discusses the anatomy and patterns of spread of NPC, as well as staging. It describes how to delineate the primary gross tumor volume (GTVp), clinical target volumes (CTVs) including high-risk (CTVp1) and intermediate-risk (CTVp2) volumes. It also covers nodal CTV delineation (CTVn1, CTVn2, CTVn3) and discusses lymph node levels and risk of spread. Margins around critical organs and intracranial extension guidelines are also summarized. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of target volume delineation for NPC
This document discusses the history and techniques of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It begins by outlining the early development of SRS by Lars Leksell in the 1950s. It then defines key terms like SRS, SBRT, and fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. The document goes on to discuss the rationale and advantages of SRS/SBRT, including its ability to deliver high radiation doses with steep dose gradients using multiple beams and image guidance. It also covers topics like tumor oxygenation, cell kill mechanisms, and recent technological advances in the field like VMAT, flattening filter free beams, and 4D
Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) delivers radiation to only the portion of the breast at highest risk of recurrence rather than the whole breast. This allows radiation to be delivered in a significantly shortened period. Several techniques for APBI exist including brachytherapy using catheters implanted in the breast, balloon brachytherapy, and external beam radiotherapy. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating outcomes and toxicities of APBI compared to whole breast irradiation in appropriately selected patients with early-stage breast cancer.
Role of Post-op Radiotherapy in Head and Neck CancersAshutosh Mukherji
This document discusses the role of adjuvant radiation therapy in head and neck cancers. It begins by outlining the use of radical and palliative treatment for stage III and IV diseases. It then reviews several landmark studies that established the benefits of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) over surgery alone in improving local control and survival. Key factors that determine the need for adjuvant therapy like extracapsular extension, positive margins, and T3/T4 stage are discussed. The document also addresses optimal radiation dose, timing, use of concurrent chemotherapy and altered fractionation schedules based on evidence from clinical trials. While targeted therapies in the adjuvant setting have not proven beneficial so far, ongoing studies are exploring their potential role.
The document discusses various radiation fractionation schedules used in cancer treatment. It begins with an overview of conventional fractionation, which divides the total radiation dose into smaller daily doses to allow healthy cells to repair sublethal damage between fractions. It then explores the radiobiological rationale of the 5 R's of fractionation - repair, redistribution, reoxygenation, repopulation, and radiosensitivity. The document discusses various altered fractionation schedules including hyperfractionation, accelerated fractionation, split-course, and hypofractionation, explaining how each schedule aims to improve the therapeutic ratio for cancer patients.
The document discusses craniospinal irradiation (CSI), which delivers radiation to the entire cranial-spinal axis to treat intracranial tumors. It was pioneered in the 1950s and is commonly used to treat tumors that may spread through the cerebrospinal fluid such as medulloblastoma. The document outlines the techniques, challenges, indications, and evolving approaches for CSI such as reduced dose protocols and hyperfractionated regimens. It discusses topics like patient positioning, target volumes, critical structures, field arrangements, and the use of newer technologies like virtual simulation.
This document discusses external beam radiation therapy techniques for prostate cancer, including 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT and IGRT. It provides details on target volume and organ at risk delineation, dose constraints, fractionation schemes and advantages/disadvantages of different techniques. IMRT allows safer dose escalation beyond 72Gy but requires longer treatment time. IGRT with implanted fiducial markers helps track prostate position and reduces setup errors. Hypofractionated IMRT/SBRT regimens are emerging treatment options.
This document discusses the treatment of lung cancer with radiation. Stage I-II lung cancers are typically treated with surgery and sometimes post-operative chemotherapy or radiation. Stage III cancers usually receive chemotherapy and radiation, sometimes followed by surgery. Stage IV cancers are treated with chemotherapy or radiation. Advanced techniques like CT-guided planning, adaptive radiotherapy using daily CT images, and stereotactic body radiation therapy can help target radiation doses precisely to tumors while minimizing exposure to healthy lung tissue. Radiation is generally well-tolerated but can cause short-term effects like cough and long-term effects like fibrosis. Careful treatment planning aims to limit radiation doses to normal lungs.
Dose to the Dysphagia/Aspiration-Related Structures (DARS) is critical to ensure proper swallowing functions to the patients after IMRT to the head and neck region
Radiation therapy is an important treatment for esophageal cancer. It can be used preoperatively to downstage tumors and improve resection rates, definitively for inoperable locally advanced cancers, or palliatively to relieve symptoms like difficulty swallowing. The document discusses optimal radiation targets, doses, and limits to nearby organs. Combined modality approaches using chemotherapy with radiation have significantly improved survival compared to radiation alone.
This document provides contouring and treatment planning guidelines for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It discusses indications, contraindications, simulation, target volume delineation, organ at risk contouring, dose prescription, and plan evaluation for SBRT treatment of lung, spine, liver, and other cancers. Key considerations include ensuring accurate tumor targeting given organ motion, minimizing dose to nearby organs at risk, and prescribing ablative doses in a small number of fractions to achieve tumor control.
The combined use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is a logical and reasonable approach that has already proven beneficial for several malignancies.
Early stage colorectal cancer is treated with surgery, while more advanced stages receive surgery plus chemotherapy or radiation and chemotherapy. Metastatic or recurrent disease is treated with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and sometimes radiation or surgery. Radiation is commonly used to treat rectal cancer before or after surgery to reduce the risk of local recurrence. It can safely expand the surgical resection area and increase the chance of sphincter preservation. Radiation techniques use imaging like CT and PET scans to precisely target the radiation dose to areas at risk while minimizing side effects. Radiation can also effectively palliate symptoms from recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer.
Management of carcinoma nasopharynx presents many challenges:
1) Detection is difficult due to its deep, silent location and treatment is challenging due to proximity to critical structures.
2) Radiotherapy alone was historically used but results in 5-year OS of only 35-50%.
3) The current standard of care is chemoradiotherapy which provides excellent tumor control and improves outcomes over radiotherapy alone, with 5-year OS of 70-80% for early stages and 50% for advanced stages.
Radiotherapy and Cetuximab in head and neck cancer.pptxNamrata Das
1. The document discusses several trials evaluating the addition of cetuximab, an EGFR inhibitor, to radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
2. The landmark Bonner trial showed improved locoregional control and overall survival when cetuximab was added to radiotherapy alone.
3. Subsequent trials like RTOG 0522 and TREMPLIN found no additional benefit when cetuximab was added to chemoradiotherapy, with increased toxicity.
4. For HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, trials like RTOG 1016, De-ESCALATE and TROG 12.01 found replacement
This seminar is presented as a part of weekly journal club and seminar presented in Apollo Hospital,Kolkata Department of Radiation Oncology.This seminar is moderated by Dr Tanweer Shahid.
Principles of radiotherapy in gastric carcinomaAnil Gupta
This document discusses principles of radiotherapy for gastric carcinoma. It summarizes that post-operative radiotherapy can reduce local recurrence rates after surgery for gastric cancer, although no survival benefit has been proven. Newer radiation techniques like IMRT and VMAT may further reduce doses to organs-at-risk compared to 3D conformal radiotherapy. Pre-operative radiotherapy can also improve resectability in some inoperable cases.
This document discusses reirradiation in recurrent head and neck cancer. It notes that radiation therapy plays a central role in head and neck cancer treatment but recurrence still occurs in 20-35% of patients. Reirradiation presents challenges due to prior radiation exposure and damage to normal tissues. The document discusses treatment options, appropriate patient selection, techniques like IMRT to minimize dose to organs at risk, optimal timing and dosing of reirradiation, and management of toxicities.
Evolving Role of Radiation Therapy in Hodgkins DiseaseSantam Chakraborty
1) Recent advances in radiation therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma include reducing radiation volumes and doses based on clinical trials.
2) For early stage favorable Hodgkin's lymphoma, the standard is 2 cycles of ABVD chemotherapy followed by 20Gy involved field radiation.
3) For early stage unfavorable or poor prognosis disease, 4 cycles of ABVD plus 30Gy involved field radiation is standard based on clinical trials.
Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent ct rt versus ct-rt in advanced ...Santam Chakraborty
Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation (CT-RT) has been studied as an alternative to primary CT-RT for locally advanced head and neck cancers. Meta-analyses have found induction chemotherapy provides no survival benefit compared to primary CT-RT and is associated with increased toxicity. Recent large randomized trials could not demonstrate an improvement with induction chemotherapy due to inadequate accrual and poor compliance with subsequent CT-RT. While induction chemotherapy may improve organ preservation or outcomes for select subgroups like HPV-negative cancers, current evidence indicates primary CT-RT remains the standard of care for most patients.
A presentation meant for non-statisticians on statistics and general statistical analysis. Basically provides a short overview of the processes involved in data collection, storage, hypothesis generation and statistical analysis. It does not deal with bayesian statistics. Presented at PRODVANCE 2016 Ahmedabad
This document discusses the evolution of radiation therapy from its discovery in the late 19th century to modern techniques. It traces developments such as the discovery of x-rays and radioactivity, early radium and x-ray therapies, and the introduction of cobalt-60 and linear accelerators to improve targeting ability. Modern advances discussed include intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), proton beam therapy, and radiosurgery techniques like Gamma Knife and Cyberknife which allow extremely precise high dose radiation treatments.
LDR and HDR Brachytherapy: A Primer for non radiation oncologistsSantam Chakraborty
A small presentation I made for a 30 minutes class comparing and contrasting LDR and HDR brachytherapy. Good for a person with non radiation oncology background to grasp the basics.
Radiation comes in many forms, both natural and man-made. While some types like ionizing radiation can be harmful if exposed in high doses over long periods, radiation is also all around us in everyday life from sources like wifi, microwaves, visible light, and more. The document discusses the different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, and their varying abilities to penetrate materials. Overall, radiation is a natural phenomenon and in moderation the risks are quite low compared to other common causes of death.
Chemotherapy can be used to treat hormone-resistant prostate cancer (HRPC) to help palliate symptoms and provide a survival benefit. Docetaxel plus prednisone was established as the standard first-line treatment based on results from the TAX 327 trial showing a median overall survival of around 18 months. Several prognostic factors can help predict survival outcomes on chemotherapy. For patients who progress after first-line docetaxel treatment, metronomic cyclophosphamide with prednisone shows promise as a well-tolerated second-line option based on early clinical trials. Ongoing research continues to evaluate new agents for first- and second-line HRPC.
Final presentation: Gammaknife vs. Cyberknife SurgerySimren Smith
Both the GammaKnife and CyberKnife are robotic radiosurgery machines that provide painless, non-surgical treatment for benign or malignant tumors. The GammaKnife was developed in 1968 and is used to treat tumors in the brain, while the CyberKnife, developed in 1994, can treat tumors anywhere in the body without immobilizing frames. Both procedures involve delivering high doses of radiation with minimal side effects and allow patients to resume daily activities shortly after treatment.
Radioactive ablation in thyriod cancersDR Saqib Shah
This document discusses radioactive iodine ablation in thyroid cancers. It provides background on the discovery of thyroid cancer, epidemiology showing it is the most common endocrine malignancy. It reviews the classification, causes, risk factors, evaluation and guidelines for treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers. It discusses the use, goals, effectiveness and factors impacting decision making for radioactive iodine remnant ablation after surgery. It also covers administration, patient preparation, dosimetry approaches and uptake differences between cancer and normal thyroid tissue.
This document discusses treatment options for head and neck cancer including radiation therapy. It notes that treatment decisions should be made by a multidisciplinary team including surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and support staff. For early stage cancer, options are surgery or radiation alone, while more advanced cancers may receive chemo-radiation or surgery plus radiation and chemotherapy. Radiation uses CT and PET imaging to precisely target the tumor and spare normal tissues. Short term side effects include skin irritation, mouth sores, and difficulty swallowing. Long term side effects can include permanent dry mouth and dental problems. The document provides images showing results of treatment and side effects over time.
An introduction on how to go about a meta-analysis. Primarily designed for people with non statistical background. Heavily borrows from Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions.
1. Radiotherapy for head and neck cancer can cause both acute and late side effects in the oropharynx, including persistent xerostomia, mucositis, dysphagia, and osteoradionecrosis.
2. Both mucositis and xerostomia are common acute toxicities of radiotherapy and can be severe, leading to pain, difficulty swallowing, nutritional problems, and treatment interruptions.
3. Late side effects of radiotherapy also include skin effects like hyperpigmentation, thinning, and telangiectasia, as well as the risk of rampant dental disease from long-term xerostomia.
This document provides a historical overview of ionizing radiation and its use in cancer treatment from 1895 to the present. Some key events and discoveries discussed include Röntgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895, the early therapeutic uses of radiation in the late 1890s, discoveries of radioactivity and radiation types in the early 1900s, advances in radiation delivery technologies throughout the 20th century including linear accelerators and CT imaging, and the development of concepts in radiobiology from the 1900s-1970s that improved the safety and efficacy of radiation therapy. The document also recognizes the contributions and sacrifices of radiation workers throughout history who advanced the field of radiation oncology but lost their lives from overexposure before safety standards were established.
This document summarizes complications that can arise from radiation therapy, including acute and late effects. Acute complications include mucositis, skin reactions, and infection. Late complications discussed include xerostomia, radiation caries, trismus, radiation-induced malignancies, and osteoradionecrosis. Risk factors for osteoradionecrosis include radiation dose, use of brachytherapy, time since radiation, and dental extractions post-radiation. Management of osteoradionecrosis may include the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, though its efficacy remains unclear due to limited high-quality studies.
This document discusses stereotactic radiotherapy and radiosurgery. It begins by explaining that stereotactic radiotherapy precisely delivers radiation doses to defined tumor volumes, sparing surrounding normal tissues, using an external coordinate system attached to the patient. Stereotactic radiotherapy involves fractionated doses while radiosurgery delivers a high single dose. Imaging is used to delineate the target and organs at risk. Treatment planning software is then used to plan radiation techniques delivering a steep dose gradient. Quality assurance protocols ensure precise dose delivery. Indications, advantages, and limitations of stereotactic radiotherapy and radiosurgery are provided. The document concludes by discussing advances and other modalities like proton radiosurgery.
Evolution of gynaecological brachytherapyRitam Joarder
This document provides a historical overview of brachytherapy and the evolution of radiation sources used. It discusses some of the early discoveries in x-rays and radioactivity in the 1890s. It then describes some of the early uses of radium to treat skin lesions and cervical cancer in the early 1900s. The document outlines several early brachytherapy systems developed between 1913-1953, including the Stockholm, Paris, Manchester, and Paterson-Parker systems. It also discusses the introduction of the Quimby system using radium needles. The document notes the evolution of brachytherapy sources over time from radium to cesium-137 to iridium-192 to improve dosimetry, specific activity,
This document summarizes key landmark clinical trials in breast cancer. It discusses trials related to prevention using tamoxifen and raloxifene, radiation therapy trials for DCIS and early stage breast cancer, breast-conserving therapy including accelerated whole-breast irradiation, neoadjuvant chemotherapy trials, and HER2 targeted neoadjuvant therapy trials. The trials demonstrated the effectiveness of tamoxifen and radiation therapy in breast cancer prevention and treatment, and showed that hypofractionated radiation regimens and partial breast irradiation are not inferior to standard radiation protocols. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was found to increase breast-conserving surgery rates and pathologic complete response rates. Dual HER2 blockade neoadjuvant regim
Management of Lung Cancer
By Dr Parneet Singh
1. Lung cancer is most commonly diagnosed at late stages. NSCLC stages at presentation range from 10% at stage I to 40% at stage IV.
2. Prognostic factors include patient performance status, weight loss, age, pulmonary function tests, tumor stage and molecular markers, completeness of resection, addition of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
3. Treatment depends on stage - surgery or SBRT for stage I-II, chemotherapy and radiotherapy for stage III, chemotherapy and radiotherapy for consolidation or palliation in stage IV. Surgery provides the best chance for cure in early stages.
1605 Salvage reRT for local recurrence of nasopharynx cancerYong Chan Ahn
This document summarizes salvage radiotherapy approaches for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer. It reviews outcomes from 2D/3D radiotherapy era showing unsatisfactory results. IMRT era studies showed improved local control and survival, especially for early T stages. Proton therapy studies demonstrated favorable dosimetry with lower normal tissue doses and less toxicity compared to photon therapies. Overall, IMRT remains the standard approach but particle therapies like proton therapy may further improve therapeutic ratio for recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer.
This document provides information on a case presentation of anal squamous cell carcinoma, including staging, diagnostic workup, management, prognostic factors, and follow up. Key points include:
- The mean age of diagnosis is 62 years and most common symptom is rectal bleeding. Imaging includes CT, MRI, and PET scans to stage disease.
- Treatment depends on disease stage but typically involves chemoradiation with concurrent 5-FU and mitomycin C or cisplatin. Several trials have shown improved outcomes with chemoradiation compared to radiation alone.
- Follow up involves examination and imaging to monitor for recurrence or metastasis. Prognostic factors include tumor size, response to initial treatment, and presence of late
This document summarizes the results of a study on the five-year outcomes of concurrent chemoradiation therapy for locally advanced cervical cancer in Saudi women. The study found that concurrent chemoradiation resulted in 84.2% locoregional control, 78.5% distant metastasis control, and 64.5% overall survival at five years. Acute toxicity was moderate. Prognostic factors like age, comorbidities, FIGO stage, and nodal disease were also analyzed. The results were consistent with international data and support a multidisciplinary approach and use of concurrent chemoradiation as the standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia.
While T4 stage, fewer than 12 lymph nodes, and absence of MMR-D are factors considered in deciding adjuvant chemotherapy for Stage II CRC, they are not definitive standards. Currently, there are no established molecular markers that clearly identify patients with high or low risk of recurrence or benefit from chemotherapy for Stage II colon cancer. Researchers are working to develop improved algorithms incorporating clinical, pathological, and emerging molecular markers to better guide treatment decisions.
The document discusses head and neck cancer, focusing on individualizing treatment. It notes that head and neck cancer incidence is increasing, with some caused by HPV. EGFR is a molecular target in these cancers. Studies combining EGFR inhibitors like cetuximab with chemoradiation in locally advanced disease showed increased toxicity but uncertain efficacy benefits. Biomarker-selected treatment de-intensification may be appropriate for HPV-positive cancers.
T4 Larynx cancer can be treated with ChemoradiotherapyAjeet Gandhi
Traditionally, T4 larynx cancers are recommended to undergo surgery as the primary modality of treatment. However, a select group of patients may be treated with CTRT
CyberKnife: A New Option In the Treatment of Lung CancerKue Lee
This document summarizes the development and use of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It discusses how conventional radiation therapy had poor outcomes, but SBRT allows higher, more effective radiation doses to be delivered safely. Phase II data showed SBRT achieved high local control and 3-year survival rates for inoperable early stage NSCLC. Emerging data also suggests SBRT may be comparable to surgery for operable NSCLC, though more research is still needed to determine the optimal treatment approach. Overall, SBRT has significantly improved outcomes for early stage NSCLC compared to previous radiation techniques.
This document discusses the management of oropharyngeal carcinoma. It provides details on workup, staging, outcomes based on HPV status, and treatment approaches including radiotherapy techniques and trials investigating de-escalated treatment approaches. Key points covered include that concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin is the standard of care for locally advanced disease but de-escalation is being investigated, and treatment for early stage p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer can often be radiotherapy alone with excellent outcomes.
2021 lung presentation pro or contra moscouGeorgesNOEL3
1) For operable stage III NSCLC patients with resectable tumors, preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery may improve survival outcomes compared to surgery or chemoradiotherapy alone.
2) For stage III NSCLC patients with N2 nodal involvement who have undergone complete resection, postoperative radiotherapy does not provide a survival benefit and can increase toxicity.
3) For unresectable locally advanced stage III NSCLC patients, concurrent chemoradiotherapy improves survival compared to radiotherapy alone and should be the standard of care. Adding consolidation immunotherapy after chemoradiotherapy may provide additional benefits.
This document summarizes the management of cancer of the oropharynx. It discusses TNM staging, histological grading, management goals for early versus locally advanced disease, and various treatment modalities including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and their roles. For early stage disease, single modality treatment with radiotherapy or surgery is usually sufficient based on tumor size and location. For locally advanced disease, concurrent chemoradiotherapy is preferred. The document reviews evidence from various trials supporting the use of altered fractionation radiotherapy schedules, postoperative chemoradiotherapy for high-risk features, and induction or concurrent chemotherapy with radiotherapy.
MANAGEMENT OF EARLY STAGE NON SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMAIsha Jaiswal
1. The document discusses management guidelines for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including treatment options for operable versus inoperable patients such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
2. Key findings from studies on lymphadenectomy, sublobar resection versus lobectomy, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) versus open surgery are summarized, finding no clear survival benefits to more extensive procedures in early stage disease.
3. The roles of postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy are examined based on clinical trials, with chemoradiation found potentially beneficial in stage III disease but not stage I/II, and cisplatin-based chemotherapy improving survival in stage II/III
Evaluation and management of Stage III Non-Small Cell Carcinoma Lung including Radiotherapy planning. On a Radiation Oncologist Perspective. MD Radiotherapy discussion - CMC, Vellore
This document discusses the changing landscape and treatment of lymphomas with a focus on the role of radiotherapy. Some key points:
- Non-Hodgkin lymphomas present many challenges due to their diversity and changing outcomes over time. Radiotherapy is an effective local therapy for tumor control and can cure localized disease.
- For stage I/II follicular lymphoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, radiotherapy alone provides excellent long-term local control and survival.
- For localized diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, combined modality treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy improves outcomes. Ongoing studies are evaluating the role of radiotherapy in the rituximab era.
This document provides an overview of the management of gliomas. It discusses the general management and specific management of low grade and high grade gliomas.
For low grade gliomas, the main treatment options are observation, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Surgery aims for maximal safe resection followed by radiation therapy. Chemotherapy with PCV may provide a survival benefit for high risk patients based on one trial, but requires further study.
For high grade gliomas, prognostic factors like age, performance status, extent of resection, and molecular markers are discussed. Treatment involves maximal safe surgery followed by concurrent chemoradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide, which has become the standard of care based on clinical trials
The document summarizes recent developments in the treatment of rectal cancer. It notes that standard therapy involving total mesorectal excision and chemoradiation leads to permanent ostomy in 25% of patients and late toxicity. New studies are exploring non-operative management for patients who achieve a clinical complete response after neoadjuvant therapy, with similar survival outcomes but higher rectal preservation rates compared to surgery. Biomarkers such as dMMR status and neuroendocrine histology may help personalize treatment approaches for rectal cancer patients.
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on recent cancer research:
1. Several studies presented findings on improving outcomes for prostate cancer, glioblastoma, rectal cancer, and other cancers through optimized use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
2. One study found long-term androgen deprivation therapy improved outcomes more than short-term therapy for prostate cancer. Another found radiation improved survival for node-positive prostate cancer.
3. For glioblastoma, a study identified molecular subgroups with more favorable prognosis, while another found improved outcomes with dose-escalated radiation and temozolomide.
4. For rectal cancer, studies explored organ-sparing approaches and found hypofraction
postmastectomy radiotherapy after neo adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancerBharti Devnani
This document summarizes a journal club discussion on postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) in the context of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). It discusses evidence from retrospective studies that PMRT improves outcomes for patients with stage III disease, residual nodal disease after NACT, or other high-risk features. While PMRT may not benefit all node-negative patients, its role in specific subgroups like triple-negative or young patients requires further study. Ongoing trials aim to clarify the benefits of PMRT for patients with a complete pathological response or early-stage disease after NACT. Prospective data are still needed regarding personalized treatment decisions incorporating both clinical and pathological risk factors.
Similar to Concurrent Chemoradiation in Postoperative Setting In LAHNC. A comparision of the EORTC and RTOG trials. (20)
1. Sample size calculation is an important part of ethical scientific research to avoid underpowered studies.
2. There are different approaches to sample size calculation depending on the study design and endpoints, such as comparing proportions, estimating confidence intervals, or analyzing time to event outcomes.
3. Key steps include defining the research hypothesis, primary and secondary endpoints, how and in whom the endpoints will be measured, and determining what difference is clinically meaningful to detect between study groups.
A short overview of Image Guided Radiotherapy process in Lung Cancer presented at TMC Kolkata circa 2016. Basic principles and concepts as well as examples are outlined.
This document provides instructions for using an online forum called Isocentre to get help or discuss topics. It outlines 10 steps to create a new discussion thread including providing a title, summary, and details of the issue or topic. It also explains how to reply to existing threads and ways to get updates whenever new replies are posted through email notifications or RSS feeds.
This document provides instructions for using an online forum called Isocentre to get help or discuss topics. It outlines 10 steps: 1) log in, 2) go to the Forum section, 3) choose an appropriate category, 4) create a new thread by clicking a button, 5) add a title, 6) short summary, 7) details using a discussion format, 8) post the thread, 9) reply to existing threads, and 10) post replies. It also describes two ways to get updates: email notifications or RSS feeds.
This document provides instructions for editing pages within the sitegroups section of the Isocentre website. It outlines 10 steps for editing a page, including logging in, selecting the sitegroup and page to edit, making changes to content and title, previewing changes, saving updates along with a summary of edits, and modifying page tags.
1. Log into Isocentre and select the desired sitegroup.
2. Click the create page button and enter a page name and title.
3. Type the page content and format text using buttons.
4. Preview the page before saving changes.
The document discusses helical tomotherapy, a form of radiation therapy that uses a rotating x-ray beam. It summarizes a study of 150 patients treated with tomotherapy between 2006-2007 for reasons such as complex tumor geometry or need for image guidance. Setup corrections were often needed based on pretreatment MV CT scans. Treatment times were typically under 25 minutes with minimal increases over time. Tomotherapy allows conformal dose distributions and image-guided radiation for difficult cases near critical organs.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
Beam directed radiotherapy aims to deliver a homogenous tumor dose while minimizing radiation to normal tissues. It involves careful patient positioning, immobilization, tumor localization, field selection, dose calculations, and verification. Key steps include using positioning aids and molds to reproducibly position the patient, imaging such as CT to delineate the tumor volume, contouring to define external body outlines, and dose calculations and verification to ensure accurate delivery.
The document summarizes the interaction of radiation with matter. It discusses the different types of electromagnetic and particulate radiation. It then describes the four main processes radiation can undergo when interacting with matter - attenuation, absorption, scattering, and transmission. It provides details on the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and pair production - the three primary physical interactions responsible for photon attenuation in matter.
Beam modification devices are used in radiotherapy to modify the spatial distribution of radiation within the patient. The main types of beam modification are shielding to eliminate dose to some areas, compensation to allow for irregular surfaces and tissues, wedge filtration to modify isodose curves, and flattening filters to modify the natural beam profile. Beam modification devices can alter the dose distribution due to effects of primary radiation attenuation and scattering. Common beam modification devices include shielding blocks, compensators, wedges, and multileaf collimators.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in deep learning. While progress has been made, fully general artificial intelligence that can match or exceed human levels of intelligence remains an ongoing challenge that researchers continue working to achieve.
Bibus is a bibliography manager software that allows users to store article information and integrate with word processors for easy citation formatting. It provides predefined citation styles that can be selected or new styles can be imported. The document outlines the steps to open Bibus, view available styles, and import a new style from the local file system to customize the citation format.
This document summarizes hormonal treatment for breast cancer, including the history and mechanisms of various endocrine therapies. It discusses the timeline of developments in hormonal therapies from the late 19th century to present, covering areas like surgical oophorectomy, tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and more. Key findings and mechanisms of different therapies like tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and fulvestrant are summarized. The optimal use and duration of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy is discussed based on various clinical trials. The relationship between tamoxifen benefit and estrogen/progesterone receptor status is also covered.
The document discusses the history and evolution of chemotherapy in Hodgkin's lymphoma. It describes how early single-agent chemotherapy showed limited efficacy and tolerability. The development of MOPP chemotherapy in the 1970s, using multiple non-overlapping agents, improved response rates and long-term survival to over 50%. Subsequent refinements introduced additional regimens like COPP, ABVD and others to reduce toxicity while maintaining efficacy.
Gastrointestinal lymphomas are the most common form of primary extra nodal lymphomas, accounting for 1-4% of all gastrointestinal tumors. They are mostly non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. MALT lymphomas have a strong association with H. pylori infection and can often be cured with H. pylori eradication therapy alone through regression of the lymphoma. Treatment of MALT lymphomas focuses on H. pylori eradication, while diffuse large B-cell lymphomas may require radiotherapy in addition to address widespread disease.
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors in children. They arise in the cerebellum and can spread through the CSF pathways. Complete surgical resection followed by craniospinal irradiation is the main treatment approach. CSI provides improved local and systemic tumor control compared to other radiation techniques based on early studies. Medulloblastomas are highly radiosensitive tumors, making radiation an important part of management, though younger patients and those with residual disease or metastasis have poorer outcomes.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Concurrent Chemoradiation in Postoperative Setting In LAHNC. A comparision of the EORTC and RTOG trials.
1. Long-term Follow-up of the RTOG
9501/Intergroup Phase III Trial: Postoperative
Concurrent Radiation Therapy and
Chemotherapy in High-Risk Squamous Cell
Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
2. Introduction
● In the 1990s two randomized clinical trials
were conducted looking at the role of
concurrent chemoradiation after surgery in
LAHNCC
– RTOG 9501 (Blue)
– EORTC 22931 (Yellow)
● Publications discusses results at long term
FU.
3. Inclusion Criteria (RTOG / EORTC)
● High Risk LAHNSCC
– ≥ 2 Involved Nodes
– ECE
– Positive mucosal
margin
* No stage as inclusion /
exclusion criteria
● T3 – T4 with any N (except
T3N0 Larynx)
● T1-2 with N2-3
● T1-2 with N0-1 with high risk
features:
– ECE
– PNI
– LVE
– Positive Margins
– Level IV-V involement in oral
cavity / oropharyngeal cancers
6. Radiotherapy & Chemotherapy
● Time: Within 56 days
● Dose : 60 Gy in 30 #
● Optional Boost : 6 Gy
●
CDDP 100 mg/m2
D1, D22, D43
● Time : ?
● Dose:
– Ph I: 54 Gy in 27 #
– Ph II: 12 Gy in 6 #
(Boost to areas with high
risk of tumor
dissemination / close
margins)
●
CDDP : 100 mg/m2
D1,
D22 and D43
7. Trial Design
● Control Arm : 2 year
LC 38%
● Absolute
Improvement of 15%
● Total No: 438
(assuming 10%
attrition)
● Control Arm : 3 year
PFS 40%
● Absolute
Improvement of 15%
● Total No: 338
8. Study Endpoints
● Locoregional Control
(1º) – LF / RF or
both.
● DFS
● OS
● Adverse Effects
● PFS (1º) – Any type of
progression or death.
● OS
● Local/Regional Failure
● Distant Metastasis
● 2nd Cancers
● Adverse Events
18. Combined EORTC/RTOG Analysis
● Points of difference (RTOG vs EORTC):
– More oropharyngeal cancers
– Less hypopharyngeal cancers
– More number N2-N3 disease
– More number PD tumors
– However only 59% of patients had ECE &/or +ve
margins as compared to 70% in EORTC !!
19. Combined EORTC/RTOG Analysis
Implication : Number of nodes involved and T stage as well as level of node
involved are not important predictive factors that result in benefit from CRT.
20. New RTOG Analysis
● In ECE / +ve Margins RT alone resulted in :
– 10 Year LRR increased from 21% to 31%
– 10 year DFS decreased from 18% to 12%
– 10 year OS decreased from 27% to 19%
● These differences were not seen when ECE &
or +ve margins were absent.
● No significant differences by the number of
nodes involved.
23. Late Toxicity
● Grade 3 – 5 late
toxicity developed in
25% CRT vs 20% RT
patients
● Grade IV toxicity:
7.3% for CRT vs
3.7% for RT
●
24. Conclusions
● Longer term followup has blunted the benefits
that CRT provides above RT
– However benefit in DFS / LRC in ECE/+ve
margins persist
● Late toxicity increased
– However with time increased incidence not seen
● CRT did not appear to benefit in multiple
nodes.