The document provides information on conjugating regular and irregular verbs in the Spanish present tense. It explains how to conjugate -ar, -er, -ir verbs by removing the ending and adding new endings. It also covers stem-changing and spelling change verbs in the present tense like querer, contar, dormir, and pedir. Special irregular verbs like ser, ir, and tener are also discussed.

1. PRESENT TENSE Indicative Mood

2. Regular –AR Verbs Take the –AR off and add the following endings: -o -as -a -amos -an

3. Example: Take the –AR off of the verb comprar and add the endings from the last slide. Compro Compras Compra Compramos Compran I buy, I do buy, I am buying You buy, you do buy, you are buying He/she buys, he/she does buy, he/she is buying We buy, we do buy, we are buying They buy, they do buy, they are buying

4. Regular –ER Verbs Take the –ER off and add the following endings: -o -es -e -emos -en

5. Example: Take the –ER off of the verb comer and add the endings from the last slide. Como Comes Come Comemos Comen I eat, I do eat, I am eating You eat, you do eat, you are eating He/she eats, he/she does eat, he/she is eating We eat, we do eat, we are eating They eat, they do eat, they are eating

6. Regular –IR Verbs Take the –IR off and add the following endings: -o -es -e -imos -en

7. Example: Take the –IR off of the verb vivir and add the endings from the last slide. Vivo Vives Vive Vivimos Viven I live, I do live, I am living You live, you do live, you are living He/she lives, he/she does live, he/she is living We live, we do live, we are living They live, they do live, they are living

8. “ Special” Verb Changes There are certain verbs that have an irregular first-person singular only; all other forms in the present are regular caber to fit quepo caer to fall caigo dar to give doy estar to be estoy hacer to do hago poner to put pongo saber to know sé traer to bring traigo valer to be worth valgo ver to see veo

9. “ Special” Verb Changes Verbs that end in a vowel followed by –cer and –cir change c to zc in the first person singular only. Some examples: Cono cer to know cono zc o Mere cer to deserve mere zc o Ofre cer to offer ofre zc o Pertene cer to belong pertene zc o Recono cer to recognize recono zc o Tradu cir to translate tradu zc o Condu cir to drive condu zc o Produ cir to produce produ zc o

10. “ Special” Verb Changes Some common irregular verbs in the present tense are: DECIR IR OíR SER TENER VENIR (to say) (to go) (to hear) (to be) (to have) (to come) Yo digo voy oigo soy tengo vengo Tú dices vas oyes eres tienes vienes Él dice va oye es tiene viene Nosotros decimos vamos oímos somos tenemos venimos Ellos dicen van oyen son tienen vienen Note that the verb “haber” is also irregular. The present tense form of “hay” means “there is” and “there are”.

11. “ Special” Verb Changes Verbs that end in a vowel followed by –ger and –gir change g to j before the –o ending. Some examples: Co ger to catch, grab co j o Esco ger to choose esco j o Prote ger to protect prote j o Reco ger to pick up reco j o Exi gir to demand exi j o Diri gir to direct diri j o

12. “ Special” Verb Changes Verbs ending in –guir change gu to g before the –o ending. Some examples: Distin guir to distinguish distin g o Extin guir to extinguish extin g o

13. “ Special” Verb Changes Verbs that end in –cer and -cir change the “ c ” to “ z ” before the “ -o ” ending. For example Conven cer to convince conven z o Ejer cer to practice ejer z o Ven cer to overcome ven z o

14. “ Boot” Verb Changes The “ Boot Verbs ” that end in “ ar ” and “ er ” that have a stem change from the letter “ e ” to the letters “ ie ” occur in all forms except “ nosotros ” and “ vosotros ”. Take the ending off and choose the vowel that is closest to the end of the stem as the one to change. For example C E RRAR (to close) QU E RER (to love, want) C e rr (stem) Qu e r (stem) Yo c ie rro qu ie ro Tú c ie rras qu ie res Él c ie rra qu ie re Nosotros c e rramos qu e remos Ellos c ie rran qu ie ren

15. “ Boot” Verb Changes The following is a list of commonly used verbs that follow the pattern of cerrar and querer : comenzar to start, begin defender to defend despertar (se) to wake up descender to descend empezar to start, begin encender to light up fregar to wash, scrub entender to understand nevar to snow sentar (se) to sit down pensar (en) to think (of, about) recomendar to recommend

16. “ Boot” Verb Changes Some “ ar ” and “ er ” verbs have the “ o ” change to “ ue ” in all forms except the “ nosotros ” and “ vosotros ”. Take the ending off the verb and change the vowel closest to the end in the stem that remains: For example C O NTAR (to count, to tell) V O LVER (to return) C o nt- (stem) V o lv- (stem) Yo c ue nto v ue lvo Tú c ue ntas v ue lves Él c ue nta v ue lve Nosotros c o ntamos v o lvemos Ellos c ue ntan v ue lven

17. “ Boot” Verb Changes Some verbs that are conjugated like contar and volver are: Acordar (se) de to remember doler to hurt Acostar (se) to go to bed llover to rain Costar to cost mover to move Encontrar to find poder to be able to Mostrar to show resolver to solve Probar (se) to try, to taste; to try on Recordar to remember Sonar to ring, sound Soñar (con) to dream Tronar to thunder Volar to fly

18. “ Boot” Verb Changes The verb j u gar (to play) is a u stem verb conjugated like contar . It is the only u->ue stem-changing verb in Spanish. Yo j ue go Tú j ue gas Él j ue ga Nosotros j u gamos Ellos j ue gan

19. “ Boot” Verb Changes Spanish spelling rules require h to precede all present tense forms of o ler , except nosotros and vosotros . Yo h ue lo Tú h ue les Él h ue le Nosotros o lemos Ellos h ue len

20. “ Boot”Verbs Changes Some verbs that end in –ir have an e->ie stem change. The stem has a change in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros. An example of this is the verb: PREF E RIR (to prefer) pref e r- Yo pref ie ro Tú pref ie res Él pref ie re Nosotros pref e rimos Ellos pref ie ren

21. “ Boot” Verb Changes Some verbs that are like preferir are: Div e rtir (se) to have a good time M e ntir to lie Ref e rir (se) a to refer to S e ntir to regret S e ntir (se) to feel

22. “ Boot” Verb Changes Some verbs have an o->ue stem change in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros . D O RMIR (to sleep) d o rm (stem) Yo d ue rmo Tú d ue rmes Él d ue rme Nosotros d o rmimos Ellos d ue rmen Morir (se) (to die) is conjugated like dormir .

23. “ Boot” Verb Changes Some verbs that end in –ir have an e->i stem change in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros. P E DIR (to ask for) P e d- (stem) Yo p i do Tú p i des Él p i de Nosotros p e dimos Ellos p i den

24. “ Boot” Verb Changes The following verbs have a spelling change in their stem like the verb p e dir . Desp e dir (se) to say good=bye M e dir to measure R e ír (se) (de) to laugh; to make fun (of) Rep e tir to repeat S e rvir to serve Sonr e ír (se) to smile V e stir (se) to dress; to get dressed All forms of r e ír and sonr e ír have an accent mark on the stem vowel í .

25. “ Boot” Verb Changes The verb s e guir is conjugated like p e dir but has the following spelling change in the yo form: Yo s i go Tú s i gues Él s i gue Nosotros s e guimos Ellos s i guen

26. “ Boot” Verb Changes Verbs ending in –uir add a y following the u in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros forms. INCLUIR (to include) Yo inclu y o Tú inclu y es Él inclu y e Nosotros inclu i mos Ellos inclu y en

27. “ Boot” Verb Changes The following verbs have a spelling change in their stem like the verb incluir . Concluir to conclude Destruir to destroy Huir to flee Influir to influence

28. PRESENT TENSE To describe an action happening now. (Now I see Anna. Louis is arriving at the gate.) To express actions that take place regularly, in a habitual way. (Usually I buy fruit at the supermarket.) To describe events that will take place in the near future. (I am discussing the plan at the meeting tomorrow.) To ask questions,especially requesting permission or someone’s opinion or preference. (Do you drink coffee or tea?) To tell facts considered unquestionable or universal truths. (Five plus fifteen is twenty.) To describe a past event, making it more vivid. This is called the historical present. (The first man gets to the moon in 1969.) To express hypothetical actions introduced by sí . (If the train arrives, we are leaving.)

29. PRESENT TENSE The translation of the present tense of the verb ayudar (to help) would be: Ayudo — I help, I am helping, I do help Ayudas — You help, you are helping, you do help Ayuda — He helps, he is helping, he does help Ayudamos — We help, we are helping, we do help Ayudan — They help, they are helping, they do help NOTE: The English helping verbs— am, are, is, do, and does are included in the Spanish verb and are NOT translated separately.