2. PRESENT TENSE
AR VERBS: IR/ER VERBS:
Yo -o -o
Tu -as -es
El/Ella/Usted -a -e
Vosotros -amos -emos/imos
Nosotros -ais -eis
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -an -en
Yo bailo, El corre, Ellos conocen, Tu
compras, yo estoy, etc.

3. PRESENT IRREGULARS- STEM CHANGERS
E-ie: Pensar-
pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensais, piensa
n.
O-ue: Poder-
puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podeis, pueden.
E-i: Pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedis, piden.
Also seguir, conseguir, corregir, and elegir
U-ue: Jugar-
juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, juegais, juegan. Also
torcer.
Construir, destruir, incluir, and influir add a y before
the personal endings.

4. CONT.
Verbs ending in –cer or –cir change to –zco in the yo form; those ending in
ger or gir change to –jo.
Those ending in go: Caer (yo
caigo), distinguir, hacer, poner, salir, traer, valer.
Caber become quepo, saber becomes se, ver becomes veo.
Conseguir- Consigo. Corregir- Corrijo.
Eligir- Elijo. Seguir- Sigo. Torcer- Tuerzo.

5. OTHER IRREGULARS
Dar- doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan.
Decir- digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen.
Estar- Estoy, estas, esta, estamos, estáis, están.
Ir- Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van.
Oír- Oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen.
Ser- soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son.
Tener- tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
Venir- vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen.

6. VERBS WITH PREFIXES
Follow same patterns
Reconocer- Reconozco, to recognize
Deshacer- To undo
Rehacer- To re-make
Aparecer- to appear
Desaparecer- dissapear

7. SER Y ESTAR
Ser is used for permanence, such as for unchanging qualities or
characteristics. Estaris used for temporarily,
Uses of Ser: Nationality/Origin, Profession/Occupation, Characteristics of
People Animals Things, Generalizations, Possesion, Material of
Composition, Time/Date/Season, Where or when an event takes place

8. USES OF ESTAR
Location or spatial relationships
Health
Physical states and conditions
Emotional States
Certain Weather expressions
Ongoing actions (progressive tense)
Results of actions (past participles)

9. SER AND ESTAR WITH ADJ
Ser is used with adj to describe inherent, expected qualities.
Estar – change in condition.
Ser and estar can be exchanged with descriptive adjectives, but the
meaning is different.
Many adj. have different meanings depending on ser and/or estar.
ESTAR IS USED WITH MUERTO

10. EJEMPLO
Juan es alegres. This signals Juan is a generally happy person.
Juan estoy alegre. This signifies Juan is happy at this particular moment.

11. GUSTAR
Agrees with person or thing that pleases- agrees in person and number.
Singular form of gustar used when one or more verbs in infinitive follow it.
Gustar is often used in the conditional (me gustaria) to soften a request. Me
gusataria un refresco.
Similar verbs: Aburrir (to bore), caer bien/mal (to get along/ not get along
well with), disgustar (to upset), doler (to hurt), encantar (to love), faltar
(to lack), fascinar (to fascinate), hacer falta (to miss), importar (to
matter), interesar (to interest), molestar (to bother), preocupar (to
worry), quedar (to fit), sorprender (to surprise.)
The construction a + prepositional pronoun or a + noun can be used to
emphasized who is pleased, bothered, etc.

12. CONT.
Falter expresses what someone or something lacks and quedar expresses
what someone or something has left. Quedar is also used to talk about
how clothing fits or looks on someone.

13. PRETERITE
PRETERITE is used for past actions with a definite beginning or end or that
are seen as completed. Also to narrate a past series of actions.
Ar verbs: -e, -aste, -o, -amos,- asteis, -aron. E and O have accents,
Er/Ir Verbs: i, iste, io, imos, isteis, ieron. Accent on i and io.

14. IRREGULARS
Verbs ending in car/gar/zar have spelling change in yo form.
Car=qu, gar=gu, zar-c.
Caer, creer, leer, and oir change I to y in the usted, el, ella forms and in the
ustedesm ellos, and ellas forms. Accent on i in other forms.
Verbs ending in uir change I to y in usted/el/ella forms and
ustedes/ellas/ellos.
Irregular ir verbs stem change in el and ellos forms of preterite. Irregular ar
and er verbs do not.

15. IRREGULARS CONT.
Andar- anduv. Estar- estuv. Haber- Hub. Poder- pud. Poner- pus. Saber-
sup. Tener- tuv. Hacer- hic. Querer- quis. Vener- vin. Conducir- Conduj.
Decir- dij. Traducir- traduj. Traer- traj.
No forms of these irregulars have accents.

16. IMPERFECT
Used to narrate past events without focusing on beginning, end, or
completion.
Ar: aba, abas, aba, abamos (accent on first a,) abais, aban.
Er/Ir: ia, ias, ia, iamos, iais, ian. Accent on all I’s.
Triger words include mientras and cuando era niño.

17. IMPERFECT VS PRETERITE.
Preterite expresses actions that are viewed as completed, the beginning or
end of an action, or to narrate a series of past actions.
Imperfect is used to describe an ongoing past action without reference to
beginning or end, to express habitual past actions, and to describe
mental, physical and emotional states or conditions.