This document provides a grammar reference guide covering various topics of Spanish grammar including verb tenses and moods, commands, pronouns, prepositions, and more. It is divided into multiple sections that are outlined in two table of contents pages. Each section provides explanations, examples, and conjugations of the given grammar points. The document appears to be a comprehensive yet concise reference for learners of Spanish grammar.

1. Grammar Book

2. Table of Contents
O Imperfect
O Preterit
O Por y Para
O Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
O Ud. + Uds. Commands
O Present Subjunctive
O Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence
O Subjunctive w/Verbs of Emotion/Doubt, Disbelief,
and Denial
O Conjunctions
O Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

3. Table of Contents Part 2
O Tu Commands
O Nosotros Commands
O Past Participles Used as Adjectives
O Present Perfect
O Past Perfect
O Future Tense
O Conditional Tense
O Past Subjunctive

4. Imperfect
Iba Ībamos
Ibas
Iba Iban
Era Ēramos
Eras
Era Eran
Veīa Veīamos
Veīas
Veīa Veīan
Trigger Words – Todos los días, a menudo, a veces, siempre, cada día, los lunes,
generalmente, mientras, de vez en cuando, muchas veces, frecuentemente
AR - -aba, -abas, -aba, -ābamos, -aban
ER/IR - -īa, -īas, -īa, -īamos, -īan

5. Preterit
Ar Endings
-ē -amos
-aste -aron
-ō -aron
Er/ir Endings
-Ī -imos
-iste -ieron
-iō -ieron
Ir/Ser Conjugations
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste
Fue Fueron
Hacer
Hice Hicimo
s
Hiciste
Hizo Hiciero
n
Dar/Ver Conjugation
Di/Vi Dimos/Vimos
Diste/Viste
Dio/Vio Dieron/Vieron
Car
• Only in Yo form
• -quĕ
Gar
• -guĕ
Zar
• -cĕ
Andar Estar Poder Poner Querer Saber Tener Venir
Anduv- Estuv- Pud- Pus- Quis- Sup- Tuv- Vin-
Conduc
ir
Produci
r
Traduci
r
Conduj- Produj- Traduj-
Decir Traer
Dij- Traj-
-e -imos
-iste -ieron
-o
Leī Leimos
Leiste
Y Changer
Leer
Leyō Leyeron

6. Por y Para
Por Para
Motion or a
general location
Destination
Duration of an
action
Deadline or a
specific time in the
future
Object of a search Purpose or goal
Means by which
something is done
Purpose
Exchange or
substitution
The recipient of
something
Unit of measure Comparisons or
opinions
Employment
Both mean for
Por – Through Para – Towards
Para usually before infinitive
Por aqui
Por
ejemplo
Por eso Por fin

7. Stressed Possessive Adjectives
and Pronouns
Mio Nuestro
Tuyo
Long Form
Singular
Suyo Suyo
Mios Nuestros
Tuyos
Long Form
Plural
Suyos Suyos
Um amigo mio.
• A friend of mine.
Comemos con unos
amigos nuestros
• We are eating with some
friends of ours.
Use the long
form of the
possessive
adjective
Add el, la, los, or
las according to
the gender and
number of the
noun it replaces
Sus viajes son a diferentes lugares
• His trips are to different places
Y los tuyos, adonde son?
• And yours, where are they to?
Mi (s)
Nuestr
(a/os/as)
Tu (s)
Short
Form
Su (s) Su(s)
Attach the pronoun to a reflexive
when using a reflexive in the
infinitive form.

8. Ud. + Uds. Commands
Drop “O” from
yo form then
add ending.
Put in Ud. or
Uds. form w/ the
opp endings.
Ar Verb
-e
-en
Er Verb
-a
-an
Ir Verb
-a
-an

9. Present Subjunctive
Put verb into yo form
Take off O
Add opposite ending
Conocer Conozco
Decir Digo
Dormir Duermo
Hacer Hago
Oir Oigo
Pedir Pido
Perder Pierdo
Querer Quiero
Tener Tengo
Traer Traigo
Venir Vengo
Ver Veo
Car
•-que
Gar
•-gue
Zar
•-ce

10. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will
and Influence
Triggers
Es
necesario
que
Es bueno
que
Es
importante
que
Es mal que
Es urgente
que
Es triste
que
Es mejor
que
Sugeri
r (e-ie)
Aconseja
r
Importar Insistir
(en)
Mandar Prohibir Recomend
ar (e-ie)
Rogar
(o-ue)
To
sugges
t
To advise To be
important;
to matter
To insist
(on)
To order To
prohibit
To
recommend
To beg; to
plead

11. Subjunctive w/Verbs of
Emotion/Doubt, Disbelief,
and Denial
Phrase Translation
(no) Creer (not) To believe
(no) Dudar (not) To doubt
(no) Estar
seguro(a)
(not) To be sure
(no) Negar (not) To deny
Es impossible It’s impossible
Es improbable It’s improbable
Es obvio It’s obvious
No cabe duda
de/No hay
duda de
There is no
doubt
Es (no)
possible
It’s (not)
possible
(no) Es
probable
It’s not
probable
(no) Es cierto/
(no) Es verdad
It’s (not) true
(no) Es seguro It’s not certain

12. Conjunctions
Unless Before Provided
that
After In case
(that)
A menos
que
Antes de Con tal que Despues de En caso que
As soon as Until So that Without
En cuanto /Tan
pronto como
Hasta que Para que Sin que

13. Subjunctive in Adjective
Clauses
Subjunctive
• Refers to
something
that does
not exist or
whose
existence is
uncertain or
indefinite
Indicative
• Refers to
something
that is
clearly
known,
certain, or
definite
Tip
• Look for words such as “el”
or “este” that trigger the
indicative
• Necesito el libro que tiene
información sobre Venezuela
• ¿Conoces a alquien que
hable italiano?
• No conozco a nadie que
hable italiano.
Subjunctive
• Conozco a alguien que
habla italiano.
• Tengo un profesor que vive
en Madrid.
Indicative

14. Tu Commands
AR
• Add –a to
the stem
• Comprar
=
Compra
ER
• Add –e to
the stem
• Aprender
=
Aprende
IR
• Add –e to
the stem
• Escribir =
Escribe
Affirmative
Decir Hacer Ir Poner Salir Ser Tener Venir
Irregular
Command
s
Di Haz Ve Pon Sal Sé Ten Ven
Negative
• Add opposite
vowel and –s to
the verb
• Comprar =
Compres

15. Nosotros Commands
Affirmative
• Opposite
vowel + -
mos
• Comer =
comamos
• Ir = vamos
Negative
• Same as
affirmative
• No nadar
= No
nademos
Pronouns
• Sentemos + nos =
Sentémonos aquí.
• Hagamos + se + la
= Hagámosela.
• Vamos + nos =
¡Vámonos!

16. Past Participles Used as
Adjectives
abrir (to open) - abierto (open)
cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)
decir (to say) - dicho (said)
escribir (to write) - escrito (written)
hacer (to do) - hecho (done)
morir (to die) - muerto (dead)
poner (to put) - puesto (put)
resolver (to resolve) -
resuelto (resolved)
romper (to break) - roto (broken)
ver (to see) - visto (seen)
volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)
Ir (To go) - Ido
componer -
compuesto
describir - descrito
devolver - devueltoChanges with
gender and
number.
Cerrar – Cerrado,
Cerrados, Cerrada,
cerradas
creer -
creído
oír - oído
To form the past participle,
simply drop the infinitive
ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -
ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for
-er, -ir verbs).

17. Present Perfect
He Hemos
Has Habéis
Ha Han
I have studied.
He has written a letter to María.
We have been stranded for six
days.
Form past
participle of
verb
Choose
appropriate
form of
Haber
Make sure
Haber form &
verb stay
together.
Past Participle
doesn’t change
form!
(yo) He comido.
(tú) Has comido.
(él) Ha comido.
(nosotros) Hemos comido.
(ellos) Han comido.
(yo) No he comido.
(tú) No has comido.
(él) No ha comido.
(nosotros) No hemos comido.
(ellos) No han comido.
Reflexive
Example: (yo)
sentirse = me he
sentido

18. Past Perfect
Start with ya
Conjugated
haber
Verb as past
participle
Acabar De Infinitive
To say
someone
has just
done
something

19. Future Tense
Venir Poder Querer Saber Haber
Vendr- Podr- Querr- Sabr- Habr-
Decir Hacer Poner Salir Tener
Dir- Har- Pondr- Saldr- Tendr-
-é -ás -á -
emos
-án
Infinitive +

20. Conditional Tense
ía íamos
ías
ía ían
Infinitive + Ending
The irregulars are the same as the future
tense. All ending are the same for the Ar,
Er, and Ir verbs.

21. Past Subjunctive
-ra -ramos
-ras
-ra -ran
All nosotros verb
forms will carry a tilde
on the vowel before
the ending.
Find 3rd
Person Plural
Preterit of
Verb
Take Off -ron
Add Specific
Ending
The expression
como si (as if) is
always followed by
the past
subjunctive.

22. Extra Help
Present,
Future,
Command
Relative
Pronoun
(Que,
Como)
Present
Subjunctive
Preterit,
Imperfect,
Conditional
Relative
Pronoun
(Que,
Como)
Imperfect
Subjunctive