Prentice Hall Earth Science ch05 soil
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This document discusses soil and mass movements. It defines soil as the layer of regolith that supports plant growth, noting its components of mineral matter, humus, water, and air. Soil texture and structure are described. The key factors of soil formation - parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope - are outlined. The horizons of the soil profile and agents of soil erosion such as water, wind, gravity, and ice are identified. Mass movements are defined as the downslope transfer of rock and soil due to gravity, with triggers like saturation and earthquakes. Main types of mass movements - rockfalls, slides, slumps, flows, and creep - are characterized based on material, movement, and speed
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Soil is formed through the weathering of rock and organic processes. It is composed of weathered rock particles, water, air, and organic matter. The type of soil that forms depends on the underlying rock type, climate, landforms, plant life, and soil organisms. Soil develops in horizontal layers called horizons, with the A horizon at the top containing more organic matter and the C horizon at the bottom containing larger rock particles. Climate, landforms, and the activities of organisms like plants, microbes, earthworms, and animals influence the characteristics of different soils.
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Chemical weathering is more useful in soil formation than mechanical weathering because:
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Soil(3)
Soil forms slowly through the weathering of bedrock and accumulation of organic matter over long time scales. The rate of soil formation is determined by climate, organisms, parent material, topography, and time. Soil formation balances against the downward migration and potential erosion of soil horizons. Over hundreds or thousands of years, distinct soil horizons like the A, B, and C horizons may develop. However, at rates of modern soil loss due to agriculture, the natural capital of soil can be depleted within the lifespan of civilizations. Maintaining soil quality and preventing erosion is critical to long-term sustainability of human societies.
Soil(3)
Soil forms slowly through the weathering of bedrock and accumulation of organic matter over long time scales. The rate of soil formation is determined by climate, organisms, parent material, topography, and time. Soil development results in the formation of distinct horizons with varying chemical and physical properties. Modern rates of soil loss through erosion are much greater than historical rates of soil formation, risking the long-term depletion of this critical resource unless steps are taken to conserve topsoil.
Soil(3)
Soil forms slowly through the weathering of bedrock and accumulation of organic matter over long time scales. The rate of soil formation is determined by climate, organisms, parent material, topography, and time. Soil formation balances against the downward migration and potential erosion of soil horizons. Over hundreds or thousands of years, distinct soil horizons like the A, B, and C horizons may develop. However, at rates of modern soil loss due to agriculture, the entire 1 meter thickness of topsoil could erode away within 1000 years, shorter than the lifespan of many civilizations. Once lost, soils take a very long time to recover.
Soil
This document discusses soil, including its composition, formation processes, and classification. Soil forms through weathering of parent materials and is influenced by climate, topography, biological factors, and time. Key processes in soil formation include leaching, eluviation, illuviation, podsolisation, and gleying. Soil taxonomy classifies soils into orders, suborders, great groups, and subgroups based on properties related to formation factors. Soil provides the medium for plant growth and is a natural resource consisting of minerals, water, air, organic matter, and living organisms.
WEATHERING-EROSION-MASS-WASTING-SEDIMENTATION.pptx
The document discusses weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and sedimentation. It defines weathering as the breakdown of rocks at Earth's surface through mechanical or chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition, while chemical weathering alters the rocks' chemical and physical makeup. Erosion transports weathered materials, and mass wasting involves downslope rock/soil movement by gravity. Sedimentation is the deposition of eroded and transported particles.
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
The document provides an introduction to soils and soil terminology. It defines soil and discusses soil formation factors such as parent material, climate, organisms, relief, and time. It also examines soil processes like weathering, decomposition, humification, capillary action, leaching, and translocation. Key terms are explained, like soil horizons, soil texture, and different types of humus. Soil features including color, structure, and drainage properties are also covered.
Similar to Prentice Hall Earth Science ch05 soil (20)
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
WEATHERING-EROSION-MASS-WASTING-SEDIMENTATION.pptx
WEATHERING-EROSION-MASS-WASTING-SEDIMENTATION.pptx
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
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Earth Science ch19 Winds
Winds are caused by differences in air pressure due to uneven heating of the atmosphere. Global wind patterns are driven by convection currents that move warm air from the equator towards the poles and cold, dense air from the poles back towards the equator. This circulation creates global wind systems like the trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies that blow in consistent directions. Local winds form over land and water areas due to uneven surface heating and include sea breezes that blow from ocean to land during the day and land breezes that blow from land to ocean at night.
Earth Science Astronomy - The big bang theory
The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a single point that contained all matter and energy. Within the first 3 minutes, the universe expanded from the size of an atom to larger than a grapefruit as energy froze into matter. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the first atoms formed, mostly hydrogen and helium. Stars and galaxies began to take shape between 200-400 million years. Our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, cosmic background radiation, quasars, radioactive decay rates, and observations of stellar formation and distances.
Earth Science Mapping; interactive topographic maps
The document provides information about topographic maps, including:
- Contour lines represent elevations of equal height and contour intervals are the differences in elevation between lines.
- Topographic maps show elevation changes over an area using contour lines to indicate hills, valleys, and steepness of slopes.
- Additional features like spot elevations, contour labeling, and flow direction of rivers can help determine elevations not exactly on contour lines.
- Depression contours are used to show temporary lower elevations like small valleys or depressions that disrupt the normal downward slope of contour lines.
Earth Science Sun, Earth, Moon System
The document summarizes key facts about the moon-earth system. It describes the moon's rotation, revolution, phases, and how its consistent motion results in us seeing the same side. It also outlines the eight phases of the moon and explains solar and lunar eclipses. Details are provided on the moon's surface features like craters and maria. The moon is believed to have formed from debris ejected when a large object collided with earth.
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch19 air masses wind
Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air in all directions and can be measured using a barometer which indicates air pressure levels in millibars. Wind is caused by differences in air pressure as air moves horizontally from high to low pressure areas, with closely spaced high and low pressure lines on weather maps indicating steep pressure gradients and high winds. Global wind patterns are influenced by differences in surface and upper-level air pressure over sea and land areas.
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch17 atmosphere
This document provides information about the structure and temperature of the atmosphere. It begins by defining weather and climate, and describing the major components of air. The four layers of the atmosphere - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - are then outlined based on how temperature changes with altitude in each. Key concepts covered include the greenhouse effect, how solar radiation interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface, the impact of altitude and latitude on temperatures, and using a psychrometer to measure relative humidity and dew point.
Prentice Hall ch16 Oceanography
Surface ocean currents are driven by wind and develop large circular gyre patterns. The Coriolis effect causes currents to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. Ocean currents transfer heat between latitudes and influence global climate. Upwelling brings nutrients from deep waters to the surface. Deep ocean circulation involves dense, salty water sinking and flowing in conveyor belt-like patterns. Waves are generated by wind and break along shorelines, causing erosion. Tides are daily changes in ocean height caused by gravitational forces from the Moon and Sun. Shoreline features such as cliffs, bars, and beaches form through the interacting processes of erosion and deposition by waves.
Prentice Hall ch12 geologic time part 2 edited
The document summarizes key events in Earth's history from the Precambrian era to the present Cenozoic era. It describes how early Earth's atmosphere evolved, the emergence of stromatolites and other early fossils in the Precambrian, the formation and breakup of supercontinents like Pangaea, the rise of plants and amphibians in the Paleozoic, the dominance of dinosaurs in the Mesozoic, and the replacement of reptiles by mammals as the dominant land animals in the Cenozoic era. Major extinctions like the late Paleozoic extinction and the disappearance of North American megafauna are also outlined.
Prentice Hall ch12 geologic time part 1 edited
This document discusses methods that geologists use to determine the age of rocks and events in Earth's history. It introduces the concepts of relative dating, which determines the sequence of events but not their absolute age. Radiometric dating allows determining absolute ages by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes. The geologic time scale divides Earth's history into standardized units like eons, eras, periods and epochs based on changes in life forms and rock formations. Radiometric dating has supported the immense timescale of geologic history.
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch10 volcanoes
The document discusses factors that affect the violence of volcanic eruptions including the composition, temperature, and dissolved gases of magma. More viscous magma produces more violent eruptions as gases cannot escape as easily. There are three main types of volcanoes - shield volcanoes formed from fluid basaltic lava, cinder cones formed from pyroclastic material from a single vent, and composite cones which are the most violent type formed from both lava and pyroclastic material. The document also briefly mentions plutons, which are intrusive igneous rocks that form from cooling magma underground.
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch09 plate tectonics
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and continental drift. It discusses Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift from 200 million years ago that formed the supercontinent Pangaea. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they crash together, and transform boundaries where they grind past each other. It also explains how mantle convection provides the driving force for plate motions and how this forms various landforms at the different plate boundary types.
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch08 earthquakes & Layers of Earth
1) An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of elastic energy stored in rock along faults. This causes seismic waves that can be measured by seismographs.
2) The location and size of earthquakes are determined by analyzing seismic wave arrival times and amplitudes recorded by multiple seismographs. Larger quakes are capable of more destruction through ground shaking and triggering other hazards like tsunamis and landslides.
3) Earth has a layered internal structure consisting of a crust, mantle, and core based on differences in composition and physical properties. The crust and upper mantle form the rigid lithosphere, while the lower mantle and outer core are able to flow over long timescales.
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The document discusses the water cycle and processes involved like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff. It describes how streams erode, transport sediments through dissolved, suspended and bed loads, and deposit materials in deltas. The characteristics of streams like gradient, discharge, meanders, and cutoffs are explained. Groundwater is discussed, including the zones of aeration and saturation, and the movement of groundwater through porous and permeable rocks and sediments within aquifers. Wells, cones of depression, and groundwater contamination are also summarized. Karst topography, sinkholes, caves, and cave formations like stalagmites and stalactites are defined.
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This document discusses weathering and erosion. It defines weathering as the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical or chemical processes. Mechanical weathering occurs via physical forces like frost wedging and does not alter the rock's composition. Chemical weathering alters the rock through chemical reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, and acid rain. Erosion is the movement and transport of weathered rock by forces like wind, water and gravity. The Grand Canyon formed through erosion by the Colorado River over millions of years.
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This document discusses different types of renewable and nonrenewable resources. It explains that renewable resources like solar and wind can be replenished, while nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels take millions of years to form. The document also summarizes different alternative energy sources including solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, tidal, and nuclear power. Finally, it addresses issues of water, air, and land pollution and how human activities can negatively impact these resources.
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks form from older igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks through heat and pressure, such as from earthquakes and volcanism. This heat and pressure can flatten mineral grains without melting the rock or change one rock type into another metamorphic type over time. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on whether their mineral grains form layers (foliated) or not (nonfoliated), and examples include slate, gneiss, and marble. These rocks have various uses including floors, buildings, statues, and tombstones.
Classification of Igneous rocks
This document summarizes how rocks are classified based on their formation. There are three main classes of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Within each class, rocks can be further classified based on their composition, texture, and grain size. Igneous rocks form from cooled lava or magma, and can be intrusive or extrusive based on where they solidify underground or above ground, affecting their grain size. Sedimentary rocks form from cemented sediments like grains, shells, and fossils. Metamorphic rocks have foliated or non-foliated textures indicating the process that altered the original rock.
Weather Fronts
Fronts are boundaries between different air masses. There are four main types of fronts: cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, and occluded fronts. Cold fronts move quickly and bring cooler, drier air behind them, often with rain or storms. Warm fronts move more slowly and bring cloudy, humid conditions with light rain ahead of the front. Stationary fronts occur when warm and cold fronts stall, often causing extended wet weather. Occluded fronts happen when a warm air mass gets trapped between two cold fronts.
Minerals edited ppt
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystalline structures. The internal arrangement of atoms in minerals largely determines their physical and chemical properties, which can be used to identify them. Some key properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, density, cleavage, fracture, and crystal structure. Hardness refers to a mineral's resistance to scratching, not its brittleness, and is measured using Mohs scale.
Earth science unit 1 introduction to mapping
Maps are representations of Earth's surface that allow us to see larger areas than we can observe directly and show spatial relationships. They use symbols, scale, and projection to selectively depict phenomena. There are different types of map symbols including points, lines, and areas to indicate locations, distributions, values, borders, and regions. Topographic maps made by the USGS show both 2D and 3D terrain features using contour lines and standardized symbols developed since 1897.
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+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
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(
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−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
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2
,
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km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
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CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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Prentice Hall Earth Science ch05 soil
- 1. Increase in Surface Area by Mechanical Weathering
- 2. Characteristics of Soil 5.2 Soil Soil is part of the regolith that supports the growth of plants. • Regolith is the layer of rock and mineral fragments that covers most of Earth’s land surface.
- 3. Characteristics of Soil 5.2 Soil Soil Composition • Soil has four major components: mineral matter, or broken-down rock; humus, which is the decayed remains of organisms; water; and air.
- 4. Composition by Volume of Good-Quality Soil
- 5. Characteristics of Soil 5.2 Soil Soil Texture • Loam (a mixture of all three sizes) is best suited for plant life. • Texture refers to the proportions of different particle sizes. - Sand (large size) - Silt - Clay (small size)
- 6. Soil Texture
- 7. Characteristics of Soil 5.2 Soil Soil Structure • Soil particles clump together to give a soil its structure.
- 8. Soil Formation 5.2 Soil The most important factors in soil formation are parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope. 1. Parent material • Transported soil—parent material has been carried from elsewhere and deposited • Residual soil—parent material is the bedrock
- 9. Parent Material and Soils
- 10. Soil Formation 5.2 Soil 2. Time • The longer a soil has been forming, the thicker it becomes. • Important in all geologic processes 3. Climate • Greatest effect on soil formation
- 11. Soil Formation 5.2 Soil 4. Organisms • Furnish organic matter to soil • Organisms influence the soil's physical and chemical properties. 5. Slope • Angle - Steep slopes often have poorly developed soils. - Optimum slope is a flat-to-undulating upland surface.
- 12. Soil Formation 5.2 Soil 5. Slope • Orientation, or direction the slope is facing, influences soil formation. - Soil temperature - Moisture
- 13. The Soil Profile 5.2 Soil Soil varies in composition, texture, structure, and color at different depths. Soil horizons are zones or layers of soil. A soil profile is a vertical section through all the soil horizons. • The A horizon is commonly know as topsoil. • The B horizon is subsoil and contains clay particles washed out from the A horizon. • The C horizon is between B horizon and unaltered parent material.
- 14. Soil Profile
- 15. A Soil Profile Showing Different Horizons
- 16. 4 Agents of Soil Erosion 5.2 Soil Water (moving) Wind Gravity Ice Glaciers
- 17. Soil Erosion 5.2 Soil • Human activities that remove natural vegetation, such as farming, logging, and construction, have greatly accelerated erosion. Moving water erodes soil. Rates of Erosion Sediment Deposition • Reservoirs fill with sediment. • Sediments are contaminated by pesticides and fertilizers. Click link
- 18. Deposition 5.2 Deposition Dropping sediments in a new location. • A DeltaDelta is an example of deposition.
- 19. Soil Erosion 5.2 Soil • Planting rows of trees called windbreaks Controlling Erosion • Terracing hillsides • Plowing along the contours of hills • Rotating crops
- 20. Triggers of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity is called mass movement. Among the factors that commonly trigger mass movements are saturation of surface materials with water, oversteepening of slopes, removal of vegetation, and earthquakes.
- 21. Types of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements Geologists classify mass movements based on the kind of material that moves, how it moves, and the speed of movement. Rockfalls • A rockfall occurs when rocks or rocks fragments fall freely through the air.
- 22. Types of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements • Slides that include segments of bedrock are called rockslides. Slides • In a slide, a block of material moves suddenly along a flat, inclined surface. Slumps • A slump is the downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface.
- 23. Heavy Rains Can Trigger Slumps
- 24. Types of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements • Mudflows move quickly and carry a mixture of soil, rock, and water that has a consistency of wet concrete. Flows • Flows are mass movements of material containing a large amount of water. • Earthflows move relatively slowly and carry clay-rich sediment.
- 25. Types of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements Creep • Creep is the slow, downhill movement of soil and regolith.
- 26. Creep