The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth's crust and lithosphere. It is divided into four main layers: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. The lithosphere consists of the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The crust is divided into the lighter continental crust and denser oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is divided into the low-viscosity upper mantle and higher-viscosity lower mantle. The Earth's iron-nickel core lies at the center.
The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
A Simple Presentation depicting the concepts os Stratigraphy. The Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers and layering .
Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
A Simple Presentation depicting the concepts os Stratigraphy. The Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers and layering .
Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Geography class 11(Fundamentals of Physical Geography) Shivam Kapri
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Chapter 2 Geology of Ethiopia and the Horn. The geology of Ethiopia includes rocks of the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny, Jurassic marine sediments and Quaternary rift-related volcanism. Events that greatly shaped Ethiopian geology is the assembly and break-up of Gondwanaland and the present-day rifting of Africa.
This power point is important for all Ethiopian first year freshman universities students for the common course of Geography of Ethiopia and the Horn (GeES 1011), It is prepared on the bases of the module with additional explanations, important maps & explanatory images are included.
This power point mainly focuses on the geological history of the Earth in general and Ethiopia in particular. It is the best source of for all first year university freshman student of Ethiopia. if you are studying this course for A+ this material will definitely help. this material proven to be helpful by students of number of universities for the past four years.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Did you know………..?????
Earth is over 4.5 billion years old
The continents move and have joined together to create supercontinen
Geology is the study of the earth (geo means earth, and ology
means study of).
3. the materials that make up
the earth
features and structures found on Earth
processes that act upon them
4. Typically, geology is divided into two categories:
Physical geology: deals with the study of the physical features of the earth and
the processes acting on them.
This includes volcanoes, earthquakes, rocks, mountains and the oceans; just
about any feature of the earth
5. Historical geology: is the study of the history of the earth. Historical
geologists focus on what's happened to Earth since its formation. They also
study the changes in life throughout time. In historical geology, you essentially
get to travel back in time to the formation of the earth and move forward
through time, witnessing the changes in Earth itself and the life on it
7. 17th century: fossils played a key role in the debate about the age of Earth
18th century: two main
theories
-all rocks were deposited by
the oceans during flooding
events.
- some rocks were formed
through heat or fire
19th century: James
Hutton,
proved that some rocks are
formed by volcanic (heat &
fire) processes and others
are formed by
sedimentation.Uniformitarianism which simply states says 'the
present is the key to the past.' James Hutton is
known as the Father of Modern Geology
Early 1900s: Alfred
Wegener proposed a theory
called Continental Drift.
Wegener suggested that the
continents moved around on
the surface of the earth and
came together to form a
supercontinent known as
Pangaea.
James Hutton Alfred Wegener
8. INTRODUCTION
The Earth is divided into 4 “Sub-systems”
or “Spheres” namely:
ATMOS(Gaseous)-SPHERE.
HYDRO(Water)- SPHERE
LITHOS(Rocky)-SPHERE (aka
geosphere)
BIOS(Life)-SPHERE
They are interdependent and function as
a whole.
9. THE ATMOSPHERE
Blanket of air which surround the
Earthreaches over 560 kilometers (348 miles) up
from the surface of the Earth.
10. FUN
FACT……
Extreme athlete Felix Baumgartner made
history with his amazing space jump on Oct.
14. After floating to the edge of Earth's
atmosphere in a balloon-lifted capsule,
Baumgartner performed a record-breaking free-
fall jump, covering 23 miles at 834 mph before
opening his parachute and dropping safely to
terra firma
11. The Biosphere
“life zone” of the Earth, and includes all living organisms , and all organic matter that
has not yet decomposed
•The biosphere is structured into a hierarchy known as
the food chain (all life is dependent on the first tier –
mainly the primary producers that are capable of
photosynthesis).
• Energy and mass is transferred from one level of the
food chain to the next.
12. contains all the water found on our planet.
Hydrosphere
on the surface
ocean as well as
water from
lakes and
rivers, streams,
and creeks
under the surface
water trapped in
the soil,
groundwater, and
water tables
in our atmosphere
water vapor
13.
14. Lithosphere
The lithosphere (from the Greek [lithos] for "rocky" + [sphaira] for "sphere") is the
rigid outermost shell of a rocky planet.
It consists of three main layers: crust, mantle and core.
15.
16. The Earth's Crust:
the topmost layer, made mostly out of solid silicate rocks
like basalt and granite.
the crust can be a whopping 70 kilometers thick
The uppermost layer is known as the SIAL.
It is composed mainly of silicon and aluminum
The bottom layer of the crust is called SIMA.
It is made mostly of silicon and magnesium.
Continental crust: about 32 kilometers
thick, made mainly of granite rocks.
Oceanic Crust: seven kilometers thick
and made mainly of basalt.
17.
18. The region between the crust and the
mantle is called MOHOROVICIC
DISCONTINUITY OR MOHO
21. The Core
Outer core: about 2,270 km
thick.
Composed mainly of nickel and
iron melted by intense heat.
The temperature ranges from
4,000 C to 5,000 C
Inner Core: composed mainly of
solid iron and nickel. The
temperature is around 5,000 C to
6,000 C.
The pressure is exceedingly high
Editor's Notes
Geology has been of interest to humans as far back as ancient Greece in the 4th century. Aristotle was one of the first people to make observations about the earth. This was also the first time that scientists and philosophers noted a difference between rocks and minerals. The Romans became very adept at mining certain rock for use in building their empire, especially marble.
Underneath the crust is the mantle, the largest layer, composed of rocky oxides and silicates under high pressure. We once thought the mantle contained liquid magma, but we now know that is not the case; magma is formed only in certain locations, due to the high pressures and temperatures. The mantle is huge, going down to a depth of 2,500 km
The mantle is sometimes split into the upper mantle and lower mantle because the upper part of the mantle moves and flows in convection currents much more easily than the lower part. Even solid rock can move and flow at these high pressures and temperatures, though it moves very slowly.
Below the mantle is the core, which is the very center of the Earth, made mostly of metals like iron. The outer core is a liquid that flows in circles. The inner core, on the other hand, is the solid part that is believed to contain at least 90% iron. The outer core goes from a depth of 2,550 km down to 4,750 km, and the inner core continues to the center of the Earth at a total depth of 6,470 km.