Soil can be defined as the organic and inorganic materials on the earth's surface that provide a medium for plant growth. Soil develops slowly over time through the weathering of rocks and mixing with organic materials from dead plants and animals. Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, and water and provides several important functions including supporting plant growth, housing organisms, absorbing water, and serving as a medium for construction. The composition and properties of soil vary with factors like texture, structure, porosity, and water content. Maintaining good soil health is vital for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.
- Formation and evolution of soil.
- Characteristics and classification of soils.
- Regularity and environmental features of soil distribution on Earth.
- Location of the soil in the biosphere.
- Morphological signs of soil profile.
- Structure of soil profile.
- Granulometric composition.
- Soil composition: properties and modes.
- General physical properties of soil.
11 29 2017 the ground beneath my feet save soilaalleyne
Here are three ways to conserve soil:
1. Plant cover crops or leave plant residue on top of soil to prevent erosion from wind and water. Plant roots and above-ground matter hold soil in place.
2. Practice no-till or minimum tillage farming techniques to limit soil disturbance from tilling or plowing. This preserves soil structure and prevents erosion.
3. Leave buffer strips along waterways and avoid overgrazing or over-application of fertilizers/pesticides. This helps maintain soil nutrients and protects soil from running off into water sources.
Soil is a complex system consisting of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and living organisms. It supports nearly all life on Earth. Soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles into aggregates or peds. There are four main types of soil structure: plate-like, prismatic, blocky, and spheroidal. Structure is classified based on ped size and distinctness. Factors such as climate, organic matter, tillage, roots, organisms, and wetting/drying influence soil structure formation. The four main soil types are sandy soil, clay soil, silt soil, and loamy soil, which is an ideal mixture of the other soil components.
Soil Science Simplified.ppt #soil science #fundamentals of sailajaysaini99283371
This document provides an introduction to basic soil properties and formation factors. It discusses why soil is an important resource, noting its role in plant growth, water filtration, gas exchange, and historical record. The document then covers physical soil properties like texture, structure, pore space, temperature, and color. It describes the components that make up soil, such as sand, silt, clay, and organic matter. It also explains methods for determining properties like texture, using the soil texture triangle and Munsell color system.
The document discusses the components and properties of soil. It describes the origins of soil parent material as being residual, transported, or cumulose. Soil develops layers over time from weathering of parent materials. Soil consists of solids, liquids, and gases, with mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air making up its volume. Key properties of soil discussed include color, texture, structure, consistence, and fertility/productivity. Texture refers to particle size and affects water holding and workability. Structure and consistence influence aeration and drainage.
The document discusses soil stabilization. It defines soil stabilization as improving the stability or bearing power of soil through compaction, mixing, or adding stabilizers. Mechanical stabilization involves blending soils, while additive stabilization uses materials like cement, lime, fly ash, or bitumen mixed into the soil. Selection of stabilizers depends on the soil type and desired improvements. Mixing must be uniform to effectively stabilize soils.
1) The document discusses soil, including its composition of distinct layers called horizons. The uppermost horizon is the topsoil, which is dark and rich in humus and minerals.
2) Soil profile is examined, with the topsoil providing shelter for organisms and plant roots. The next layer has less humus but more minerals. The lowest layer is bedrock.
3) Soil types are classified based on particle size, with sandy soil having large particles, clayey soil having fine particles, and loam being the best mixture for plant growth.
- Formation and evolution of soil.
- Characteristics and classification of soils.
- Regularity and environmental features of soil distribution on Earth.
- Location of the soil in the biosphere.
- Morphological signs of soil profile.
- Structure of soil profile.
- Granulometric composition.
- Soil composition: properties and modes.
- General physical properties of soil.
11 29 2017 the ground beneath my feet save soilaalleyne
Here are three ways to conserve soil:
1. Plant cover crops or leave plant residue on top of soil to prevent erosion from wind and water. Plant roots and above-ground matter hold soil in place.
2. Practice no-till or minimum tillage farming techniques to limit soil disturbance from tilling or plowing. This preserves soil structure and prevents erosion.
3. Leave buffer strips along waterways and avoid overgrazing or over-application of fertilizers/pesticides. This helps maintain soil nutrients and protects soil from running off into water sources.
Soil is a complex system consisting of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and living organisms. It supports nearly all life on Earth. Soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles into aggregates or peds. There are four main types of soil structure: plate-like, prismatic, blocky, and spheroidal. Structure is classified based on ped size and distinctness. Factors such as climate, organic matter, tillage, roots, organisms, and wetting/drying influence soil structure formation. The four main soil types are sandy soil, clay soil, silt soil, and loamy soil, which is an ideal mixture of the other soil components.
Soil Science Simplified.ppt #soil science #fundamentals of sailajaysaini99283371
This document provides an introduction to basic soil properties and formation factors. It discusses why soil is an important resource, noting its role in plant growth, water filtration, gas exchange, and historical record. The document then covers physical soil properties like texture, structure, pore space, temperature, and color. It describes the components that make up soil, such as sand, silt, clay, and organic matter. It also explains methods for determining properties like texture, using the soil texture triangle and Munsell color system.
The document discusses the components and properties of soil. It describes the origins of soil parent material as being residual, transported, or cumulose. Soil develops layers over time from weathering of parent materials. Soil consists of solids, liquids, and gases, with mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air making up its volume. Key properties of soil discussed include color, texture, structure, consistence, and fertility/productivity. Texture refers to particle size and affects water holding and workability. Structure and consistence influence aeration and drainage.
The document discusses soil stabilization. It defines soil stabilization as improving the stability or bearing power of soil through compaction, mixing, or adding stabilizers. Mechanical stabilization involves blending soils, while additive stabilization uses materials like cement, lime, fly ash, or bitumen mixed into the soil. Selection of stabilizers depends on the soil type and desired improvements. Mixing must be uniform to effectively stabilize soils.
1) The document discusses soil, including its composition of distinct layers called horizons. The uppermost horizon is the topsoil, which is dark and rich in humus and minerals.
2) Soil profile is examined, with the topsoil providing shelter for organisms and plant roots. The next layer has less humus but more minerals. The lowest layer is bedrock.
3) Soil types are classified based on particle size, with sandy soil having large particles, clayey soil having fine particles, and loam being the best mixture for plant growth.
Soil is formed through the weathering of rock and mineral particles and the accumulation of organic matter over long periods of time. The document discusses the key components and layers of soil, including the O horizon of organic material, the A horizon containing humus and nutrients, the B horizon containing clay and minerals, and the C horizon containing broken down bedrock. Several factors influence soil formation, such as climate, topography, parent material, biological activity, and time. The texture and permeability of soil is determined by the relative proportions of sand, silt, clay, and humus particles.
The document discusses the physical properties of soil, including its formation from weathering rocks, composition of solid, liquid, and gas phases, texture determined by sand, silt and clay content, structure defined by arrangement of particles, density, porosity, temperature, and classification of soil water. Key topics covered are the three phases of soil, factors influencing soil color, common soil structures like platy and granular, and definition of terms like bulk density, field capacity, and permanent wilting point.
Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks at Earth's surface. It is composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and microbes. A soil profile shows the different layers or horizons of soil, including the topsoil, subsoil, parent material, and bedrock. Topsoil is soft and holds water and nutrients, while subsoil is more compact. Percolation is the process by which water filters through soil, replenishing groundwater. The percolation rate is calculated by dividing the amount of water by the time taken for percolation. Soil type is determined by the sizes of particles, and can be sandy, clayey, or loamy.
This document discusses various physical properties of soils including soil texture, structure, density, porosity, colour, and consistence. Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in a soil. Soil structure describes the arrangement of these primary particles. Other properties discussed include bulk density, pore space, factors influencing colour, and Atterberg limits which characterize a soil's plasticity.
This document discusses various physical properties of soils including soil texture, structure, density, porosity, colour, and consistence. Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in a soil. Soil structure describes the arrangement of these primary particles. Other properties discussed include bulk density, pore space, factors influencing colour, and Atterberg limits which characterize a soil's plasticity.
This document discusses building materials used in rural construction before independence. It describes materials like mud, lime, bamboo, stone, clay bricks, coconut leaves, jute and palm leaves that were commonly used. It then provides details on soil as a building material, including its formation, classification systems, properties and various tests conducted on soil.
The document defines soil and outlines the key processes involved in soil formation, including weathering, leaching, eluviation, and illuviation. It also discusses the major components that make up soil, such as minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Additionally, the document examines important soil properties like texture, structure, color, depth, density, permeability, consistency, pH levels, and nutrient status. Soil profiles, catenas, and the major types of soils are also defined. The roles soils play in supporting agriculture, construction, and other human activities are highlighted.
Properties of Soil Agricultural and Water Availability Impa.docxwoodruffeloisa
Properties of Soil: Agricultural
and Water Availability Impacts
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
PROPERTIES OF SOIL: AGRICULTURAL AND WATER
AVAILABILITY IMPACTS
Overview
Earth’s soil plays a major role in the world’s agriculture and has a
substantial effect on water availability in a given area. In this inves-
tigation, students will analyze the natural porosity and particle size
of soil samples along with the chemical composition and profile of
different soil types.
Outcomes
• Examine the properties of soil and their effects on agriculture
and water availability.
• Describe and identify soil horizons based on their chemical and
physical composition.
• Distinguish between the particle sizes of three different types of
soil: sand, silt, and clay.
• Determine the porosity of different soil types.
• Analyze soil samples for a variety of nutrients to determine soil
fertility.
Time Requirements
Preparation ....................................................................... 5 minutes
Activity 1: Particle Size Distribution and Determination of Soil
Texture
Day 1 ...................... 20 minutes, then let sit for 24 hours
Day 2 ............................................................. 30 minutes
Activity 2: Porosity of Different Soil Types ...................... 60 minutes
Activity 3: pH Test Comparison of Soil Samples ............ 30 minutes
Activity 4: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash Test Comparisons of
Soil Samples
Day 1 ...................... 20 minutes, then let sit for 24 hours
Day 2 ............................................................. 60 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
10 Materials
11 Safety
11 Preparation
12 Activity 1
13 Activity 2
14 Activity 3
16 Submission
16 Disposal and Cleanup
17 Lab Worksheet
Background
Soil Horizons and Chemical Composition
The type of dirt that makes up the dry
surfaces of the earth has numerous effects on
humans and the environment, and vice versa.
Humans can modify the suitability of some
areas for agriculture based on prior land use.
The properties of soil also determine water
availability in a given area. Areas that contain the
most suitable soil for farming are often limited.
Certain properties of soil determine whether
an area is suitable for human activity. When
considering the properties of soil, its texture,
shape, particle aggregation, and suitability for
growth come to mind. These properties all play
a major role in determining the capability of an
area to retain water and air, which are necessary
f ...
This document discusses soil structure, including its definition, significance, formation, classification, and factors affecting it. Soil structure refers to the arrangement and grouping of individual soil particles. It is significant as it influences properties like water movement, aeration, and porosity. Soil structure is formed through the binding and cementing of primary particles into aggregates or secondary particles. Aggregates are classified based on their type (shape), class (size), and grade (distinctness). Factors like climate, organic matter, and tillage influence the development of soil structure.
Chemistry of Soil. Layer composition factors etcmiraronald16
Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, air and water that forms from the weathering of rock and decay of organic material. Soil chemistry focuses on chemical reactions in soil and the fate of contaminants and nutrients, allowing scientists to monitor pollution effects. Soil formation is influenced by climate, organisms, topography, the underlying parent material, and time. These factors work together over long periods to break down parent material and produce distinct soil layers with varying compositions.
Soil is formed through the interaction of various factors over long periods of time. A soil profile consists of horizontal layers called horizons, with the topsoil A horizon and subsoil B horizon typically showing the most development. Key processes in soil formation include weathering, decomposition, humification, leaching, and translocation of minerals between horizons. The type of parent material, climate, vegetation, topography, and time all influence soil development.
The Physical Properties of the Soil
Inckuding,
1. Soil Texture
2. Soil Structure
3. Soil Color
4. Soil Density
5. Soil Porosity
6. Soil Consistence
7. Soil Temperature
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminologyMichael Newbold
The document provides an introduction to soils and soil terminology. It defines soil and discusses soil formation factors such as parent material, climate, organisms, relief, and time. It also examines soil processes like weathering, decomposition, humification, capillary action, leaching, and translocation. Key terms are explained, like soil horizons, soil texture, and different types of humus. Soil features including color, structure, and drainage properties are also covered.
Soil(physical and chemical)properties.pptxHaroonMalik51
1. The document discusses various physical properties of soil including soil separates, texture, structure, density, porosity, permeability, color, and temperature.
2. Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. The relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay particles determine the soil texture.
3. Physical properties like structure, density, porosity, and permeability influence the soil's ability to support plant growth by impacting water retention and drainage. Color and temperature are also important physical properties.
Soil is formed by the breakdown of rocks through weathering processes like wind, water, and climate. It is composed of mineral and organic constituents in solid, liquid, and gas states. Soil contains particles of various sizes like sand, silt, and clay which give it different textures and properties that determine what types of plants can grow in each soil. Factors like temperature, precipitation, and biological activity influence soil formation and characteristics in different climate zones.
The soil profile consists of four main layers or horizons:
1. The A-horizon is the top layer of topsoil, which is dark in color and rich in humus and nutrients.
2. The B-horizon is the subsoil below the topsoil, which contains fewer nutrients and organisms than the top layer.
3. The C-horizon is composed of weathered bedrock and cracks.
4. The lowest layer is solid bedrock, called the R-horizon, which weathered over time to form the soil above.
Migration of ions and molecules in soilPhD studant
This document provides an overview of soil definitions, formation, properties, and chemistry. It discusses the components and texture of soil, as well as physical properties like structure, bulk density, porosity, and water holding capacity. Soil chemistry includes common elements and molecules in soils. Organic matter and pH are also explained. The mechanisms by which soils form and weather are outlined. The document is divided into three parts, with the second part focusing on the migration of ions and molecules in soil and the third on research examples.
Soil is composed of distinct layers called horizons. The topsoil or A-horizon is at the top and is dark, soft, and rich in nutrients. Below is the B-horizon, which is harder and contains fewer nutrients. The lowest layer, the C-horizon, consists of small rock fragments. Soil forms through weathering of rocks by water, wind, and climate, and it supports plant growth by providing structure, water, and nutrients. The type of soil depends on the proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Soil is formed through the weathering of rock and mineral particles and the accumulation of organic matter over long periods of time. The document discusses the key components and layers of soil, including the O horizon of organic material, the A horizon containing humus and nutrients, the B horizon containing clay and minerals, and the C horizon containing broken down bedrock. Several factors influence soil formation, such as climate, topography, parent material, biological activity, and time. The texture and permeability of soil is determined by the relative proportions of sand, silt, clay, and humus particles.
The document discusses the physical properties of soil, including its formation from weathering rocks, composition of solid, liquid, and gas phases, texture determined by sand, silt and clay content, structure defined by arrangement of particles, density, porosity, temperature, and classification of soil water. Key topics covered are the three phases of soil, factors influencing soil color, common soil structures like platy and granular, and definition of terms like bulk density, field capacity, and permanent wilting point.
Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks at Earth's surface. It is composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and microbes. A soil profile shows the different layers or horizons of soil, including the topsoil, subsoil, parent material, and bedrock. Topsoil is soft and holds water and nutrients, while subsoil is more compact. Percolation is the process by which water filters through soil, replenishing groundwater. The percolation rate is calculated by dividing the amount of water by the time taken for percolation. Soil type is determined by the sizes of particles, and can be sandy, clayey, or loamy.
This document discusses various physical properties of soils including soil texture, structure, density, porosity, colour, and consistence. Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in a soil. Soil structure describes the arrangement of these primary particles. Other properties discussed include bulk density, pore space, factors influencing colour, and Atterberg limits which characterize a soil's plasticity.
This document discusses various physical properties of soils including soil texture, structure, density, porosity, colour, and consistence. Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in a soil. Soil structure describes the arrangement of these primary particles. Other properties discussed include bulk density, pore space, factors influencing colour, and Atterberg limits which characterize a soil's plasticity.
This document discusses building materials used in rural construction before independence. It describes materials like mud, lime, bamboo, stone, clay bricks, coconut leaves, jute and palm leaves that were commonly used. It then provides details on soil as a building material, including its formation, classification systems, properties and various tests conducted on soil.
The document defines soil and outlines the key processes involved in soil formation, including weathering, leaching, eluviation, and illuviation. It also discusses the major components that make up soil, such as minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Additionally, the document examines important soil properties like texture, structure, color, depth, density, permeability, consistency, pH levels, and nutrient status. Soil profiles, catenas, and the major types of soils are also defined. The roles soils play in supporting agriculture, construction, and other human activities are highlighted.
Properties of Soil Agricultural and Water Availability Impa.docxwoodruffeloisa
Properties of Soil: Agricultural
and Water Availability Impacts
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
PROPERTIES OF SOIL: AGRICULTURAL AND WATER
AVAILABILITY IMPACTS
Overview
Earth’s soil plays a major role in the world’s agriculture and has a
substantial effect on water availability in a given area. In this inves-
tigation, students will analyze the natural porosity and particle size
of soil samples along with the chemical composition and profile of
different soil types.
Outcomes
• Examine the properties of soil and their effects on agriculture
and water availability.
• Describe and identify soil horizons based on their chemical and
physical composition.
• Distinguish between the particle sizes of three different types of
soil: sand, silt, and clay.
• Determine the porosity of different soil types.
• Analyze soil samples for a variety of nutrients to determine soil
fertility.
Time Requirements
Preparation ....................................................................... 5 minutes
Activity 1: Particle Size Distribution and Determination of Soil
Texture
Day 1 ...................... 20 minutes, then let sit for 24 hours
Day 2 ............................................................. 30 minutes
Activity 2: Porosity of Different Soil Types ...................... 60 minutes
Activity 3: pH Test Comparison of Soil Samples ............ 30 minutes
Activity 4: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash Test Comparisons of
Soil Samples
Day 1 ...................... 20 minutes, then let sit for 24 hours
Day 2 ............................................................. 60 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
10 Materials
11 Safety
11 Preparation
12 Activity 1
13 Activity 2
14 Activity 3
16 Submission
16 Disposal and Cleanup
17 Lab Worksheet
Background
Soil Horizons and Chemical Composition
The type of dirt that makes up the dry
surfaces of the earth has numerous effects on
humans and the environment, and vice versa.
Humans can modify the suitability of some
areas for agriculture based on prior land use.
The properties of soil also determine water
availability in a given area. Areas that contain the
most suitable soil for farming are often limited.
Certain properties of soil determine whether
an area is suitable for human activity. When
considering the properties of soil, its texture,
shape, particle aggregation, and suitability for
growth come to mind. These properties all play
a major role in determining the capability of an
area to retain water and air, which are necessary
f ...
This document discusses soil structure, including its definition, significance, formation, classification, and factors affecting it. Soil structure refers to the arrangement and grouping of individual soil particles. It is significant as it influences properties like water movement, aeration, and porosity. Soil structure is formed through the binding and cementing of primary particles into aggregates or secondary particles. Aggregates are classified based on their type (shape), class (size), and grade (distinctness). Factors like climate, organic matter, and tillage influence the development of soil structure.
Chemistry of Soil. Layer composition factors etcmiraronald16
Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, air and water that forms from the weathering of rock and decay of organic material. Soil chemistry focuses on chemical reactions in soil and the fate of contaminants and nutrients, allowing scientists to monitor pollution effects. Soil formation is influenced by climate, organisms, topography, the underlying parent material, and time. These factors work together over long periods to break down parent material and produce distinct soil layers with varying compositions.
Soil is formed through the interaction of various factors over long periods of time. A soil profile consists of horizontal layers called horizons, with the topsoil A horizon and subsoil B horizon typically showing the most development. Key processes in soil formation include weathering, decomposition, humification, leaching, and translocation of minerals between horizons. The type of parent material, climate, vegetation, topography, and time all influence soil development.
The Physical Properties of the Soil
Inckuding,
1. Soil Texture
2. Soil Structure
3. Soil Color
4. Soil Density
5. Soil Porosity
6. Soil Consistence
7. Soil Temperature
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminologyMichael Newbold
The document provides an introduction to soils and soil terminology. It defines soil and discusses soil formation factors such as parent material, climate, organisms, relief, and time. It also examines soil processes like weathering, decomposition, humification, capillary action, leaching, and translocation. Key terms are explained, like soil horizons, soil texture, and different types of humus. Soil features including color, structure, and drainage properties are also covered.
Soil(physical and chemical)properties.pptxHaroonMalik51
1. The document discusses various physical properties of soil including soil separates, texture, structure, density, porosity, permeability, color, and temperature.
2. Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. The relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay particles determine the soil texture.
3. Physical properties like structure, density, porosity, and permeability influence the soil's ability to support plant growth by impacting water retention and drainage. Color and temperature are also important physical properties.
Soil is formed by the breakdown of rocks through weathering processes like wind, water, and climate. It is composed of mineral and organic constituents in solid, liquid, and gas states. Soil contains particles of various sizes like sand, silt, and clay which give it different textures and properties that determine what types of plants can grow in each soil. Factors like temperature, precipitation, and biological activity influence soil formation and characteristics in different climate zones.
The soil profile consists of four main layers or horizons:
1. The A-horizon is the top layer of topsoil, which is dark in color and rich in humus and nutrients.
2. The B-horizon is the subsoil below the topsoil, which contains fewer nutrients and organisms than the top layer.
3. The C-horizon is composed of weathered bedrock and cracks.
4. The lowest layer is solid bedrock, called the R-horizon, which weathered over time to form the soil above.
Migration of ions and molecules in soilPhD studant
This document provides an overview of soil definitions, formation, properties, and chemistry. It discusses the components and texture of soil, as well as physical properties like structure, bulk density, porosity, and water holding capacity. Soil chemistry includes common elements and molecules in soils. Organic matter and pH are also explained. The mechanisms by which soils form and weather are outlined. The document is divided into three parts, with the second part focusing on the migration of ions and molecules in soil and the third on research examples.
Soil is composed of distinct layers called horizons. The topsoil or A-horizon is at the top and is dark, soft, and rich in nutrients. Below is the B-horizon, which is harder and contains fewer nutrients. The lowest layer, the C-horizon, consists of small rock fragments. Soil forms through weathering of rocks by water, wind, and climate, and it supports plant growth by providing structure, water, and nutrients. The type of soil depends on the proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2. Soil???
Soil can be defined as the organic and inorganic
materials on the surface of the earth that provide the
medium for plant growth.
Word soil derived from the latin word that is solum
which means floor.
3. Soil develops slowly over time and is composed of many
different materials. Inorganic materials, or those materials that
are not living, include weathered rocks and minerals.
Weathering is the mechanical or chemical process by which
rocks are broken down into smaller pieces. As rocks are broken
down, they mix with organic materials, which are those materials
that originate from living organisms. For example, plants and
animals die and decompose, releasing nutrients back into the soil.
4. Importance of Soil
Soil is an important element essential for the survival of living organisms. The
importance of soil is mentioned below:
• The fertile soil helps in the growth and development of the plants. The plants thus
produced are healthy and provide food, clothing, furniture, and medicines.
• It supports many life forms including bacteria, fungi, algae, etc. These microbes, in
turn, maintain environmental balance by retaining the moisture and decaying the
dead organisms.
• The topsoil supports certain life activities such as reproduction, hatching, nesting,
breeding, etc. of a few organisms.
• The organic matter present in the soil increases the fertility of the soil which is
responsible for the growth of the plants. It also contains certain minerals and
elements that are necessary for the plants to carry out their cellular activities.
• Soil is used for making cups, utensils, tiles, etc. The contents in the soil such as
gravel, clay and sand are used in the construction of homes, roads, buildings, etc.
• Useful mineral medicines such as calcium, iron, and other substances such as
petroleum jelly for cosmetics are extracted from the soil.
• The soil absorbs the rainwater. This water is evaporated and released into the air
during sunny days, making the atmosphere cooler.
5. How soil is formed???
soil is formed by weathering of rocks. Solid rock can weather away in one of
the three ways into the soil, namely:
• Mechanical Weathering
• Chemical Weathering
• Biological Weathering
6. Mechanical Weathering
This is commonly observed near the surface of the
earth. Also called physical weathering, as this process is
influenced by physical forces such as wind, water and
temperature.
7. Chemical Weathering
As the name suggests, chemical weathering occurs
when rocks are broken down by chemical reactions.
Often, such types of weathering can change the
chemical composition of the soil.
8. Biological Weathering
Though not an actual weathering process, living organisms
weaken and subsequently disintegrate rocks, often by initiating
mechanical or chemical weathering. For instance, tree roots can
grow into cracks in the rock, prying them apart and causing
mechanical fractures.
Microorganisms can secrete chemicals that can increase the
rock’s susceptibility to weathering.
9. Soil profile??
Now, if you look down at the soil under your feet,
you cannot tell very much about that soil. So, when
you study soil, it's helpful to grab a shovel and dig a
hole that is big enough to reveal a vertical section of
soil that ranges from the surface to the underlying
rock, referred to as a soil profile.
The soil profile is somewhat like the soil's fingerprint,
and it will differ from other soil samples based on
factors like its color, texture, structure and thickness,
as well as its chemical composition.
11. Soil horizon???
• Each layer of a soil profile is referred to as a soil horizon.
These horizons are identified by letters. Horizon A is the upper
layer, closest to the surface. You can think of this horizon as
the topsoil.
• In fact, you can use this as a memory jogger to help remember
the order of the horizons. The letter A is at the top of the
alphabet and refers to the topsoil layer. As you move deeper
into the layers of the soil profile, you have horizons B and C,
giving us the three main horizons.
12.
13. Three basic physical properties of
soil
1. Soil separates
2. Soil texture
3. Soil structure
14. Soil texture
Soil texture refers to the relative percentage of sand, silt and clay in a soil.
Natural soils are comprised of soil particles of varying sizes. Texture is an
important soil characteristic because it will partly determine water intake
rates (absorption), water storage in the soil, and the ease of tillage
operation, aeration status etc. and combinedly influence soil fertility.
As for an example, a coarse sandy soil is easy to cultivate or till, has sufficient
aeration for good root growth and is easily wetted, but it also dries rapidly
and easily loses plant nutrients through leaching. Whereas in case of high-
clay soils (> 35% clay) have very small particles that fit tightly together,
leaving very little pore spaces which permits very little room for water to flow
into the soil. This condition makes soils difficult to wet, drain and till.
15. Classes of soil texture
Texture names are given to soils based upon the relative
proportion of each of the three soil separates such as sand, silt
and clay.
Soil that are preponderantly clay, are called clay (textural class),
those with high silt content are silt (textural class) those with high
sand percentage are sand (textural class).
Three broad and fundamental groups of soil texture classes are
recognised:
1. Sand
2. Loam
3. clay
16. Sand??
• The sand group includes all soils of which the sand
separates make up 70 per cent or more of the
material by weight. Two specific classes are
recognised as sand and loamy sand.
17. Loam??
• A loamy soil containing many sub-divisions does not exhibit
the dominant physical properties of any of these three soils
separates sand, silt and clay.
• An ideal loam soil may be defined as a mixture of sand, silt
and clay particles which exhibits light and heavy properties
in about equal proportions.
• Note that loam does not contain equal percentages of sand,
silt and clay. It does, however, exhibit approximately equal
properties of sand, silt and clay.
18. Clay??
• A clay soil must carry at least 35 per cent of the clay
separate and in most cases not less than 40 per
cent.
• For an example, sandy clay soils contain more sand
than clay. Similarly silty clay soils contain more silt
than that of the clay.
19. Based on these three broad and fundamental groups, the
different textural class names developed by U.S.
Department of Agriculture
24. Soil structure??
• The arrangement of soil particles and their
aggregate into certain defined patterns is called
structure.
• The primary soil particles such as sand, silt
and clay usually occur grouped together in the
form of aggregates.
• Natural aggregates are called peds, whereas
clod is an artificially formed soil mass.
25. Structure is studied in the field under natural
conditions and it is described under three
categories:
1. Type: Shape or form and arrangement pattern of
peds.
2. Class: Size of peds.
3. Grade: Degree of distinctness of peds.
26. Types of Soil Structure:
There are four principal forms of soil structure:
a. Plate-like:
In this structural type of aggregates are arranged in relatively
thin horizontal plates. The horizontal dimensions are much
more developed than the vertical. When the units are thick,
they are called platy, and when thin, laminar.
Platy structure is most noticeable in the surface layers of virgin
soils but may be present in the sub-soil. Although most
structural features are usually a product of soil forming forces,
the platy type is often inherited from the parent material,
especially those laid down by water.
27. b. Prism like:
• The vertical axis is more developed than
horizontal, giving a pillar-like shape. When the top
of such a ped is rounded, the structure is termed as
columnar, and when flat, prismatic.
• They commonly occur in sub-soil horizons in arid
and semi-arid regions.
28. Block like
• All these dimensions are about the same size and the
peds are cube-like with flat or rounded faces. When
the faces are flat and the edges sharp angular, the
structure is named as angular blocky.
• When the faces and edges are mainly rounded it is
called sub angular blocky. These types usually are
confined to the sub-soil and characteristics have much
to do with soil drainage, aeration and root
penetration.
29. c. Spheroidal (Sphere-like):
All rounded aggregates (peds) may be placed in this category,
although the term more properly refers to those not over 0.5
inch in diameter.
Those rounded complexes usually lie loosely and separately
When wetted, the intervening spaces generally are not closed
so readily by swelling as may be the case with a blocky
structural condition.
Therefore in sphere-like structure infiltration, percolation and
aeration are not affected by wetting of soil. The aggregates of
this group are usually termed as granular which are relatively
less porous; when the granules are very porous, the term used
is crumby.
30.
31.
32. Classes of Soil Structure:
Each primary structural type of soil is differentiated into 5 size-classes
depending upon the size of the individual peds.
The terms commonly used for the size classes are:
1. Very fine or very thin
2. Fine or thin
3. Medium
4. Coarse or thick
5. Very coarse or very thick.
The terms thin and thick are used for platy types, while the
terms fine and coarse are used for other structural types.
33. Grades of Soil Structure:
Grades indicate the degree of distinctness of
the individual peds.
It is determined by the stability of the
aggregates.
Grade of structure is influenced by the
moisture content of the soil. Grade also
depends on organic matter, texture etc.
34. Four terms commonly used to describe the grade of
soil structure are:
1. Structure-less:
There are no noticeable peds, such as conditions exhibited by
loose sand or a cement-like condition of some clay soils.
2. Weak structure:
Indistinct formation of peds which are not durable.
3. Moderate structure:
Moderately well-developed peds which are fairly distinct.
4. Strong structure:
Very well-formed peds which are quite durable and distinct.
For naming a soil structure the sequence followed is grade,
class and type; for example, strong coarse angular blocky (soil
structure).
36. Factors Affecting Soil Structure:
The development of structure in arable soil depends on the
following factors:
1. Climate
2. Organic matter
3. Tillage
4. Plant roots
5. Soil organism
6. Fertilizers
7. Wetting and drying
37. Composition of Soil
The soil is composed of different components:
5% organic matter, 45% minerals, 20-30%
different gases and 20-30% water.
Therefore, the soil is known as a heterogeneous
body. Given below is the composition of soil in
detail:
38. Organic Matter
Organic substance is found in very small amounts in the
soil.
Plants and animals are the main sources of organic
matter. Depending upon the decomposition stage, the
organic matter is of the following three types:
• Completely decomposed organic matter
• Partially decomposed organic matter
• Undecomposed organic matter
39. Minerals
• Minerals are an important element of the soil.
These are solid components composed of
atoms.
• These occur naturally and have a fixed
chemical composition.
• Olivine and feldspar are the main minerals
present in the soil.
40. Gaseous Components
The air-filled pores of the soil contain the
gaseous components.
Nitrogen and oxygen present in the pores is
generally the atmospheric air fixed by the
microorganisms.
However, the composition of carbon dioxide
is higher due to the gas produced by
microorganisms present in the soil.
41. Water
• The soil dissolves the minerals and nutrients in
the water and transports it to different parts of
the plants.
• These are essential for the growth and
development of the plant.
43. Importance of soil water
• Water, an excellent solvent for most of the plant
nutrients, is a primary requisite for plant growth. Water
serves four functions in plants: it is the major
constituent of plant protoplasm (85-95%); it is
essential for photosynthesis and conversion of
starches to sugars
• it is the solvent in which nutrients move into and
through plant parts; and it provides plant turgidity,
which maintains the proper form and position of plant
parts to capture sunlight.
• In fact, the soil water is a great regulator of physical,
chemical and biological activities in the soil.
44. • Plants absorb some water through leaf stomata (openings), but most
of the water used by plants is absorbed by the roots from the soil.
For optimum water used, it is vital to know how water moves into
and through the soil, how the soil stores water, how the plant
absorbs it, how nutrients are lost from the soil by percolation, and
how to measure soil water content and losses.
• Soils also serve as a regulated reservoir for water because it receives
precipitation and irrigation water. A representative cultivated loam
soil contains approximately 50% solid particles (sand, silt, clay
and organic matter), 25% air and the rest 25% water. Only half
of this water is available to plants because of the mechanics of
water storage in the soil.
45. Classification of Soil Water:
There are generally two types of soil water
classification based on drying of wet soils and
growing plants there in
(A) physical
(B) biological
46. A. Physical Classification:
Under physical classification soil water is grouped into three on the
basis of retention: gravitational, capillary and hygroscopic water.
Gravitational water
Gravitational water may be defined as the water that is held at a
potential greater than -1/3 bar and that portion of the soil water that
will drain freely from the soil by the force of gravity.
In-spite of having low energy of retention, gravitational water is of
little use to plants water occupies the larger pores resulting poor
aeration.
Therefore, the removal of excess water is a must for the growth of
most plants.
47. Capillary water
Capillary water is held in the micro-pores of soils
(capillary pores). Capillary water is retained on
the soil particle by force of attraction between soil
particles and water molecules
48. Hygroscopic water
• Hygroscopic water is defined as the water that is held
by the soil particles at a suction of more than -31
bars.
• It is essentially non-liquid and moves primarily in the
vapour form.
• This water is held so tenaciously that plants are not
able to absorb it and thereby unavailable to plants.
• Some micro-organisms can utilize such form of
water.
49. Biological Classification:
There is a definite relationship between moisture retention and its utilization
by plants. Biological classification is based on the availability of soil moisture
to the plant. Soil water under this system of classification can be divided into
three categories.
1. Available water
Available water is defined as that portion of water which is retained in the soil
between field capacity (-1/3 bar) and the permanent wilting coefficients (-15
bars). This water is easily usable by plants and therefore, it is called plant
available water. Plant available water is equal to the difference of water
percentage at field capacity and a permanent wilting point.
50. 2. Unavailable water
Unavailable water is defined as the water which is held at soil water
potential greater than -15 bars. It is unavailable to plants. It includes the
whole of the hygroscopic water plus a part of the capillary water below
the wilting point.
3. Superfluous water
Superfluous water is defined as the water which is retained in the soil
beyond the field capacity soil moisture tension. This water includes
gravitational water plus a portion of capillary water removed from large
interstices. Such type of water is unavailable to plants and rather
presence of such water in the soil for a long period causes harmful
effect for plant growth because of lack of air.
51.
52. Soil porosity
• Pore-spaces (also called voids) in a soil consist of that portion
of the soil volume not occupied by solids, either mineral or
organic.
• The pore-space under field conditions, are occupied at all
times by air and water.
• Pore-spaces directly control the amount of water and air in the
soil and indirectly influence the plant growth and crop
production.