The document discusses several theories of intelligence: 1. Thurstone's theory proposed intelligence is made up of seven primary mental abilities rather than one general factor. 2. Cattell distinguished between fluid intelligence (adaptive learning abilities) and crystallized intelligence (acquired knowledge and skills). 3. Guilford's theory identified 180 separate mental abilities composed of different types of content, operations, and products. He developed tests to measure these abilities. 4. Sternberg's triarchic theory proposed intelligence has three parts - contextual (sociocultural), experiential (insight and new ideas), and componential (information processing with performance and metacomponents).

1. Special Education
Students Who Are Gifted and Talented
Zarah Gene D. Quinones
III-10 BS Psychology

2. L.L. Thurstone’s Multiple Factors of
Multiple Intelligence (1938)
His theory stated that
intelligence is made up of several
primary mental abilities rather than
a general factor and several specific
factors. His Multiple Factors Theory
of Intelligence identified the seven
primary mental abilities as verbal
comprehension, word fluency,
number facility, spatial visualization,
associative memory, perceptual

3. Cattell’s Theory on Fluid and
Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid intelligence is essentially
nonverbal and relatively culture free.
Fluid intelligence involves adaptive and
new learning capabilities, related to
mental operations and processes on
capacity, decay, selection and storage
of information.
Crystallized intelligence developed
through the exercise of fluid intelligence.
It is the product of the acquisition of
knowledge and skills that are strongly

4. Guilford’s Theory on the Structure of
the Intellect (1967)
The theory on the structure of intellect
advances that human intelligence is
composed of 180 separate mental
abilities that have been identified
through factor analysis.

5. Guilford’s Theory on the Structure of the
Intellect (1967)
The four types of content are:
1. Figural: properties of stimuli experienced
through the senses, visual, auditory, olfactory,
gustatory and kinesthetic
2. Symbolic: letters, numbers, symbols and
design
3. Semantic: words and ideas
4. Behavioral: actions and expressions of
thoughts and ideas

6. Guilford’s Theory on the Structure of the
Intellect (1967)
The five kinds of operations are:
1. Cognition: ability to gain, recognize and discover
knowledge
2. Memory: ability to retain, store, retrieve and
recall the contents of thoughts
3. Divergent production: ability to produce a
variety of ideas or solutions to a problem
4. Convergent production: ability to produce a
single best solution to a problem
5.Evaluation: ability to render judgment and decide
whether the intellectual contents are correct or
wrong, good or bad

7. The six kinds of products are:
1. Units: come in single number, letter or word
2. Classes: higher order concepts
3. Relations: connections between and among
classes and concepts
4. Systems: process of ordering or classification
of relations
5.Transformation: process of altering or
restructuring of intellectual content
6. Implication: process making inferences from
separate pieces of information

9. Guilford developed a wide variety of
psychometric tests to measure the specific
mental abilities produced by the theory. The
tests provided the operational definitions of
the mental abilities proposed by the theory.

10. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence (1982)
Sternberg calls his theory triarchic
because intelligence has three main
parts or dimensions: a contextual
part, an experiential part, and a
componential part.
Contextual intelligence emphasizes
intelligence in its sociocultural contexts.

11. Experiential intelligence emphasizes insight and
the ability to formulate new ideas and combine
seemingly unrelated facts or information. Sternberg
emphasizes the role of experience.
Componential intelligence emphasizes the
effectiveness of information processing. There are
two kinds of components:
a. Performance components
b. Metacomponents

12. a. Performance components: used in the
actual execution of the tasks. They include
encoding, comparing, chunking, and triggering
action and speech.
b. Metacomponents: higher order executive
processes used in planning, monitoring and
evaluating one’s working memory program.