6. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Individual differences stand for the variations or deviations among
individuals in regard to a single characteristic or a number of characteristics
(Carter B. Good, nd)
The differences among individuals, that distinguish or separate them from
one another and make one as an unique individual in oneself, may be termed as
individual differences
The psychology of individual differences is concerned with the systematic
study of intelligence and abilities associated with personality of learner, learning
styles and needs and interests of learner
7. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Each person has his own individuality contributing to variations or
differences within and among individuals in regard to one characteristic or on a
number of characteristics:
a. Psychological
b. Physiological
c. Aptitudes (natural ability or talent)
d. Motor Ability
e. Behavioral Differences
f. Temperament (emotional state)
g. Learning Style (including our study habit)
h. Moral Development
I. Heredity and Environmental Factor
10. INTELLIGENCE
Woolfolk (2013)
Gardner defines intelligence as a “biopsychological potential to
process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to
solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture”
(Gardner, 2000, p. 28).
Capacity to learn
The total knowledge the person has acquired
Ability to adapt to new situations and environment in general
11. INTELLIGENCE
Elements Common to the Different Views Put Forward by Researchers
and Experts in the Area of Intelligence and Learning:
Intelligence has to do with the ability to solve problems.
One’s intelligence is also the product of experiences and culture.
It has many facets and is a hierarchy of abilities, with general
ability at the top and more specific abilities at the lower levels.
12. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Faculty theory is the oldest theory regarding the nature of intelligence.
This theory states that mind is made up of different faculties like
reasoning, memory, discrimination and imagination etc.
These faculties are independent of each other and can be developed by
vigorous exercise.
Faculty theory has been criticized and proved that mental faculties are
not independent.
1 FACULTY THEORY
13. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Proposed by Charles Spearman (1863-1945).
This theory proposes that intellectual abilities were comprised of two
factors:
This theory states that a general intelligence factor (g) underlies other,
more specific aspects of intelligence.
1. the general ability or common ability is known as ‘G’ factor and
2. the group of specific abilities known as ‘S’ factor.
2 TWO FACTOR THEORY
14. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Asserts that there is no such thing as general ability.
These are the attributes of intelligence:
a. Level
b. Range
c. Area
d. Speed
3 Edward Thorndike’s Multi-factor
Theory
15. 4
Word fluency Verbal comprehension Spatial visualization
Number Facility Associative memory Reasoning
Perceptual Speed
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
He explained intelligence as a person’s “pattern” of mental abilities or a cluster of abilities.
“Intelligence, considered as a mental trait, is the capacity to make impulses focal at their
early, unfinished stage of formation. Intelligence is therefore the capacity for abstraction,
which is an inhibitory process "
This theory explains 7 different “primary mental abilities” which he called primary abilities:
LOUIS L. TURNSTONE'S THEORY
17. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
a. Content-visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic and behavioral
b. Mental operations- has six categories namely; cognition, memory(
retention and memory recording), divergent production, convergent
production, and evaluation
c. Products resulting from operations- six categories are units, classes,
relations, systems, transformations, and implications
6 Joy Paul Guilford’s Model of the
Structure of Intellect
18. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
fluid aspects asserts that intelligence is a basic capacity due to inherited genes
and the crystallized theory is the capacity resulting from experiences, learning
and environment.
7 Cattel- Horn Fluid and Crystallized
Intelligence Theory
Three Dimensions of Human Intellectual Competence:
a. Fluid Intelligence- mental efficiency and reasoning ability associated with brain
development. It increases until adolescence and declines gradually with age.
b. Crystallized intelligence- ability to bring previously acquired often culturally –
defined problem solving methods to bear on the current problem.This increases
throughout the life span
c. Visual- spatial reasoning- a somewhat specialized ability to use visual images and
visual relationships in problem- solving
19. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Analytic intelligence—mental processes used in learning how to solve
problems
Creative intelligence—ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on
existing skills and knowledge
Practical intelligence—ability to adapt to the environment (street smarts
8 TRIARCHIC THEORY (ROBERT
STERNBERG)
20. ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE
"the study and design of
intelligent agents"
"the intelligence of
machines"
Term first used by John
McCarthy, in 1956.
It is the science and
engineering of making
intelligent computer
machines.
The ability to perceive, express,
understand, and regulate
emotions.
The ability to manage emotions
in one’s self and in others in
order to reach desired
outcomes.
An ability to validly reason with
emotions and to use emotions
to enhance thought.
An ability to recognize the
meanings of emotion and their
relationships, and to reason and
problem-solve on the basis of
them.
