This document defines key concepts in instructional technology. It provides definitions of technology and instructional technology from various scholars. Technology is defined as the systematic application of knowledge to practical tasks. Instructional technology is defined as applying knowledge of human learning to teaching and learning tasks. The document also summarizes components of instructional design for teachers, including lesson planning, determining learner abilities, content emphasis, instructional strategies and techniques, sequencing materials, and evaluation. Instructional development refers to designing instructional programs using objectives and systematic procedures by determining who learns what, how content is communicated, and how learning is assessed. The document outlines the ten elements of instructional design.

1. Technology

2. Galbraith (1967)
defined technology as “...the
systematic application of
scientific or other organized
knowledge to practical tasks”.

3. Basic Principles
• An understanding of basic research and theory;
• A working knowledge of the practical task, problems
that may arise out of the situation, and individual’s
need to be met;
• The ability to translate the theory and research into
a form that the practitioner can apply to practical
situations.

4. Instructional
Technology

5. Heinrich, Molenda and Russel
(1989)
define instructional technology as
“...the application of our scientific
knowledge about human learning
to the practical tasks of teaching
and learning”.

6. Brown and Hercleroad (1977)
view instructional technology as
“...a systematic way of designing, implementing and
evaluating the total process of learning and
teaching in terms of specific objectives, based upon
research in human learning and communication and
employing a combination of human and nonhuman
resources to bring about more effective instruction”.

7. Seels and Richey (1994)
view instructional technology from a
holistic perspective, incorporating
the theory and practice of design
development, utilization,
management and evaluation of
processes and learning resources.

8. Smith and Ragan (1993)
have defined instructional design as
“...the systematic process of
translating principles of learning and
instruction into plans for instructional
materials and activities”.

9. A Summary Of
the Components of Instructional Design
for Teachers
• The lesson plan: The format and what should be
included and the sequencing of the components.
• The various methods and techniques necessary for
determining learners’ current ability levels and the
skills needed to accomplish the learning task.
• The content to be learned and where emphasis
should be placed.

10. • A vast array of strategies, methods, techniques
based on the principles of learning and
communication that can be utilised in the
teaching/learning process to increase students’
learning and teacher effectiveness.
• The correct sequencing of instructional materials so
that the limited time is spent wisely in the
communication of important information when
needed. This may be done for a specific lesson
topic or a more general level which could involve a
whole range of curriculum topics.

11. • Finally, the techniques for evaluation to ensure that
the content, the methods, the media and all other
instructional materials were used effectively and
efficiently in increasing a student’s learning.

12. Instructional
Development

13. Refers to the broad process of
designing an instructional
programme whether it is a single,
moderate, a complete unit, or a
total course with the use of
objectives and systematic
procedures.

14. Four questions need to be answered:
1. Who are those to be involved in the learning
process?
2. What should the individual learn or be able to do at
the end of the lesson?
3. How will the content or skills be communicated
effectively to learners?
4. How will you determine the extent to which
learning has taken place?

15. The Ten Elements of Instructional
Design
1. Topic, Purpose, Task
2. Learning
Characteristic
3. Content, Task
4. Objectives
5. Teaching and
Learning Activities
6. Teaching/Learning
Activities
7. Instructional Resources
8. Support Services
9. Evaluation
10. Pretesting

16. THANK YOU!