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Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The lithosphere comprises the crust and upper mantle, and behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates slide apart forming mid-ocean ridges; transform boundaries where plates slide past each other along transform faults; and convergent boundaries where plates slide towards each other, often forming subduction zones or continental collisions.
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Plate tectonic
Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of tectonic plates on Earth's surface. The lithosphere is broken into these plates which move at rates of up to 100 mm per year. Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary which can result in earthquakes, volcanoes, or mountain building. The theory proposes that Earth's eight major plates and several minor plates fit together like puzzle pieces and their movements over millions of years have resulted in changing ocean and continent configurations.
Earth Science 9 2
The theory of plate tectonics proposes that Earth's outer shell consists of individual, rigid plates that interact at boundaries, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart like oceanic ridges; convergent boundaries where plates move together; and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere. According to the theory, the lithosphere consists of plates that are continually shifting and changing shape at these boundary interactions.
Tectonic Plates
This document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over the asthenosphere. Where plates meet, their motion determines the type of boundary, such as divergent or convergent boundaries. At convergent boundaries, one plate subducts under the other, leading to volcanism and earthquakes. Hotspots are thought to be fed by anomalously hot mantle and may be located near or far from plate boundaries. Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift in 1912. The movement of plates has caused the formation and breakup of supercontinents over geologic time.
Concepts of Stratigraphy
This document discusses key concepts in stratigraphy, including:
- Stratigraphy deals with rock succession through time and space, telling the story of the Earth's history.
- There are different types of stratigraphy based on lithology, time, fossils, magnetism, and seismic characteristics.
- Stratification is based on principles like superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, and cross-cutting relationships.
- Unconformities represent gaps in the geologic record where no rocks were deposited for long periods of time.
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is the chronological study of sedimentary rocks to understand the history of the Earth. It involves correlating and arranging rock formations based on principles like lithology, order of superposition, and fossil content. The geological time scale divides Earth's history into Eras, Periods, and Epochs as a framework for studying and comparing rock sequences globally. Today we are in the Holocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period within the Cenozoic Era.
The geological time scale
Arthur Holmes was a British geologist who made two major contributions to geology. He pioneered the use of radioactive dating of minerals, which allowed scientists to accurately date geological formations. He also grasped the implications of mantle convection and plate tectonics. The geological time scale is a system that relates the layers of rock in the Earth's crust to periods of time in Earth's history. It is based on events that occurred during each period, geological evidence like mountain building and erosion, and fossil evidence found within the different rock layers.
Principles of Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is the study of temporal relationships in sedimentary rock layers and reflects changes in the balance between the rates of space production and filling. Stratigraphy records past geological events and adds a temporal dimension to sedimentology. It preserves details of major geologic events like mountain building, sea level changes, and climate fluctuations through principles such as superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, and crosscutting relationships.
Sequence stratigraphy concepts and applications
This document provides a review of the history and concepts of sequence stratigraphy. It begins with a brief history starting from early ideas about sea level change in the 1600s and progresses to modern concepts developed in the late 20th century. It then discusses the key principles of sequence stratigraphy including accommodation space, sequence boundaries, systems tracts including lowstand, transgressive, and highstand tracts, and parasequences. The review provides definitions and diagrams to illustrate these fundamental concepts in sequence stratigraphy.
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Plate tectonic
Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of tectonic plates on Earth's surface. The lithosphere is broken into these plates which move at rates of up to 100 mm per year. Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary which can result in earthquakes, volcanoes, or mountain building. The theory proposes that Earth's eight major plates and several minor plates fit together like puzzle pieces and their movements over millions of years have resulted in changing ocean and continent configurations.
Earth Science 9 2
The theory of plate tectonics proposes that Earth's outer shell consists of individual, rigid plates that interact at boundaries, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart like oceanic ridges; convergent boundaries where plates move together; and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere. According to the theory, the lithosphere consists of plates that are continually shifting and changing shape at these boundary interactions.
Tectonic Plates
This document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over the asthenosphere. Where plates meet, their motion determines the type of boundary, such as divergent or convergent boundaries. At convergent boundaries, one plate subducts under the other, leading to volcanism and earthquakes. Hotspots are thought to be fed by anomalously hot mantle and may be located near or far from plate boundaries. Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift in 1912. The movement of plates has caused the formation and breakup of supercontinents over geologic time.
Concepts of Stratigraphy
This document discusses key concepts in stratigraphy, including:
- Stratigraphy deals with rock succession through time and space, telling the story of the Earth's history.
- There are different types of stratigraphy based on lithology, time, fossils, magnetism, and seismic characteristics.
- Stratification is based on principles like superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, and cross-cutting relationships.
- Unconformities represent gaps in the geologic record where no rocks were deposited for long periods of time.
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is the chronological study of sedimentary rocks to understand the history of the Earth. It involves correlating and arranging rock formations based on principles like lithology, order of superposition, and fossil content. The geological time scale divides Earth's history into Eras, Periods, and Epochs as a framework for studying and comparing rock sequences globally. Today we are in the Holocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period within the Cenozoic Era.
The geological time scale
Arthur Holmes was a British geologist who made two major contributions to geology. He pioneered the use of radioactive dating of minerals, which allowed scientists to accurately date geological formations. He also grasped the implications of mantle convection and plate tectonics. The geological time scale is a system that relates the layers of rock in the Earth's crust to periods of time in Earth's history. It is based on events that occurred during each period, geological evidence like mountain building and erosion, and fossil evidence found within the different rock layers.
Principles of Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is the study of temporal relationships in sedimentary rock layers and reflects changes in the balance between the rates of space production and filling. Stratigraphy records past geological events and adds a temporal dimension to sedimentology. It preserves details of major geologic events like mountain building, sea level changes, and climate fluctuations through principles such as superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, and crosscutting relationships.
Sequence stratigraphy concepts and applications
This document provides a review of the history and concepts of sequence stratigraphy. It begins with a brief history starting from early ideas about sea level change in the 1600s and progresses to modern concepts developed in the late 20th century. It then discusses the key principles of sequence stratigraphy including accommodation space, sequence boundaries, systems tracts including lowstand, transgressive, and highstand tracts, and parasequences. The review provides definitions and diagrams to illustrate these fundamental concepts in sequence stratigraphy.
Principles of stratigraphy
Introduction
Stratigraphy is the study of strata (sedimentary layers) in the Earth's crust, it is the relationship between rocks and time.
Stratigrapher are concerned with the observation, description and interpretation of direct and tangible evidence in rocks to determine the history of the Earth.
The combination of sedimentology and stratigraphy allows us to build up pictures of the Earth’s surface at different times in different places and relate them to each other through the relative ages of rocks
A more modern way of stating the same principle is that the laws of nature (laws of chemistry and physics) that have operated in the same way since the beginning of time.
And thus if we understand the physical and chemical principles by which nature operates, we can assume that nature operated the same way in the past.
Basic principles of stratigraphy
Principle of Uniformitarianism
Principle of Lateral Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Chilled Margins
Correlation
EARTHQUAKE
Earthquake is defined as a sudden shaking of the ground caused by movements within the earth's crust or volcanic activity. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent boundaries where plates collide and one plate subducts under the other, divergent boundaries where plates move apart forming new crust, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other causing many earthquakes.
Principle of Stratigraphic
This document summarizes key concepts in stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy. It discusses the principles of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity. It also describes unconformities and how they represent gaps in the stratigraphic record. Sequence stratigraphy divides rock sequences into systems tracts based on bounding surfaces and stacking patterns. Sequences are bounded by unconformities and composed of parasequence sets, which are made up of genetically related beds bounded by flooding surfaces.
2 & 3 plate tectonic, gerak dan sifat interaksi
This document discusses plate tectonics and the theory of plate tectonics. It provides information on key aspects of plate tectonics including:
- The lithosphere is broken into individual plates that move over the asthenosphere in response to convection currents.
- Plate boundaries are sites of geologic activity including divergent boundaries which create oceanic crust, transform boundaries, and convergent boundaries involving subduction or collision which alter crust composition.
- Mantle convection provides the primary driving force for plate tectonics, with slab pull and ridge push contributing to plate motions.
Introduction of sequence stratigraphy
This document defines sequence stratigraphy and discusses its basic concepts. Sequence stratigraphy studies genetically related rock units bounded by unconformities. It is based on dividing strata into sequences bounded by sea level changes. Key concepts discussed include depositional sequences, parasequences, flooding surfaces, system tracts, accommodation space, and the importance of sequence stratigraphy for understanding basin evolution and resource exploration.
Plate tectonics theory
Plate tectonics theory describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithospheric plates and how their interactions explain geological phenomena such as continental drift, seafloor spreading, and mountain building. The theory proposes that Earth's outer layer is divided into tectonic plates that move relative to each other in three main ways - convergent boundaries where plates collide, divergent boundaries where they move apart, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other horizontally.
Sequence stratigraphy and its applications
Sequence stratigraphy is the study of rock strata in terms of depositional sequences that are genetically related and bounded by unconformities or correlative conformities. It was pioneered by James Hutton in 1788 and further developed by researchers like Sloss and Vail to understand global eustatic sea level changes and their control on sediment deposition. Key concepts include systems tracts like transgressive, highstand, and parasequences which are building blocks of sequences. Sequence stratigraphy is useful for basin analysis, hydrocarbon exploration, and understanding past sea level fluctuations. Case studies have applied it to outcrops and subsurface sediments.
Stratigraphy i
Stratigraphy establishes relationships between rock layers by classifying them into mappable units called formations, which can be subdivided into members and grouped into units called groups. Correlating rocks means establishing their equivalency using physical stratigraphy techniques like lithostratigraphy (comparing rock types), magnetostratigraphy (comparing magnetic polarity sequences), and sequence stratigraphy (using sea level curves), or biostratigraphy techniques like comparing fossil zones, evolutionary lineages, and index fossils to determine the relative or absolute ages of rock layers.
Continental drift
1) Early scientists like Bacon and Snider-Pellegrini noticed similarities between continents like Africa and South America, but it was Wegener who first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915.
2) Evidence for continental drift includes matching coastlines, similarities in fossils found on different continents, matching rock types along coastlines, and geological features lining up across continents.
3) In the mid-20th century, discoveries of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate tectonics to explain continental drift, with ocean floors being created at mid-ocean ridges and spreading outward over time.
Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
This document provides an introduction to sedimentology and stratigraphy. It discusses key concepts such as sedimentology focusing on accumulation under uniform conditions while stratigraphy records changes over time. Sedimentary rocks form through weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, lithification and diagenesis. Scientists study facies, depositional systems, and system tracts to interpret ancient environments. Stratigraphy reflects changes in the balance between space creation and filling in sedimentary basins. Correlating rock units across regions is important for stratigraphic research.
Earthquake
This document discusses earthquakes, including their causes and global distribution. It begins by defining earthquakes and describing the different types of seismic waves generated. There are two main types of body waves (P and S waves) and two main types of surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves). Earthquakes are primarily caused by tectonic plate movement and faulting, as well as volcanic activity. They most commonly occur along plate boundaries and zones of historical mountain building. India has been divided into different seismic zones based on earthquake risk, with Zone V representing the highest risk.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 1 of 14 (Principles of ...
Introductory presentation for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
Seismic stratigraphy
This document discusses seismic stratigraphy, which uses seismic data to extract stratigraphic information about subsurface rock layers. It defines seismic waves and methods, including refraction and reflection. Reflection seismic is more commonly used to identify structures like folds and faults beneath the surface. Key parameters for interpretation are reflection configuration, continuity, amplitude, frequency, and interval velocity. Depositional environments are also identified based on their relationship to the wave base.
Plate boundaries powerpoint
There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; convergent boundaries where plates move towards each other and ocean crust is destroyed at trenches forming volcanic island arcs; and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other along faults like the San Andreas Fault. Many earthquakes and volcanoes occur on the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean due to the Pacific plate interacting with surrounding plates at their convergent and transform boundaries.
Event stratigraphy Geology By Misson Choudhury
Hi I'm Misson Choudhury , A Post Graduate student, Graduated from Utkal university and Now pursuing my m.sc in applied geology at Bangalore university, Bangalore, i love geological mapping,drawing,hill climbing and tracking..
Stratigraphy
This document discusses structural geography and stratigraphy. It defines structural geography as the study of dip, strike, outcrops, inliers, outliers, discontinuities, folds, faults, joints and unconformities in rock structures. Stratigraphy is divided into lithostratigraphy, which studies rock layers based on lithology, and biostratigraphy, which uses fossil assemblages to correlate rock ages. The principles of stratigraphy include original horizontality, superposition, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, faunal succession, and uniformitarianism. Types of stratigraphy are lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, allostratigraphy, geochron
Stratigraphy and history of earth
This document discusses stratigraphy and related geological concepts. It begins by outlining the contents of stratigraphy, including principles of sequence stratigraphy, sedimentary basins, models in sedimentary geology, and applied sedimentary geology. It then discusses key stratigraphic concepts like lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy. Finally, it covers principles of correlation, criteria for stratigraphic classification, and elements of correlation like time units, rock units, and correlation methods involving lithological, biostratigraphic, and radioactive dating controls.
Introduction to Sequence Stratigraphy Powerpoint
This document provides an introduction to sequence stratigraphy, including key concepts such as accommodation space, cyclical deposition, parasequences, and Walter's Law. Students are instructed to analyze a sedimentary section by identifying parasequences and their components, measuring bed thicknesses, and interpreting the sedimentation history. The images are provided by Steve Holland of University of Georgia and require separate permission to use outside this learning module.
Geology Complete (Earth Science Topic)
This document discusses the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift is the movement of continents across Earth's surface over geologic time. The theory was first proposed in the early 20th century by Alfred Wegener and helped explain the formation of supercontinents like Pangaea and the matching of continental margins. It also introduced the concept of plates and how their movement causes geologic phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
Sequence stratigraphy
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
Earths Spheres
The document discusses Earth's interconnected spheres - the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It provides a brief overview of each individual sphere and their interactions. The bottom section notes that last week's newspaper headlines discussed Hurricane Ivan and its path toward Cuba as a powerful Category 5 storm.
Duncan_Notes_Dynamic_Earth
The Earth is not a perfect sphere, but is slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator. It has multiple interior layers, including a crust, mantle, and core. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere, which overlies the asthenosphere and mesosphere in the mantle. The core is divided into a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core. Seismic waves have revealed details of the Earth's internal structure.
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Principles of stratigraphy
Introduction
Stratigraphy is the study of strata (sedimentary layers) in the Earth's crust, it is the relationship between rocks and time.
Stratigrapher are concerned with the observation, description and interpretation of direct and tangible evidence in rocks to determine the history of the Earth.
The combination of sedimentology and stratigraphy allows us to build up pictures of the Earth’s surface at different times in different places and relate them to each other through the relative ages of rocks
A more modern way of stating the same principle is that the laws of nature (laws of chemistry and physics) that have operated in the same way since the beginning of time.
And thus if we understand the physical and chemical principles by which nature operates, we can assume that nature operated the same way in the past.
Basic principles of stratigraphy
Principle of Uniformitarianism
Principle of Lateral Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Chilled Margins
Correlation
EARTHQUAKE
Earthquake is defined as a sudden shaking of the ground caused by movements within the earth's crust or volcanic activity. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent boundaries where plates collide and one plate subducts under the other, divergent boundaries where plates move apart forming new crust, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other causing many earthquakes.
Principle of Stratigraphic
This document summarizes key concepts in stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy. It discusses the principles of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity. It also describes unconformities and how they represent gaps in the stratigraphic record. Sequence stratigraphy divides rock sequences into systems tracts based on bounding surfaces and stacking patterns. Sequences are bounded by unconformities and composed of parasequence sets, which are made up of genetically related beds bounded by flooding surfaces.
2 & 3 plate tectonic, gerak dan sifat interaksi
This document discusses plate tectonics and the theory of plate tectonics. It provides information on key aspects of plate tectonics including:
- The lithosphere is broken into individual plates that move over the asthenosphere in response to convection currents.
- Plate boundaries are sites of geologic activity including divergent boundaries which create oceanic crust, transform boundaries, and convergent boundaries involving subduction or collision which alter crust composition.
- Mantle convection provides the primary driving force for plate tectonics, with slab pull and ridge push contributing to plate motions.
Introduction of sequence stratigraphy
This document defines sequence stratigraphy and discusses its basic concepts. Sequence stratigraphy studies genetically related rock units bounded by unconformities. It is based on dividing strata into sequences bounded by sea level changes. Key concepts discussed include depositional sequences, parasequences, flooding surfaces, system tracts, accommodation space, and the importance of sequence stratigraphy for understanding basin evolution and resource exploration.
Plate tectonics theory
Plate tectonics theory describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithospheric plates and how their interactions explain geological phenomena such as continental drift, seafloor spreading, and mountain building. The theory proposes that Earth's outer layer is divided into tectonic plates that move relative to each other in three main ways - convergent boundaries where plates collide, divergent boundaries where they move apart, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other horizontally.
Sequence stratigraphy and its applications
Sequence stratigraphy is the study of rock strata in terms of depositional sequences that are genetically related and bounded by unconformities or correlative conformities. It was pioneered by James Hutton in 1788 and further developed by researchers like Sloss and Vail to understand global eustatic sea level changes and their control on sediment deposition. Key concepts include systems tracts like transgressive, highstand, and parasequences which are building blocks of sequences. Sequence stratigraphy is useful for basin analysis, hydrocarbon exploration, and understanding past sea level fluctuations. Case studies have applied it to outcrops and subsurface sediments.
Stratigraphy i
Stratigraphy establishes relationships between rock layers by classifying them into mappable units called formations, which can be subdivided into members and grouped into units called groups. Correlating rocks means establishing their equivalency using physical stratigraphy techniques like lithostratigraphy (comparing rock types), magnetostratigraphy (comparing magnetic polarity sequences), and sequence stratigraphy (using sea level curves), or biostratigraphy techniques like comparing fossil zones, evolutionary lineages, and index fossils to determine the relative or absolute ages of rock layers.
Continental drift
1) Early scientists like Bacon and Snider-Pellegrini noticed similarities between continents like Africa and South America, but it was Wegener who first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915.
2) Evidence for continental drift includes matching coastlines, similarities in fossils found on different continents, matching rock types along coastlines, and geological features lining up across continents.
3) In the mid-20th century, discoveries of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate tectonics to explain continental drift, with ocean floors being created at mid-ocean ridges and spreading outward over time.
Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
This document provides an introduction to sedimentology and stratigraphy. It discusses key concepts such as sedimentology focusing on accumulation under uniform conditions while stratigraphy records changes over time. Sedimentary rocks form through weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, lithification and diagenesis. Scientists study facies, depositional systems, and system tracts to interpret ancient environments. Stratigraphy reflects changes in the balance between space creation and filling in sedimentary basins. Correlating rock units across regions is important for stratigraphic research.
Earthquake
This document discusses earthquakes, including their causes and global distribution. It begins by defining earthquakes and describing the different types of seismic waves generated. There are two main types of body waves (P and S waves) and two main types of surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves). Earthquakes are primarily caused by tectonic plate movement and faulting, as well as volcanic activity. They most commonly occur along plate boundaries and zones of historical mountain building. India has been divided into different seismic zones based on earthquake risk, with Zone V representing the highest risk.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 1 of 14 (Principles of ...
Introductory presentation for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
Seismic stratigraphy
This document discusses seismic stratigraphy, which uses seismic data to extract stratigraphic information about subsurface rock layers. It defines seismic waves and methods, including refraction and reflection. Reflection seismic is more commonly used to identify structures like folds and faults beneath the surface. Key parameters for interpretation are reflection configuration, continuity, amplitude, frequency, and interval velocity. Depositional environments are also identified based on their relationship to the wave base.
Plate boundaries powerpoint
There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; convergent boundaries where plates move towards each other and ocean crust is destroyed at trenches forming volcanic island arcs; and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other along faults like the San Andreas Fault. Many earthquakes and volcanoes occur on the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean due to the Pacific plate interacting with surrounding plates at their convergent and transform boundaries.
Event stratigraphy Geology By Misson Choudhury
Hi I'm Misson Choudhury , A Post Graduate student, Graduated from Utkal university and Now pursuing my m.sc in applied geology at Bangalore university, Bangalore, i love geological mapping,drawing,hill climbing and tracking..
Stratigraphy
This document discusses structural geography and stratigraphy. It defines structural geography as the study of dip, strike, outcrops, inliers, outliers, discontinuities, folds, faults, joints and unconformities in rock structures. Stratigraphy is divided into lithostratigraphy, which studies rock layers based on lithology, and biostratigraphy, which uses fossil assemblages to correlate rock ages. The principles of stratigraphy include original horizontality, superposition, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, faunal succession, and uniformitarianism. Types of stratigraphy are lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, allostratigraphy, geochron
Stratigraphy and history of earth
This document discusses stratigraphy and related geological concepts. It begins by outlining the contents of stratigraphy, including principles of sequence stratigraphy, sedimentary basins, models in sedimentary geology, and applied sedimentary geology. It then discusses key stratigraphic concepts like lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy. Finally, it covers principles of correlation, criteria for stratigraphic classification, and elements of correlation like time units, rock units, and correlation methods involving lithological, biostratigraphic, and radioactive dating controls.
Introduction to Sequence Stratigraphy Powerpoint
This document provides an introduction to sequence stratigraphy, including key concepts such as accommodation space, cyclical deposition, parasequences, and Walter's Law. Students are instructed to analyze a sedimentary section by identifying parasequences and their components, measuring bed thicknesses, and interpreting the sedimentation history. The images are provided by Steve Holland of University of Georgia and require separate permission to use outside this learning module.
Geology Complete (Earth Science Topic)
This document discusses the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift is the movement of continents across Earth's surface over geologic time. The theory was first proposed in the early 20th century by Alfred Wegener and helped explain the formation of supercontinents like Pangaea and the matching of continental margins. It also introduced the concept of plates and how their movement causes geologic phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
Sequence stratigraphy
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
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GEOG 100--Lecture 11--The Lithosphere
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The document describes the five main layers that make up the interior of the Earth:
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2) Below the lithosphere lies the asthenosphere, a semi-rigid layer of the mantle that flows slowly like hot asphalt.
3) The mantle is the thick middle layer composed of semi-solid rock extending to a depth of 2,900 km.
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todo lo referente a la litosfera desde la composición de la tierra y el magnetismo hasta los solsticios y equinoccios.
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Unit 9, Lesson 2 - The Lithosphere
Unit 9, Lesson 2 - The Lithosphere
Lesson Outline:
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4. Minerals
5. Properties of Minerals
6. The Soil
Dynamic earth ppt to go with notes
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Earth's spheres
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Created by María Jesús Campos, teacher of Social Studies, History and Geography in a bilingual section in Madrid.
Earth's Spheres
The document discusses Earth's spheres which include the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and anthroposphere. It explains that the spheres are closely interconnected, with changes in one sphere often causing chain reactions and changes in other spheres. An example is provided of a forest fire destroying plants, which leads to erosion, increased soil in water, higher turbidity, and impacts on water plants and animals, demonstrating the interactions between spheres.
La litosfera terrestre
La litosfera es la capa externa de la Tierra compuesta de rocas. El documento presenta un breve resumen de la litosfera y fue escrito por Alfonso Cuevas Mantecón.
Litosfera
La Tierra está formada por capas concéntricas: la litosfera (corteza), mesosfera (manto) y núcleo. La litosfera está compuesta de rocas y minerales y se divide en suelos de acuerdo a su composición, como suelos arcillosos, arenosos y orgánicos. La erosión del suelo por agua y viento reduce su fertilidad, por lo que es importante la reforestación y uso controlado de fertilizantes y plaguicidas para conservar los suelos.
structure and composition of lithosphere
The document discusses the lithosphere, which is the outermost solid shell of the Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle. It is divided into three main sections. The first section introduces the lithosphere and describes its composition and structure. The lithosphere consists of oceanic and continental crust and the upper mantle. The second section discusses various geological processes that affect the lithosphere like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics. The third section describes the chemical composition and types of rocks found in the lithosphere.
The earth’s lithosphere
The document describes the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks such as granite and basalt form from cooling magma. Sedimentary rocks like sandstone and shale form from compressed sediments. Metamorphic rocks like gneiss and marble form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure. Rocks give the lithosphere its solid, rigid properties and help maintain the shape of the Earth despite various forces.
Litosfera
El documento describe las capas internas y externas de la Tierra. La litosfera está compuesta de la corteza y el manto superior divididos en placas tectónicas. El núcleo interno es sólido mientras que el externo es líquido. El manto está dividido en superior e inferior. La corteza terrestre varía en grosor y está compuesta de rocas sedimentarias, basálticas y del gabro. Los movimientos de la corteza causan fenómenos como las montañas, terremotos y volcanes.
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Plate Tectonics
The movement of earth's plate is responsible for the formation of continents.How it works ? what are the principle's?
Plate Tectonics Theory
The plate tectonics theory explains how major landforms are created by Earth's movements of tectonic plates. The theory was solidified in the 1960s and transformed earth sciences by explaining phenomena like mountain building, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth's outer layer is broken into large rocky plates that move relative to each other at rates from 2 to 15 cm per year, creating features like the Himalayas, East African Rift, and San Andreas Fault. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where plates collide, and transform where motion is horizontal.
Plate tectonics
The Continental Drift Theory, The Seafloor Spreading Theory and The Plate Tectonics Theory are the three important theories taking place in our planet.
Introduction to Plate tectonics and its consequences.pptx
This slide introduces the basic concept of tectonic movement. It is mainly focused on, causes of plate movement, rate of movement, consequences of movement, and some natural phenomena related to tectonic movement.
The Earth Dynamics
The earth is more than 4.5 billion years old! During this unimaginable expanse of time, our planet has undergone drastic changes. For the earliest part of earth’s history, the planet was a molten inferno. As the planet slowly cooled, rocks and minerals began to form, and continents and ocean basins took shape. Earth’s continents today look nothing like they did hundreds of millions of years ago. In fact, the continents move around through a process called plate tectonics.
The Theory of Plat Tectonics is relatively modern and is very different from historic thought, which included ideas ranging from shrinking earth to continents moving across the ocean floor. Fossil evidence paired with lithographic correlation helped solidify the concept of plate tectonics to the theory we know today.
Plate tectonics
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and types of plate boundaries. It defines plates as large, rigid slabs that move slowly over the asthenosphere. There are 6 major and 20 minor tectonic plates. Plates interact along boundaries where they converge, diverge, or move past each other, causing seismic and volcanic activity. The three main types of plate boundaries are divergence boundaries where plates move apart, convergence boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
Tectonic Plates
The document discusses tectonic plates and their movement over time. It explains that tectonic plates are large sections of Earth's crust that are constantly shifting. Approximately 225 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. The plates have since moved apart, forming the current continental configuration. In about 250 million years, the continents are predicted to reconverge into another supercontinent called Pangea Ultima. As plates shift, they interact along boundaries where they can separate, collide, or slide past each other.
WHAT IS A PLATE? MAJOR PLATES. Types of Earth’s Crust. Plate Boundary
The document discusses plate tectonics and the key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It describes how the lithosphere is broken into large plates that move over Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. It outlines the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where new crust forms, transform boundaries where plates slide past each other, and convergent boundaries where plates collide and one slides under the other. It also discusses the evidence that supported the development of plate tectonic theory, such as seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals recorded in oceanic crust.
The Continental Margins
This document provides an overview of continental margins. It begins with introducing the objectives of understanding the importance and characteristics of continental margins in the context of earth and oceanographic studies. It then discusses various topics relevant to continental margins, including the earth's crust, plate tectonics, sea floor spreading, types of plate boundaries and movement, and features of convergent and divergent plate boundaries. The key aspects of continental margins are that they are the submerged zones separating thick continental crust from thin oceanic crust, and form the outer edges of continents.
Plate tectonics
Tectonic plates describe the large-scale motion of Earth's lithospheric plates. The movement of these plates began between 3.3 to 3.5 billion years ago, driven by the viscous mantle. Where the plates meet, they form different types of boundaries based on their relative motion: convergent where plates collide and form mountains, divergent where they separate and form mid-ocean ridges, or transform where they slide past each other along transform faults.
Plate Tectonics
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics, including what plates are made of, how they move at boundaries, and the evidence that supports plate tectonics. The lithosphere comprises the crust and rigid upper mantle, floating on the asthenosphere. Plates move at boundaries in three types - divergent, convergent, and transform - which are associated with volcanoes, earthquakes, and other surface phenomena. Evidence like matching continents, widespread fossil distributions, and matching rock formations support plate tectonics and the past connection of continents.
Earth Science Vocabulary
Plate tectonics involves the movement of tectonic plates via divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. The Earth's crust is divided into these tectonic plates which move apart from each other at divergent boundaries, collide at convergent boundaries, or grind past each other at transform boundaries. These plate movements cause volcanic activity and earthquakes, and create geological features such as mid-ocean ridges, trenches, and mountains.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
Lithosphere
The document discusses the layers of the lithosphere. The lithosphere includes the crust and upper mantle, which make up the rigid outer layer of the Earth. The crust is the outermost layer and varies in thickness from 32-40 km. It is divided into two layers - the upper sial and lower sima. Below the crust is the mantle, which is around 2,900 km thick and composed of hot, solid rock that flows slowly over time. The three main layers of the lithosphere are the crust, upper mantle, and lower mantle.
plate tectonic.pptx
1. Plate tectonics refers to the slow movement of large rigid plates that make up the Earth's outer layer called the lithosphere.
2. The lithosphere consists of two layers - the crust and the upper mantle.
3. Where the plates meet, there are different types of plate boundaries which can cause earthquakes and volcanic activity.
Tectonic plates
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it relates to various geological phenomena. The Earth's crust is divided into major tectonic plates that move and interact along three types of plate boundaries. Divergent boundaries form new crust through seafloor spreading. Convergent boundaries involve plates colliding through oceanic-continental or continent-continent collision, forming mountain ranges. Transform boundaries involve lateral movement of plates past each other. Volcanoes and earthquakes commonly occur at plate boundaries due to the plates interacting and releasing energy.
Tectonic plates
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it relates to various geological phenomena. The Earth's crust is divided into major tectonic plates that move and interact along three types of plate boundaries. Divergent boundaries form new crust through seafloor spreading. Convergent boundaries result in earthquakes and volcanoes through processes like subduction. Transform boundaries involve plates sliding past one another. Volcanoes and earthquakes tend to occur at plate boundaries due to the stresses caused by plate interactions.
Earthquake (Report in Science)
A report about earthquakes. Inside this powerpoint are: the meaning of earthquakes, types of plate movement, and how does an earthquake occur. Have Fun!
Continental drift Presentation.pptx
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other. Plate tectonics studies the movement of continents on tectonic plates. There are three main types of tectonic plate boundaries: subduction zones where plates converge, divergent margins where plates spread apart, and transform margins where plates slide past each other. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent boundaries as heat from the Earth's mantle causes the seafloor crust to crack and new crust is formed, pushing the plates apart over millions of years. The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, measured at over 9.0 on the Richter scale, was caused by movement along the Sumatra fault line and
3a .Physiographic Features Of Earth.docx
1) The lesson plan covers topics related to geology including physiographic features of Earth, plate tectonics theory, definitions of key concepts, and physical properties of minerals.
2) Major physiographic features discussed are continents, mountains, oceans, rivers, lakes and volcanoes. Plate tectonics theory explains the movement of tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries.
3) Key definitions provided are lithosphere, tectonic plates, and the three types of plate boundaries. Physical properties of minerals described are color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage and more.
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Ppt. presentation-assign
- 2. Plate tectonics: It is from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός "pertaining to building; it is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
- 3. LITHOSPHERE The lithosphere (from the Greek words [lithos] for "rocky" + [sphaira] for "sphere") is the rigid outermost shell of a rocky planet.
- 4. Earth's lithosphere It comprises the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater.
- 5. Types of Plate Boundaries
- 6. Transform Boundaries Also known as Conservative occur where plates slide or, perhaps more accurately, grind past each other along transform faults.
- 7. Divergent Boundaries Constructive occur where two plates slide apart from each other. Mid-ocean ridges (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and active zones of rifting (such as Africa's Great Rift Valley) are both examples of divergent boundaries.
- 8. Convergent Boundaries (Destructive or active margins occur where two plates slide towards each other commonly forming either a subduction zone (if one plate moves underneath the other) or a continental collision (if the two plates contain continental crust).
- 9. Three types of Boundaries