CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
Minimize energy per packet (or per bit)
Maximize network lifetime
Routing considering available battery energy
Maximum Total Available Battery Capacity
Minimum Battery Cost Routing (MBCR)
Min– Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR)
Conditional Max – Min Battery Capacity Routing (CMMBCR)
Minimize variance in power levels
Minimum Total Transmission Power Routing (MTPR)
This presentation is all about the wireless sensor networks, how they collect data using aggregation, and how they evaluate or calculate the parameters
Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards for the Internet...Duncan Purves
Presentation on Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards for the Internet of Things given at Institute of Physics, Sensors & their Applications XVIII Conference, 12 September 2016
Minimize energy per packet (or per bit)
Maximize network lifetime
Routing considering available battery energy
Maximum Total Available Battery Capacity
Minimum Battery Cost Routing (MBCR)
Min– Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR)
Conditional Max – Min Battery Capacity Routing (CMMBCR)
Minimize variance in power levels
Minimum Total Transmission Power Routing (MTPR)
This presentation is all about the wireless sensor networks, how they collect data using aggregation, and how they evaluate or calculate the parameters
Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards for the Internet...Duncan Purves
Presentation on Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards for the Internet of Things given at Institute of Physics, Sensors & their Applications XVIII Conference, 12 September 2016
What are LPWA networks and what are their advantages ?
What are their characateristics in comparison with other telecom technologies ?
What are the differences between LPWA technologies, especially Sigfox and LoRa ?
LPWAN Technologies for Internet of Things (IoT) and M2M ScenariosPeter R. Egli
Rapid technological advances in the past made possible the miniaturization of network devices to meet the cost and power consumption requirements in IoT and M2M scenarios. What is missing in this picture is a radio technology with both long range capability and a very low cost footprint. Existing radio technologies such as 3G/4G or Short Range Radio do not aptly meet the requirements of IoT scenarios because they are either too expensive or are not able to provide the required range. Other wireless technologies are geared towards high bandwidth which is in most cases not a requirement for IoT.
Emerging LPWAN technologies such as ETSI LTN or LoRAWAN are poised for filling the gap by providing long range (up to 40km) and low power connectivity. These technologies allow low cost radio devices and operation thus enabling scaling up IoT applications.
Low Power Wireless Technologies and Standards for the Internet of ThingsDuncan Purves
Presentation on low power wireless technologies and standards for the Internet of Things (iOT), given at the BCS Communications Management Association AGM on 5th April 2016
UNIT IV WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS) AND MAC PROTOCOLS 9 Single node architecture: hardware and software components of a sensor node - WSN Network architecture: typical network architectures-data relaying and aggregation strategies -MAC layer protocols: self-organizing, Hybrid TDMA/FDMA and CSMA based MAC- IEEE 802.15.4.
Survey on energy efficiency in wireless sensor network using mac protocol wit...Editor Jacotech
Dynamic feature evaluation and concept evaluation is major challenging task in the field of data classification. The continuity of data induced a new feature during classification process, but the classification process is predefined task for assigning data into class. Data comes into multiple feature sub-set format into infinite length. The infinite length not decided the how many class are assigned. Support vector machine is well recognized method for data classification. For the process of support vector machine evaluation of new feature during classification is major problem. The problem of feature evaluation decreases the performance of Support Vector Machine (SVM). For the improvement of support vector machine, particle of swarm optimization technique is used. Particle of swarm optimization controls the dynamic feature evaluation process and decreases the possibility of confusion in selection of class and increase the classification ratio of support vector machine. Particle of swarm optimization work in two phases one used as dynamic population selection and another are used for optimization process of evolved new feature.
Wireless Sensor Networks lecture presented in the Fall of 2005. Covering the following: data-dissemination schemes, media access control schemes, distributed algorithms for collaborative processing, and architecture for a wireless sensor network.
Based on Heterogeneity and Electing Probability of Nodes Improvement in LEACHijsrd.com
In heterogeneous sensor networks, certain nodes become cluster heads which aggregate the data of their cluster nodes and transfer it to the sink. An Improved Energy leach protocol for cluster head selection in a hierarchically clustered heterogeneous network to reorganize the network topology efficiently is proposed in this research work. The proposed algorithm will use thresholding to improve the cluster head selection. The presented algorithm considers the sensor nodes in wireless network and randomly distributed in the heterogeneous network. The coordinates of the sink and the dimensions of the sensor field are known in prior.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A SURVEY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLUSTERING BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS...Journal For Research
In most of today’s application the wireless sensor network (WSN) play an important role.WSN is an autonomous system to monitor physical and environmental conditions. It can sense and compute the information or data or message that transmitted through it. Important design issue of the Wireless sensor networks energy consumption and lifetime of the network. The design of different routing protocol is another important design issue in WSN. There are mainly broad types of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. This paper mainly deals with different types of cluster based routing protocols in WSN. Clustering algorithms are mainly defined to reduce the energy consumption and improves the life time of the network.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
Energy efficient mac protocols for wireless sensor networkijcsa
Wireless sensor network are the collection of individual nodes which are able to interact with physical
environment statically or dynamically by sensing or controlling physical parameter. Wireless sensor network
become a leading solution in many important applications such as intrusion detection, target tracking,
industrial automation etc. A major problem with WSN is to determining a most efficient protocol for
conserving energy of power source. The design of an energy- efficient Medium Access efficient Control
(MAC) protocol is one of the major issues in wireless sensor networks (WSN). In this paper we study some
characteristics of WSN that are important for the design of MAC layer protocols and give a brief introduction
of some newly come MAC protocols with reference to energy efficiency for WSN. In accordance with channel
access policies, MAC protocols are classified into four types, which are cross layer protocols, TDMA-based,
contention-based and hybrid, these are discussed in this paper.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Definition
Example of WSN
Types of WSN
Characteristics of a
WSN
Power saving protocols
for WSN
Applications
Challenges
Advantages
Disadvantages
Future Scope
Conclusion 2
3. INTRODUCTION
3
Low power wireless sensor Networks are
networks that consists of sensors which are
distributed in an ad hoc manner.
These sensors work with each other to sense
some physical phenomenon and then the
information gathered is processed to get relevant
results.
Low power Wireless sensor networks consists of
protocols and algorithms with self-organizing
capabilities.
4. CONTINUED.........
Sensor networks are highly distributed networks of small,
lightweight wireless node, deployed in large numbers to
monitor the environment or system.
Each node of the sensor networks consist of three subsystem:
Sensor subsystem: senses the environment
Processing subsystem: performs local computations on the
sensed data
Communication subsystem: responsible for message exchange
with neighboring sensor nodes
The features of sensor nodes
Limited sensing region, processing power, energy
4
5. 5
DEFINITION
Low power Wireless Sensor Networks :
Highly distributed networks of small, lightweight wireless
nodes,
Deployed in large numbers,
Monitors the environment or system by measuring phys
parameters such as temperature, pressure, humidity.
Node:
sensing + processing + communication
7. TYPES OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
7
Dense collection of nodes
Ad-hoc
deployment
Difficulty in network
maintenance
Few and scarcely
distributed nodes
Pre-planned deployment
Lower network
maintenance
Unstructured WSN Structured WSN
8. CHARACTERISTICS OF A LPWSN
1. Self – Organization
2. Concurrency processing
3. Low cost
4. Restricted energy resources
5. Tiny
6. Small radio range 8
9. 9
POWER SAVING PROTOCOLS
THERE ARE SOME PROTOCOLS WHICH IS USED
FOR POWER SAVING……..
Unified Network Protocol Framework (UNPF)
Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy
(LEACH)
MAC PROTOCOL
NETWORK LAYER
BATTERY MODEL
and some other…
10. 10
LAYERED ARCHITECTURE
A single powerful base station
(BS)
Layers of sensor nodes around
BS
Layer i: All nodes i-hop away
from BS
Applications:
In-building: BS is an access point
Military
Short-distance, low power tt tx
11. 11
UNIFIED NETWORK PROTOCOL
FRAMEWORK (UNPF)
A layered architecture
A set of protocols
Integrates three operations:
Network Initialization & Maintenance Protocol
MAC Protocol
Routing Protocol
12. 12
UNIFIED NETWORK PROTOCOL
FRAMEWORK (UNPF)
Network Initialization & Maintenance Protocol:
BS broadcasts its ID using CDMA common control channel
(BS reaches all nodes in one hop)
Nodes record BS ID & send beacon signal with their own
IDs at their low default power levels
All nodes the BS can hear are at 1-hop distance
The BS broadcasts a control packet with all layer one node
IDs
All nodes send a beacon signal again
The layer one nodes record the IDs they hear-layer 2
The layer one nodes inform the BS of the layer 2
The BS broadcasts the layer2 nodes IDs,…
To maintain: periodic beaconing updates are required
13. 13
POWER SAVING MODE
Turning the transceiver off may not always be
efficient. Operation in a power-saving mode is
energy-efficient only if the time spent in that mode
is greater than a certain threshold
MULTIPLE HOPS
Using several short hops may be more energy
efficient than using one large hop.
14. 14
CLUSTERED ARCHITECTURE
A clustered architecture organizes the sensor nodes into clusters, each
governed by a cluster-head. The nodes in each cluster are involved in
message exchanges with their cluster-heads, and these heads send message
to a BS.
Clustered architecture is useful for sensor networks because of its inherent
suitability for data fusion. The data gathered by all member of the cluster
can be fused at the cluster-head, and only the resulting information needs to
be communicated to the BS.
The cluster formation and election of cluster-heads must be an autonomous,
distributed process.
16. 16
LOW-ENERGY ADAPTIVE CLUSTERING HIERARCHY
(LEACH)
Self-organizing and adaptive clustering protocol
Evenly distributes the energy expenditure among
the sensors
Performs data aggregation where cluster heads
act as aggregation points
Two main phases:
Setup phase: organizing the clusters
Steady-state phase: deals with the actual data
transfers to the BS
17. 17
Setup phase:
Each sensor chooses a random number m between 0 and 1
If m < T(n) for node n, the node becomes a cluster-head where
P : the desired percentage of cluster heads
r : the round number
G : the set of nodes that have not been cluster heads during the last
1 / P rounds
A cluster head advertises its neighbors using a CSMA MAC.
Surrounding nodes decide which cluster to join based on the signal
strength of these messages
Cluster heads assign a TDMA schedule for their members
1 [ * mod(1/ )]( )
0 ,
P
if n G
P r PT n
otherwise
18. 18
Steady-state phase:
All source nodes send their data to their cluster heads
Cluster heads perform data aggregation/fusion through
local transmission
Cluster heads send them back to the BS using a single
direct transmission
After a certain period of time, cluster heads are selected
again through the set-up phase
19. 19
LOW-ENERGY ADAPTIVE CLUSTERING
HIERARCHY (LEACH)
Merits:
Accounting for adaptive clusters and rotating cluster
heads
Opportunity to implement any aggregation function at
the cluster heads
Demerits:
Highly dynamic environments
Continuous updates
Mobility
20. 20
MAC PROTOCOL
During the data transmission phase, the distributed TDMA
receiver oriented channel (DTROC) assignment MAC protocol
is used.
Two steps of DTROC :
Channel allocation : Each node is assigned a reception channel
by the BS, and channel reuse is such that collisions are avoided.
Channel scheduling : The node schedules transmission slots for
all its neighbors and broadcasts the schedule. This enables
collision-free transmission and saves energy, as nodes can turn
off when they are not involved on a send/receive operation.
21. THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF MAC
PROTOCOLS
Fixed-allocation
Demand-based
Contention-based
21
22. 22
Fixed-allocation MAC protocol
Share the common medium through a predetermined assignment.
It is suitable for sensor network that continuously monitor and
generate deterministic data traffic
Provide a bounded delay for each node
However, in the case of bursty traffic, where the channel
requirements of each node may vary over time, it may lead to
inefficient usage of the channel.
23. 23
Demand-based MAC protocol
Used in such cases, where the channel is allocated according to
the demand of the node
Variable rate traffic can be efficiently transmitted
Require the additional overhead of a reservation process
Contention-based MAC protocol
Random-access-based contention for the channel when packets
need to be transmitted
Suitable for bursty traffic
Collisions and no delay guarantees, are not suitable for delay-
sensitive or real-time traffic
24. 24
HYBRID TDMA/FDMA
A pure TDMA scheme minimize the time for which a node has to be
kept on, but the associated time synchronization cost are very high.
A pure FDMA scheme allots the minimum required bandwidth for
each connection
If the transmitter consumes more power, a TDMA scheme is favored,
since it can be switch off in idle slots to save power.
If the receiver consumes greater power, a FDMA scheme is favored,
because the receiver need not expend power for time
synchronization.
26. APPLICATIONS OF LPWSN
Area monitoring
Health care monitoring
Air pollution monitoring
Forest fire detection
Landslide detection
Water quality monitoring
Natural disaster prevention
Industrial monitoring
26
27. 27
Facility management
Intrusion detection into industrial sites
Control of leakages in chemical plants, …
Machine surveillance and preventive maintenance
Embed sensing/control functions into places no cable
has gone before
E.g., tire pressure monitoring
Precision agriculture
Bring out fertilizer/pesticides/irrigation only where
needed
Medicine and health care
Post-operative or intensive care
Long-term surveillance of chronically ill patients or the
elderly
29. ADVANTAGES OF A WSN
Avoids a lot of wiring
Can accommodate new devices at any time
Flexible to go through physical partitions
It can be accessed through a centralized monitor
Infrastructure
29
30. DISADVANTAGES OF WSN
Easy for hackers to hack a network
Comparatively low speed of communication
Gets distracted by various elements
Costly at large
Life of nodes
Energy life 30
31. FUTURE SCOPE
More research work needs to be done in future.
Needs to be implemented in a wireless sensor network
with mobile nodes.
The effects of very large node densities need to be
investigated.
The feasibility of using the clustering technique and data
aggregation needs to be tested in the same wireless
sensor network. 31
33. 33
FUTURE OF WSN
SMART HOME / SMART OFFICE
Sensors controlling
appliances and
electrical devices in the
house.
Better lighting and
heating in office
buildings.
The Pentagon building
has used sensors
extensively.
34. FUTURE SCOPE
34
Intelligent transport,
industry and society,
smart utilities
Connected
Consumer
Electronics
Development of a TDMA/CSMA hybrid MAC
TinyOS currently has a CSMA MAC
Hope to improve throughput by employing TDMA
Time is divided into transmission periods and contention perio
Nodes will contend with each other to join “the transmission
group” during the contention period.
Nodes in the transmission group will be allocated a time-slot in
the transmission period.
Development of data storage engine optimized for fast
retrieval
35. CONCLUSION
This presentation shows all the techniques that are used
for wireless sensor network for low power consumption ,
for example MAC protocol, LEACH, Network layer, ect.
Most of the research on energy efficient controlled
access protocol has come at a cost of control
packets overhead. By investigating this research
area further, an enhanced energy efficiency
protocol may be developed that can revolutionise
WSN’s power consumption.
There are some another protocols which can be used for
less energy consumption like CDMA,FDMA,TDMA.
35