This document provides information about HIV and AIDS. It discusses that HIV attacks and damages CD4 cells of the immune system, eventually leading to AIDS if not treated. Some key points covered include:
- HIV is a retrovirus that can only infect humans. It progressively destroys the immune system if not treated.
- AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely damaged, leaving the body open to opportunistic infections.
- HIV is transmitted via blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding.
- While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases,The World Health Organization has announced that COVID-19 is a pandemic.
Seminar Prepared by :-
Mohammed Musa (M.B.Ch.B)
Azadi Teaching Hospital - Kirkuk
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases,The World Health Organization has announced that COVID-19 is a pandemic.
Seminar Prepared by :-
Mohammed Musa (M.B.Ch.B)
Azadi Teaching Hospital - Kirkuk
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
Describe the HIV AIDS introduction, epidemiology of HIV AIDS, diagnosis of HIV AIDS, treatment of HIV AIDS and prevention control of HIV AIDS.
About AIDS
epidemiology , Etiology , HIV life cycle , mechanism , transmission , wrong facts , stage of HIV infections , sign and symptoms , Diagnosis , Treatment , Prevention etc etc ....
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
Describe the HIV AIDS introduction, epidemiology of HIV AIDS, diagnosis of HIV AIDS, treatment of HIV AIDS and prevention control of HIV AIDS.
About AIDS
epidemiology , Etiology , HIV life cycle , mechanism , transmission , wrong facts , stage of HIV infections , sign and symptoms , Diagnosis , Treatment , Prevention etc etc ....
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. WBC are the most important part of the immune
system
3
Neutrophils attack bacteria
B-lymphocytes make antibodies
T-lymphocytes
◦ Responsible for coordinating the immune system’s attack on
viruses, fungi and some bacteria
4. 4
Important components of the immune
system
Lymphocytes
T4-lymphocytes B lymphocytes
CD4 type* CD8 type Antibodies
HIV uses CD4 cells for replication
6. Human:
◦ Can live only in
humans
Immunodeficienc
y:
◦ Damages the immune
system of people it
infects
Virus:
◦ Retrovirus (RNA)
6
Transmembrane
Glycoprotein – gp 41
Envelope Glycoprotein
gp 120
Viral genome RNA
Nucleoid Core protein
p 24
Reverse
Transcriptase
7. Acquired
(not born with)
Immune
(body’s defense system)
Deficiency
(not working properly)
Syndrome
(a group of signs and
symptoms)
7
Transmitted from person to
person
It affects the body’s immune
system, the part of the body
which usually works to fight
off germs such as bacteria
and viruses
Malfunctioning of the body’s
immune system
Someone with AIDS may
experience a wide range of
different diseases and OIs
8.
9. 9
HIV is a virus and AIDS is a disease
HIV develops into AIDS
AIDS is deficiency in the body’s defense
mechanism or immune system
AIDS is acquired, not hereditary
10. The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986 at Chennai
According to the (WHO), there were approximately
35 millions people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS in 2013. Of these, 3.2
million were children (<15 years old).
4.4 Million people living with the HIV Positive in India (2013)
India has the 3rd largest no of people living with HIV at the end of 2013
11. In India 2,52000 death are reported on 1dec.2013
In M.P. 39114 peoples are living with HIV/AIDS reported
on oct.2014
At the end of 2013 more then “7” lakh people were on
ARV therapy, Is the 2nd largest number of people on
treatment in any single country
15. HIV
1. Attachment
to host CD4
cell
2. Reverse
transcriptase
makes DNA
from the
virus’s RNA
3. Integration into host cell’s
nucleus
4. Reproduction of
viral components
5. Assembly of
new HIV
viruses
6. Release
16. Viral replication (8-10 years)
CD4 cell death
Further impairment of immune system
Increased likelihood of
opportunistic infections (OIs)
AIDS
20. Hugging
Contact with sweat, tears, urine or faeces
Bathing/Swimming in the same pool
Sharing cooking utensils, cups, toilet seats,
bedding, telephones or towels
Eating food prepared by an infected person
21. WHO Stage Some Typical Diseases* CD4
Count
I
Asymptomatic
No symptoms or signs of any illness
Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy
>500
II
Minor Symptoms
Dermatomal Herpes (Varicella) Zoster 500 to 350
III
Moderate
Symptoms
Oral Candidiasis, Leukoplakia, Pulmonary
Tuberculosis
350 to 200
IV
AIDS-defining
Illness
Cytomegalovirus, Severe Chronic Herpes
Ulcers, Toxoplasmosis.
<200
*Staging of diseases is approximate and not the same for all individuals
22. Weight Loss
Frequent Fever and sweating
Persistence skin rashes & flaky skin
23. Severe & persistence Diarrhea
Vision loss
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal cramps
25. HIV Antibody Tests
- HIV Rapid test
- ELISA
- Western Blot Test (Confirmatory Test)
HIV Antigen Tests
- DNA PCR
- P24 Antigen
26.
27. Note- (Provide infants with 4-6 weeks of once-daily
Nevirapine or twice-daily Zidovudine )
1. ART(Anti-retroviral Therapy)
(Anti HIV drugs)
2. Palliative care
3. Complimentary therapy
4. Guidance/Counselling
28. Although ART dramatically improves the health
and life expectancy for PLHIV
-ART is NOT a cure for AIDS
- HIV is NEVER entirely eliminated from the body
HIV can still be transmitted to others, even when
the PLHIV is healthy and taking his/her medication
regularly
28
ART is to be taken lifelong
29. As HIV
replication
decreases
immune response
increases
ARVs reduce the
ability of the HIV
virus to replicate
In turn, this
increases the
body’s ability to
fight disease
32. Alters/reverses
course of existing OIs
Decreases
hospitalizations
Increases survival
Restores hope
Improves quality of
life
Reduces HIV
transmission
Benefits both adults
and children
ARVs change HIV from a terminal
(fatal) disease to a chronic disease
39. We can reduce sexual transmission of
HIV.
We can prevent mothers from dying and
babies from becoming infected with HIV.
We can ensure that people living with
HIV receive treatment.
We can protect drug users from
becoming infected with HIV.
40. We can remove, policies, practices,
stigma and discrimination that block
effective responses to AIDS.
We can stop violence against women and
girls.
We can empower young people to protect
themselves from HIV.
We can enhance social protection for
people affected by HIV.
41. Educate &
Counsel Clinical Care:
41
Address
social issues
• Assess needs
• Plan care
• Implement care
• Monitor and
Evaluate care
Refer, Link,
Network
Trainer’s Notes :
Discuss the basic components of the immune system in the human body using the points on the slide.
The body protects itself from infections in two ways:
Skin and mucous membrane: prevent infection from physically entering the body
The Immune System: fights infection inside the body.
The immune system protects the body by recognizing and destroying: Infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites;
Abnormal cells; Foreign objects – anything from small objects like thorns, to transplanted organs.
Trainer’s Notes :
T-lymphocytes are processed and stored in the thymus. The most important of T lymphocytes are CD4 type and CD8 type. B-lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow. The HIV is especially attracted to the CD4 type of lymphocytes. It enters the CD4 lymphocyte and multiplies in them thereby destroying the CD4 cells. Gradual loss of these CD4 cells results in the loss of immunity in these patients.
Ask participants to think about how they can give patients simple explanations about the immune system as part of ongoing patient education.
Trainer’s Notes :
Ask participants “Are HIV and AIDS the same thing?” If they say no, ask them “How are they different?”
Wait for their answers and then project the next series of slides.
Trainer’s Notes :
HIV, like all viruses, must enter other cells if it is to replicate and survive. HIV is a “retrovirus”. The genetic material of retroviruses are carried in the form of RNA rather than DNA. Retroviruses usually contain an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, that helps in converting RNA to DNA during the replication process. Unlike most viruses, HIV cannot be destroyed by the body. After becoming infected, a person has HIV infection for the rest of his/her life.
HIV cannot stay alive outside the human body unless under laboratory conditions.
Trainer’s Notes :
Someone may be infected with HIV for many years before their immune system is damaged sufficiently (CD4&lt;200) to cause opportunistic infections and hence AIDS.
Trainer’s Notes :
Review slide and explain the six stages of the HIV life cycle.
HIV uses the CD4 cell like a factory to reproduce more of itself:
HIV attaches to the CD4 cell & releases RNA & enzymes on entry
The enzyme ‘Reverse Transcriptase’ makes a DNA copy of the viral RNA
New viral DNA is then integrated using the enzyme ‘Integrase’ into the CD4 cell nucleus
New viral components are then produced, using the cell’s machinery
These are assembled together using the enzyme ‘Protease’
The new viruses are released.
The host CD4 cell eventually gets destroyed by this process.
The normal CD4 count ranges between 500-1500 cells/mm3
Reinforce with video clip
Trainer’s Notes :
As CD4 cells get destroyed, the immune system is weakened. The body’s capacity to fight infections is reduced.
Person becomes susceptible to many infections including OIs (caused by organisms that naturally reside in the body (e.g. PCP) or that are in the environment (e.g. TB). Presence of major OIs indicate AIDS .
Trainer’s Notes:
Brainstorm with participants why HIV cannot be transmitted as mentioned in the slide. Ask participants what other myths they have heard about routes of transmission. Clarify any doubts before moving on.
HIV is NOT transmitted by:
-Kissing and hugging – contact with intact skin is not harmful
-Contact with sweat, tears, urine or faeces – as long as none of these contain blood, they pose no risk for transmission of HIV
-Insect bites – HIV cannot be transmitted by insects.
-Swimming, sharing utensils, toilet seats, etc. – HIV cannot exist outside the human body, so there is no risk of transmission through these methods
-Eating food prepared by an infected person – will not lead to transmission of HIV. This is just a common myth and increases stigma towards HIV +ve people
Ask participants what biological factors increase the risk of HIV transmission. After eliciting their responses, screen the next slide.
Trainer’s Notes :
Remind participants of the section on clinical staging covered in Unit 3.
This table depicts HIV disease progression with some typical OIs and the relationship with CD4 count.
HIV disease progresses with a decrease in CD4 count.
Trainer’s Notes:
The &quot;whole&quot; patient has to be considered in order to get a complete and accurate picture of the situation.
Each portion of the assessment – how the patient perceives his/her condition, medical and social histories, the lab results - impacts the final conclusions and will determine the appropriate interventions.
Trainer’s Notes :
Inform the participants that the commonly used HIV tests in India are:
1. Antibody based Tests .
2. Antigen based Tests
HIV antibody tests
-HIV rapid tests
ELISA
Western Blot (Confirmatory Test)
3 tests are done before declaring whether a person is HIV positive or negative. In case of indeterminate results or if the person is in the window period the person is advised to return for HIV testing again and is counseled to stay HIV negative .
Trainer’s Notes :
HIV replicates inside CD4 cells, it destroys those CD4 cells and gradually weakens the immune system.
ARVs protect the immune system from destruction by reducing the ability of HIV to replicate.
With the immune system restored and protected, the body is then able to fight infections.
Trainer’s Notes :
This is a picture of Jyothi from Jyothi’ s Hope video before ART and after starting her on ART.
Trainer’s Notes :
There are many benefits to ART :
It helps to stabilize the immune system, reversing the progressive destruction of immune function and increasing the
CD4 cell count.
Preventing OIs which crop up when there is a severe damage to the immune system and very low CD4 cell count, because the immune system is stronger, OIs are not able to attack. If the infections are already present, their course may be shortened or made less severe with antiretroviral therapy.
Antiretroviral therapy has been associated with major reductions in mother-to-child transmission in the developed world and by lowering the amount of virus in the blood, it is expected that other forms of HIV transmission may be reduced as well.
Antiretroviral therapy has been shown to benefit both adults and children. The availability of therapy may be an incentive for voluntary HIV counselling and testing, which increases identification of HIV-infected individuals, allowing them to access healthcare and prevent further transmission.
The free ART Program of Government of India was launched on 1st April, 2004.
Trainer’s Notes :
Palliative care is most successful when initiated early in the disease progression, since it takes time to develop the necessary supportive relationships between the patient and the interdisciplinary team. It can be initiated any time during the continuum of care.
The focus is to reduce symptoms, pain, as well as emotional and spiritual distress so that ultimately the patient could have a comfortable and peaceful death.
Trainer’s Notes:
These are just a few examples of a nurse’s role in care of a person with HIV - participants will have different and/or more responsibilities according to their particular practice sites.