The document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including its causes, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. Some key points: - HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and causes AIDS. It can be transmitted through bodily fluids including blood, semen and breastmilk. - Symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection, from flu-like symptoms during acute infection to opportunistic infections and cancers with late-stage AIDS. - Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent transmission. Combination drug therapy can control the virus and prolong healthy life. - Prevention methods include safe sex practices, needle exchange for drug users, treatment of infected mothers and newborns,

1. Dr. Anjum Hashmi
MBBS,CCS(USA),MPH
Infection Control
Director
MCH Najran

2.  AIDS (Acquired
immune deficiency
syndrome) is an
infectious disease
caused by the
human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV).
 It has affected tens
of millions of
people around the
world.

3.  RED RIBBON is most
widely recognized
symbol for HIV & AIDS
and the people who
live with these
conditions.
 The symbol was
presented by
the Visual AIDS Artists
Caucus in 1991.
 Red ribbon Symbol is
used to raise
consciousness &

4.  The United Nations'
(UN) World AIDS Day is
Started on 1st
December 1988.
 It is held each year on
Dec 1 st to honour
the victims of AIDS
pandemic and to focus
attention on the
prevention and
treatment of HIV &
AIDS related
conditions.

5.  Between 2011-
2015, World AIDS
Days will have
the theme
"Getting to zero:
zero new HIV
infections. Zero
discrimination.
Zero AIDS related
deaths".

6.  Stigma and
discrimination are
primary barriers to
universal access to
HIV treatment,
care and
prevention.
 People living with
HIV often face
discrimination
from health
providers,
employers, family
members &

7.  1981 Documented presence of a new disease
 1985 Causative agent identified i.e. HIV.
AIDS determined as end stage disease.
Antibody test developed.
Routes of transmission conformed.
 1987 Drug therapy become available.
Oklahoma become first US state to mandate AIDS education.
 1994 Development of new diagnostic lab tests.
Production of new drugs.
Approval of Combination drug therapy.
Test for antiretroviral drug resistance.
Treatment to decrease risk of transmission from mother to baby.
Protease inhibitors drugs approved.
 1995-1999
Home testing available; Antigen & viral load testing developed
New drug formulas approved; 1 st generic drug approved.
 2000-
present Rapid HIV testing become available.
HIV genotyping approved.

8. PEOPLE WITH NO HOPE

10.  Dark coloured areas in
world map are high
prevalent regions, the
most important issue
world is facing today.
 WHO estimates that 34
million [31.6–35.2
million] people living with
HIV globally and 1.9
million newly infected in
2010 with 50,000 in the
United States.
 1.8 million people died of
AIDS-related illnesses

11.  40 percent of all new HIV infections
occur among young people world wide.
 In 2009 US youth prevalence was 69.5
cases per 0.1 million youth.
 In 2010 youth accounted for 12,200
(25.7%) new cases in US.
 More than half of youths with HIV i.e.,
59.5% were unaware of their infection.

12. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Family : Retroviridae
• Subfamily : Lentivirus
• There are two types of HIV viruses. HIV-1
& HIV-2
• HIV virus is RNA virus containing reverse
transcriptase
• It contain two major envelop proteins.
1. gp 120 – external

15.  Risk of HIV
transmission from
needle stick injury
is 0.3%.
 Risk of HIV
transmission after a
mucous membrane
exposure is 0.09%.

16.  HIV infection can be transmitted from
an infected mother to her fetus
 During pregnancy.
 During deliver y.
 By breast-feeding (Low risk).
 In the absence of prophylactic therapy
probability of transmission of HIV from
mother to fetus /infant ranges from 15
to 25% in industrialized countries and
from 25 to 35% in developing countries.

18.  HIV present in saliva at low titer,
but there is no evidence that saliva
can transmit HIV infection, even
either through kissing.
 Breast-fed infants were associated
with a low risk of HIV transmission
through breast milk.
 There is no evidence that HIV
transmission can occur as a result
of exposure to tears, sweat and

19.  The hallmark of HIV disease is
profound immunodeficiency
resulting in the progressive
quantitative and qualitative
deficiency of the subset of T
lymphocytes referred as the helper
T cells or inducer T cells.
 T cells has CD4 molecule on its
sur face, which ser ves as the
primar y cellular receptor for HIV.

20.  CD4 Receptors present on
Lymphocytes
Monocytes/macrophages Helper T cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
 Normal adults has
800 to 1200 cells per microliter ( µl) of blood
Normal life span : 100 days
Person is healthy until 500 CD4+ T cells/ µl
Problems star t at 200 to 499 CD4+ T cells/ µl
Severe problems star t at less than 200 CD4+ T
cells/µl

22. Category 1
CD4 count more • Asymptomatic or acute
than 500 HIV infection
• Early Chronic Infection
Category 2
CD4 count 200 – 499 • Symptomatic disease
• Intermediate Chronic
Infection
Category 3
CD4 count less • AIDS Conditions
than 200 • Late Chronic Infection

23.  Acute retroviral syndrome
 Seroconversion
 Occurs in 1 to 3 weeks
 Lasts 1 to 2 weeks, to months
 High viral load
 CD4+ T Cells fall temporarily
Symptoms may be mistaken for flu
Fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, headache,
malaise, nausea, muscle and joint pain, diarrhea, dif fuse
rash
Neurologic complications
Aseptic meningitis, peripheral neuropathy, facial palsy,
Guillian-Barre syndrome

24.  It can lasts for 10 years.
 CD4+ T lymphocyte cells remain above
500 cells/µl
 Viral load in blood is low
 Patient may be asymptomatic
OR
Fatigue, headache, low-grade fever,
night
sweats, generalized lymphadenopathy.
 Patient may be unaware of the
infection.

25.  CD4+ T cell count is 200 - 499 µl
 Viral load rises
 Early phase symptoms become worse
 persistent fever, frequent night
sweats, chronic diarrhea, recurrent
headaches and fatigue which is
severe enough to interrupt normal
life.
 New symptoms
 localized infections,
lymphadenopathy, ner vous system
manifestations and oppor tunistic

26.  Orophar yngeal
candidiasis
(thrush)
 Varicella zoster
virus (shingles)
 Vaginal candidal
infections
 Oral or genital
herpes
 Oral hair y
leukoplakia

28.  CD4+ T cell count below 200 µl
 Absolute number of lymphocytes
increases.
 Percentage of lymphocytes also
increases.
 Development of oppor tunistic
infection (OI).
 Development of oppor tunistic cancer.
 Wasting Syndrome loss of 10% or
more of body weight.


29.  Research presented at EUROECHO 2012
at Athens, Greece, finds that children
with HIV have a 2.5-fold increased risk
of atherosclerosis.
 According to pediatrician, many
antiretroviral drugs increase bad (LDL)
cholesterol and lower good (HDL)
cholesterol, so that children with HIV
have high cholesterol for a long period
of time.
 HIV virus also causes chronic
inflammation of ar teries.

30.  Depends on detection of antibodies to HIV
and/or direct detection of HIV or one of
its components.
 Antibodies to HIV generally appear in the
circulation 2 to 12 weeks following the
infection.
 The standard screening test for HIV
infection is ELISA .
 Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is also
extremely good screening test with a
sensitivity of 99.5%.
 Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests results
as positive (highly reactive), negative

32. 1. Decreases HIV RNA levels to less
than 50 copies/ µl.
2. Maintain or raise CD4+ T cell counts
to greater than 200 cells/µl. Which
is also known as Immune
reconstitution.
3. Delay development of HIV-related
symptoms
 Oppor tunistic diseases

33.  Histor y and physical examination.
 Routine chemistr y and hematology.
 CD4 T lymphocyte count.
 Two plasma HIV RNA levels.
 RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) test for
syphilis.
 Anti-Toxoplasma antibody titer.
 PPD skin test.
 Mini-mental status examination.

34.  Tests for hepatitis A, B & C.
 Immunization with pneumococcal and influenza
vaccines.
 Immunization with hepatitis A and B vaccines.
 Counseling regarding natural history and
transmission.
 Help others people who might be at risk of getting
infection.

35.  Drug treatment guidelines for
HIV/AIDS change frequently as new
drugs are approved and new drug
regimens developed.
 Two principles currently guides
doctors in developing drug regimens
for AIDS patients.
 Combinations of drugs should be used
rather than one medication.
 Treatment decisions should be based
on the results of the patient's viral

36.  Antiretroviral therapy to mother during
pregnancy and infant during the first
weeks of life dramatically decreasing
mother to child transmission of HIV.
 A single dose of one drug of
antiretroviral therapy to the mother
during labor and to the infant within 48
hr of bir th has also been successful in
decreasing the incidence of mother to
child transmission of HIV.

37.  Education, counseling and behavior
modification are the cornerstones of an
HIV prevention strategy.
 Restricting sexual activity to a single
par tner.
 Practicing safer sex i.e., always use a
condom. Use of condoms can markedly
decrease the chances of HIV
transmission but not 100%, as condoms

38.  Avoiding needle sharing among
intravenous drug users.
 Donating one's own blood before
planned major surger y to prevent risk
of infection from a blood transfusion.
 Practicing standard precautions when
handling blood and body fluids.
 Proper disposal of sharps.
 Test for HIV infection for anyone who is
suspected of having infection.

39.  Currently, there are condoms
treated with antimicrobial called
Nonoxynol-9, which are ef fective
against HIV, but can cause
inflammation and genital ulcers,
which may make infection more
likely.
 At University of Manitoba Canada
researcher found condoms
embedded with silver nanopar ticles
killed all HIV and herpes viruses.

40.  The world's largest
HIV/Aids vaccine
trial conducted by
National Institute of
Allergy & Infectious
Diseases USA, on
more than 16,000
volunteers, showed
that HIV infection
has been prevented.

41.  A study on HIV
vaccine conducted
by Swedish Institute
for Infectious
Disease Control has
showed promising
results.
 Over 90 per cent of
the subjects in the
phase 1 trials
developed an
immune response to

42.  Researchers
from the Scripps
Institute
in California
USA, has
discovered two
new antibodies
that could lead
to an HIV

43.  Texas Biomedical Research Institute
(Texas Biomed) has applied for a
patent in November 2012, for a
genetically-engineered vaccine for HIV
prevention.
 The vaccine is designed to be
administered in a single dose that will
last for lifetime.
 The vaccine targets the outer layers of
the body structures that come first in
contact with HIV virus.

44.  This vaccine restricts viral
replication at the mucosal level
of entr y may be the best hope
of controlling HIV.
 As life-long stimulation of the
immune system by this vaccine
will be suf ficient to achieve
long-term protection.

45. HELP PLWA

47. Happy Little Crater on Planet Mercury
Snap in 2012 by Messenger Spacecraft

48. Satellite
View of
Earth At
Night
Lights
On
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