HIV enters the host cell by binding to CD4 receptors and co-receptors on T-cells. It then fuses with and releases its RNA into the cell. The RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and integrated into the host cell's DNA by integrase. The integrated DNA is then transcribed to produce new HIV proteins which assemble and bud from the host cell to infect others.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
It is a neoplasm of B-cell lineage; proliferation of the cells forms a monoclonal population of plasma cells and produces a single type of Ig/Ig fragment.
AIDS is a syndrome in which the body undergoes the loss of cellular immunity which lower the body’s ability to fight against disease. The cause of AIDS is a retrovirus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV . The symptoms of AIDS usually start from 3 6 weeks and are mild symptoms like fever, rash, swollen glands, and body ache which are followed by characteristic AIDS symptoms which may appear within 10 years of infection. In world till 2017 genome sequencing of the virus, sub typing of the virus, recombinant forms of the virus has been deeply discovered and studied which helps in better diagnosis and in choosing the strategies for treatment. The objective of this review is to give a brief history and current picture of HIV prevalence and describe its pathophysiology and modes of transmission. And how it is diagnosed, sign and symptoms, treatment and how it can be prevented. Ch. Teshil Maring | Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: AIDS" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45188.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45188/a-review-aids/ch-teshil-maring
This presentation covers the introduction to HIV and AIDS.
The HIV lifecycle is covered to illustrate why the virus is adamant once it infects the human cell.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
4. INTRODUCTION
• Definition of Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis: The development of a
disease and the chain of events leading
to that disease.
5. INTRODUCTION
Infection is transmitted when the virus
enters the bloodstream or tissues of a
person and comes into contact with a
suitable host cell, principally the CD4 T
Lymphocytes
HIV infected cells are more infective than
a cell free virus
6. HOW HIV ENTER THE HOST
CELL?
HIV enter the host cell via
mechanism which are:
• Binding and fusion
• Reverse transcription
• Integration
• Transcription
• Assembly
• Budding
7.
8. 1) Binding and Fusion
HIV begins its life cycle when it
binds to a CD4 receptor and one of
two co-receptor on the surface of a
CD4+ T-lymphocyte a.k.a T-helper
cell.
The virus then fuses with the host
cell
After fusion, the virus releases
RNA, its genetic material, into host
cell
9. Terms :
• CD4 receptor is a protein present on
the outside of infection-fighting white
blood cell
• Function : Helps in T cell recognition of a
foreign antigen. Also the binding site for
HIV.
• Co- receptor: In addition for HIV to
binding a CD4 receptor to get into a cell
• T-lymphocyte : A type of white blood
cell that detects and fight foreign
invaders of the body
10. 2) REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
An HIV enzyme called reverse
transcriptase
It converts the single stranded HIV
RNA to double-stranded HIV DNA
11. 3) INTEGRATION
The newly formed HIV DNA (doubled-
stranded DNA) enters the host cell’s
nucleus,
HIV enzyme called integrase ‘hides’ the
HIV DNA within the host cell’s own DNA
The integrated HIV DNA is called provirus
Provirus may remain inactive for several
years and producing few or no new
copies of HIV
12. 4) TRANSCRIPTION
The host cell receives a signal to
become active.
The provirus uses a host enzyme
called RNA polymerase to create
copies of the HIV genomic material
as shorter strands of RNA called
messenger RNA(Mrna)
The mRNA is used as a blueprint to
make long chains of HIV proteins
13. 5) ASSEMBLY
An HIV enzyme called protease cuts
the long chains of HIV proteins into
smaller individual proteins.
The smaller HIV proteins come
together with copies of HIV’s RNA
genetic material.
Then a new virus particle is
assembled
14. 6) BUDDING
The newly assembled virus pushes
out (‘buds’) from the host cell
During budding, the new virus
steals part of the cells outer
envelope.
This envelope acts a covering is
studded with protein/sugar
combinations called HIV
glycoproteins.
15. 6) BUDDING
These HIV glycoproteins are
necessarry for the virus to bind CD4
and co-receptors
the new copies of HIV can now
move on to infect other cells.