The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Point to point protocol | PPP - Nitish JadiaNitish Jadia
This slide covers point to point protocol and takes most of the points straight from the RFC. This slide covers in-depth flags and headers used in PPP.
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Point to point protocol | PPP - Nitish JadiaNitish Jadia
This slide covers point to point protocol and takes most of the points straight from the RFC. This slide covers in-depth flags and headers used in PPP.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol designed to prevent layer 2 loops. It is standardized as IEEE 802.D protocol. STP blocks some ports on switches with redundant links to prevent broadcast storms and ensure loop-free topology. With STP in place, you can have redundant links between switches in order to provide redundancy.
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a media access control method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking.Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection is a media access control method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking. It uses carrier-sensing to defer transmissions until no other stations are transmitting.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol designed to prevent layer 2 loops. It is standardized as IEEE 802.D protocol. STP blocks some ports on switches with redundant links to prevent broadcast storms and ensure loop-free topology. With STP in place, you can have redundant links between switches in order to provide redundancy.
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a media access control method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking.Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection is a media access control method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking. It uses carrier-sensing to defer transmissions until no other stations are transmitting.
Service Primitives for Internet Scale ApplicationsAmr Awadallah
A general framework to describe internet scale applications and characterize the functional properties that can be traded away to improve the following operational metrics:
* Throughput (how many user requests/sec?)
* Interactivity (latency, how fast user requests finish?)
* Availability (% of time user perceives service as up), including fast recovery to improve availability
* TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)
I hope it will be useful and a little helpful.It is good for who are searching in GSM, especially on Abis interface, because it is not easy to find the kind of this reference ,in my experience. However, i look forward to hearing from your feedback and improving ideas.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
2. • It is a protocol of data link layer.
• PPP is used to established a direct
connection between two nodes.
• It provides connection authentication
transcription and compression
• PPP is use over many types of physical
networks including serial cable and phone
cable.
3.
4. PPP goes through four distinct phases to
provide communications over point-to-
point links
1. Link establishment & configuration negotiation
2. Link quality determination
3. Network-layer protocol configuration negotiation
4. Link termination
5. Flag - Set to 0x7E (bit sequence 011111110) to
signify the start and end of a PPP frame. In
successive PPP frames only a single Flag
character is used.
Address - In HDLC environments, the Address
field is used to address the frame to the
destination node. On a point-to-point link, the
destination node does not need to be addressed.
Therefore, for PPP, the Address field is set to
0xFF, the broadcast address. If both PPP peers
agree to perform address and control field
compression during LCP negotiation, the
6. Address field is not included.
Control - In HDLC environments, the Control field is
used for data-link layer sequencing and
acknowledgments. PPP does not provided link-to-link
reliable data transfer. Therefore, for all PPP frames, the
Control field is set to 0x03 to indicate an unnumbered
information (UI) frame. If both PPP peers agree to
perform address and control field compression during
LCP negotiation, the Control field is not included.
Protocol ID - The 2-byte Protocol ID field identifies the
protocol of the PPP payload. If both PPP peers agree to
perform protocol field compression during LCP
negotiation, the Protocol ID field is one byte for Protocol
IDs in the range 0x00-00 to 0x00-FF.
7. Frame Check Sequence (FCS) - A 16-bit
checksum that is used to check for bit level
errors in the PPP frame. If the receiver's
calculation of the FCS does not match the
FCS in the PPP frame, the PPP frame is
silently discarded.