This document summarizes nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. It discusses the mechanisms, requirements, uses and advantages and disadvantages of both processes. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy nuclei into lighter ones and releasing energy. It is used in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs. Nuclear fusion combines light nuclei into heavier ones, requiring extremely high temperatures. It holds promise as an energy source but challenges remain in achieving fusion.
Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
Our planet is repleted with vast sum of energy hidden in coalmines,underneath the oceans, or maybe just through wind rolling aroung the atmosphere, springs and teachnology, which I call uranium generated fuel.You will gather knowledge about Geothermal and Nuclear Energy and how they have been a boon and curse to mankind and nature.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
This Thesis Paper intends to make a brief conception of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Power Plant. It is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the course ‘Solid State Devices’ for B.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from International Islamic University Chittagong. In our thesis, we tried to describe the structure, operations and impact of Nuclear Power Plant. This is a summarized collection of all necessary data to know about Nuclear Power Plant. We also tried to signify the merits of Nuclear Energy over its bad impact.
Fusion power is the generation of energy by nuclear fusion. Fusion reactions are high energy reactions in which two lighteratomic nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus. When they combine, some of the mass is lost.
This is converted into energy through E = mc2 Fusion power is a research effort to try and harness this energy to power large scale cleaner energy. It is also a major part of plasma physics research.
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent
thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the
energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most
readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of
energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of
increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of
energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION by sujith kp
1. NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION
Presented by ,
SUJITH K P
MSC CHEMISTRY
KARUNYA UNIVERSITY
COIMBATORE , TAMILNADU
INDIA
2. CONTENTS ….
NUCLEAR FISSION
MECHANISM OF NUCLEAR FISSION
USES OF NUCLEAR FISSION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
NUCLEAR FUSION
REQUIREMENTS OF FUSION REACTION
USES OF NUCLEAR FUSION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Presented By ,
SUJITH K P
3. FISSION
The nuclear reaction in which one
heavier nucleus is split up into two
lighter nuclei of almost equal size
with the release of a huge amount
of energy is called nuclear fission or
atomic fission
4. HISTORY
Nuclear fission was first discovered on
December 17,1938 by German Otto Hahn
Explained theoretically in January 1939 by lise Meitner and her nephew
otto Robert Frisch
5.
6. • The splitting of nucleus cause to the formation of different
smaller fragments
• These fragments are about equal to half the original mass
• Two or three neutrons and large amount of energy also released
• It is responsible for all type of power generations like in nuclear
power plants and nuclear weapons
• Uranium is the most common element used in nuclear fission
• U-235 is the most commonly used isotopes of uranium for
nuclear energy production
7. What happens when a neutron is bombarded to U-235
?
An unstable nucleus of U-236 forms and undergoes fission
(splits)
Smaller nuclei are produced such as Kr-92 and Ba-141 (fission
products )
Three neutrons (secondary neutrons ) are released to bombard
more U-235 . The number of neutrons relased determine the
success of chain reaction
In addition to that huge amount of energy (fission energy)
released
8.
9. Fission is exothermic
The amount of energy released in nuclear fission can be calculated by mass
defect method
In fission reaction , the total mass of the product is always less than the mass of
the reacting nuclei (parent nuclei )
This decrease in mass is called mass defect which is converted into energy
According to mass-energy relationship (Einstein’s equation), E = mc²
Thus for the nuclear fission of the type :
10. Mechanism of nuclear fission- liquid drop model
Suggested by Bohr-wheeler
Since an atomic nucleus has many similarities with a liquid
drops
A liquid drop has a spherical shape due to its surface tension
If sufficient energy is applied on the drop to overcome the Force
of surface tension , the drop may change its spherical Shape
into elliptical shape. If the external force is large, the Elliptical
shape may changes into dumb-bell shape and break Into two
portions of spherical shape.
Here , spherical shape : uranium
external force : neutrons
The energy absorbed by uranium nucleus to change from
Spherical shape to critical shape is called threshold energy.
Since two parts of critical shape have +ve charge, they repel
From each other and separated from each other forming two
Spherical shape of same size
+ +
11. USES OF NUCLEAR FISSION
The enormous energy liberated in nuclear fission and the
occurrence of chain reaction have been used in atomic bomb.
ATOMIC BOMB ( FISSION BOMB )
• Each U-235 liberates three neutrons called secondary neutrons. Each neutrons will strikes
on to the another fresh U-235 nucleus and cause further reactions
• Some of the neutrons will escape into the air cause no reactions and explosion
• The size of U-235 nucleus which is smaller than critical size is called super-critical size. If
it is in this condition , the large number of neutrons were captured by U-235 nucleus and
cause large explosion and chain reaction
• The atomic bomb consist of thousands of pieces of U-235 in sub-critical size. At the time
of explosion, these are driven together , and these sub-critical size of U-235 will
combined together and will form one large piece of super critical size
• Now neutrons from other source will strike on this large piece of U-235 and cause a
rapid chain reaction
• This reaction cause a violent explosion with releasing of vast amount of energy.
12. Advantages
1. It helps minimize environmental pollution
This means they can provide heat, electricity, and power to consumers
without producing lots of carbon dioxide emissions.
2. It helps reduce global warming.
nuclear fission, there would be less greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon
dioxide and methane) in the atmosphere. As a result, the greenhouse
effect would be felt less and global warming would be stopped or at least
reduced.
3. It can keep up with energy demands.
nuclear plants can produce high amounts of nuclear fission energy. This
can be a good thing in today’s modern times, wherein the demand for
energy is steadily rising as more and more people drive cars, build
houses, use electronic devices, and do other energy-intensive activities
13. Disadvantages
1. It can be dangerous for employees.
Radiation, which is one of the by-products of nuclear fission, can be harmful to
people if they’re exposed to it at large amounts.
2. It can be dangerous for communities.
waste by-products pollute the environment but will also endanger the lives of
the people who live near the disposal sites. Nuclear plants are also highly volatile;
if an accident occurs, they can explode and affect the surrounding areas and
communities
3. It has high initial expenses.
Nuclear plants need specialized equipment and machinery before they can
become fully functional and therefore require millions of dollars to be built. The
plants also need to put safety measures in place to protect their workers and the
surrounding areas, and these measures can cost a significant amount of money.
14. Fusion
Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple
nuclei joined together to form an heavier nucleus
It is accomplished by the release or absorption of
energy depending on the mass of the nuclei
involved
It is also called thermonuclear reactions
15.
16. Requirements for Fusion Reaction
• Plasma Temperature:100-200 million Kelvin :
A plasma is a macroscopically neutral collection of charged
particles.
Needed to overcome natural positive repulsive forces of plasma
ions
• Energy Confinement Time: 4-6 seconds :
The Energy Confinement Time is a measure of how long the energy
in the plasma is retained before being lost.
• Central Density in Plasma:1-2 x 1020 particles m-3 :
Large density needed because number of fusion reactions per unit
volume is roughly proportional to the square of the density
17. USES OF NUCLEAR FUSION
HYDROGEN BOMB
• The principle of nuclear fusion is used in hydrogen bomb.
• The temperature required for the purpose of fusion is produced
by fission reactions.
• The explosion of an atom bomb produces temperature of the
order of 50 million degree Celsius.
• A suitable assembly of deuteron and triton is arranged at the
sight of the explosion of the atom bomb.
• Favorable temperature initiates the fusion of light nuclei in an
uncontrolled manner.
• This releases enormous amount of heat energy.
• The fusion reaction in hydrogen bomb is :
1H3 + 1H2 -- -- > 2He4 + 0n1 + energy
18. Advantages
1. Nuclear fusion doesn’t create harmful waste
nuclear fusion only has the creation of helium as a byproduct. Helium is non-
toxic, safe, and won’t create the same environmental damage that the burning of
fossil fuels creates.
2. It is incredibly inexpensive to create.
The estimated cost of providing energy through nuclear fusion is just $0.03 per
kilowatt hour. This makes it one of the cheapest forms of energy that humans
have ever discovered.
3. There is an infinite amount of fuel for nuclear fusion.
The main ingredient of nuclear fusion, which is deuterium, is distilled from ocean
water. Every other component of the process is either easily found or easily
made. The end result is an infinite amount of fuel that can be used to create
energy resources for the entire planet.
19. Disadvantages
1. It requires almost as much energy to create nuclear fusion
To fuse two atoms together, high levels of heat are required. In order to create
this heat, a large energy investment must be made.
2. This industry still requires innovation.
The high levels of heat that are required to create nuclear fusion mean that we
need materials available that can withstand those temperatures to create
energy. With our current technology, we have no knowledge of a specific
material that can withstand the heat necessary to create fusion.
3. There may be unanticipated consequences to using nuclear fusion.
The fact is that we don’t really know much about this form of energy creation.
What would happen to the planet in 50 years with an increased level of helium
in the atmosphere? Are there health dangers that we simply do not know yet
and cannot predict?