The document summarizes key aspects of nuclear power plants. It describes how nuclear fission in elements like uranium-235 produces heat that is used to generate electricity. It explains the major components of a nuclear power plant including the reactor core, control rods, steam generators, turbines, and cooling towers. Nuclear power plants use the heat from nuclear fission to convert water to high-pressure steam, which spins turbines that generate electricity while protecting public safety.

1. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

2.  Nuclear power or nuclear energy is the use
of exothermic nuclear processes, to generate
useful heat and electricity. The term includes the
nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Presently
the nuclear fission of elements in
the actinide series of the periodic table produce
the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct
service of humankind. Nuclear power is a low
carbon power generation method of producing
electricity.

3. Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 10
0
101 10
2
10
3
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Nd No Lr
ACTINIDE SERIES AND NUCLEAR ELEMENT:-

4.  Nuclear fusion is the reaction in which two or
more nuclei combine together to form a
newelement with higher atomic number (more
protons in the nucleus). The energy released in
fusion is related to E = mc 2 (Einstein’s famous
energy-mass equation). On earth, the most likely
fusion reaction is Deuterium–Tritium reaction.
Deuterium and Tritium are bothisotopes of
hydrogen.
 2
1Deuterium + 3
1Tritium = 4
2He + 1
0n + 17.6 MeV

5. Fusion of deuterium with tritium creating helium-4, freeing a neutron, and releasing
17.59 MeV of energy.
NUCLEAR FUSION REACTION

6. Nuclear fission is the splitting of a massive nucleus into photons in the form of gamma rays,
free neutrons, and other subatomic particles. In a typical nuclear reaction involving 235U and
a neutron. 236
92U = 144
56Ba + 89
36Kr + 3n + 177 MeV
NUCLEAR FISSION REACTION

7. FISSION
Definition Fission is the
splitting of a
large atom into
two or more
smaller ones.
Natural
occurrence of
the process
Fission reaction
does not
normally occur in
nature.
Energy
Released
The energy
released by
fission is a
million times
greater than that
released in
chemical
reactions.
Energy
production
Fission is used in
nuclear power
plants.
FUSION
Definition Fusion is the
fusing of two or
more lighter atoms
into a larger one.
Natural
occurrence of
the process
Fusion occurs in
stars, such as the
sun.
Energy
Released
The energy
released by fusion
is three to four
times greater than
the energy
released by fission.
Energy
production
Fusion is an
experimental
technology for
producing power.

9. STUCTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Nuclear plant consist of nine major
parts.The reactor is the main part of
this power plan.

10.  A gas-tight shell or other enclosure around a nuclear
reactor to confine fission products that otherwise
might be released to the atmosphere in the event of an
accident. Such enclosures are usually dome-shaped
and made of steel-reinforced concrete. It has
maximum pressure in the range of 40 to 80 ps( 410 to
1400 kPa). The containment building itself is typically
an airtight steel structure enclosing the reactor
normally sealed off from the outside atmosphere. The
steel is either free-standing or attached to the concrete
missile shield. In India the design and thickness of the
containment and the missile shield are governed by
federal regulations (10 CFR 50.55a), and must be
strong enough.

12.  These are rods used in specific materials (silver,
indium, cadmium or boron carbide) to control
fission inside the core. Since they absorb neutrons,
they are capable of controlling the chain reaction
which - depending on how deep down the rods are
inserted into the core - can be accelerated, slowed
down or even stopped, thus changing the capacity
of the reactor. Indeed, if necessary, the reactor can
be immediately stopped when they are fully
inserted.

13.  A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and
control a sustained nuclear chain reaction.
Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power
plants for electricity generation and in propulsion
of ships. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a
working fluid (water or gas), which runs
through turbines. These either drive a
ship's propellers or turn electrical generators.

14.  A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via
nuclear processes releases approximately three million
times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned
conventionally (7.2 × 1013 joules per kilogram of
uranium-235 versus 2.4 × 107 joules per kilogram of
coal).
 Heat generation:
 The reactor core generates heat in a number of ways:
 The kinetic energy of fission products is converted
to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with
nearby atoms.
 The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced
during fission and converts their energy into heat.

15.  Steam generators are heat exchangers used to
convert water into steam from heat produced in
a nuclear reactor core. They are used
in pressurized water reactors (PWR)between the
primary and secondary coolant loops. That water
flowing through the steam generator boils water
on the shell side to produce steam in the
secondary loop that is delivered to the turbines to
make electricity

16.  The Main Steam System used in any power plant
has 1 major purpose:
 Provide steam from the source (reactor, steam
generator, or steam separator) to the turbine
 The system may have several other functions
 Provide the ability to prevent overpressurization of
the steam source (if the source puts out more heat
than the turbine can accept)
 Provide the ability to prevent overcooling of the
reactor coolant system (if the steam system draws
off more heat than the source can provide)

17.  The major components in most Main Steam Systems are:
 Steam Line from the Reactor (if a BWR) , Steam generator (if a
PWR), Steam Separator (if a GCR) to the turbine.
 Main Steam Isolation Valve - usually an air operated or motor
operated valve used to isolate the steam source from the turbine.
 Safety valves - large relief valves that will open if steam pressure
gets too high (same purpose as the pop valve on your hot water
heater).
 Power Operated Relief Valves - large air or motor operated
valves that usually lift at a setpoint lower than the safety valves -
in order to keep the steam pressure from getting too high.
 Non-return Valve - a large valve that prevents backward steam
flow in the steam line

18.  A boiler feedwater pump is a specific type
of pump used to pump feedwater into a steam
boiler. The water may be freshly supplied or
returning condensate produced as a result of the
condensation of the steam produced by the boiler.
These pumps are normally high pressure units
that take suction from a condensate return system
and can be of the centrifugal pump type or positive
displacement type.

19.  The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by
the turbine into electrical energy. Low-pole AC
synchronous generators of high rated power are
used.

20.  A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal
energy from pressurized steam and uses it to
do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. it is
particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical
generator. An ideal steam turbine is considered to be
an isentropic process, or constant entropy process, in
which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is
equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine.
No steam turbine is truly isentropic, however, with
typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20–90%
based on the application of the turbine.

21.  A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a
water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed
on the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal
power stations.[1][2][3] These condensers are heat
exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its
liquid state at a pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Where cooling water is in short supply, an air-cooled
condenser is often used. An air-cooled condenser is
significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as
low a steam turbine exhaust pressure as a water-
cooled surface condenser.

22.  In Nuclear power plants, the primary purpose of a
surface condenser is to condense the exhaust
steam from a steam turbine to obtain
maximum efficiency, and also to convert the
turbine exhaust steam into pure water (referred to
as steam condensate) so that it may be reused in
the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water.

23.  The steam turbine itself is a device to convert the heat in steam
to mechanical power. The difference between the heat of steam
per unit mass at the inlet to the turbine and the heat of steam per
unit mass at the outlet from the turbine represents the heat
which is converted to mechanical power. Therefore, the more the
conversion of heat per pound or kilogram of steam to mechanical
power in the turbine, the better is its efficiency. By condensing
the exhaust steam of a turbine at a pressure below atmospheric
pressure, the steam pressure drop between the inlet and exhaust
of the turbine is increased, which increases the amount of heat
available for conversion to mechanical power. Most of the heat
liberated due to condensation of the exhaust steam is carried
away by the cooling medium (water or air) used by the surface
condenser

25.  Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste
heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water
to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air
temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air
to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature. With respect to
the heat transfer mechanism employed, the main types are:
 Dry cooling towers operate by heat transfer through a surface that separates
the working fluid from ambient air, such as in a tube to air heat exchanger,
utilizing convective heat transfer. They do not use evaporation.
 Wet cooling towers or open circuit cooling towers operate on the
principle of evaporative cooling. The working fluid and the evaporated fluid
(usually water) are one and the same.
 Fluid coolers or closed circuit cooling towers are hybrids that pass the
working fluid through a tube bundle, upon which clean water is sprayed and a
fan-induced draft applied. The resulting heat transfer performance is much
closer to that of a wet cooling tower, with the advantage provided by a dry cooler
of protecting the working fluid from environmental exposure and
contamination.

26.  Fuel rods are the containers for the uranium used
in nuclear power plants. A fuel rod is typically a
long, slender, zirconium metal tube containing
pellets of fissionable material, which provide fuel
for nuclear reactors. Fuel rods are assembled into
bundles called fuel assemblies, which are loaded
individually into the reactor core.

27.  It used in Nuclear power plant to step up the
generated voltage.Generaly maximum 50KVA
rating of Transformer can used in Nuclear power
plant.

28.  Electrical power generation:
 The energy released in the fission process
generates heat, some of which can be converted
into usable energy. A common method of
harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil
water to produce pressurized steam which will
then drive a steam turbine that turns an
alternator and generates electricity.

29.  As of 2012, India has 20 nuclear reactors in
operation in six nuclear power plants,having an
installed capacity of 5780 MW[2][3] and producing
a total of 29,664.75 GWh of electricity[4] while
seven other reactors are under construction and
are expected to generate an additional 6,100 MW.
 To be cont..

30. TOTAL=5780
Power
station
Operato
r
State Type Units Total
capacity
(MW)
Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220*4 880
KaKrapar NPCIL Gujurat PHWR 220*2 440
Kalpakka
m
NPCIL Tamil
Nadu
PHWR 220*2 440
Narora NPCIL Uttar
pradesh
PHWR 220*2 440
Rawatbha
ta
NPCIL Kota,Raja
sthan
PHWR 200*1 118
Tarapur NPCIL Maharash
tra
BWR 400*2 140
Kudankul
am
NPCIL Tamil
Nadu
WER-
1000
1000*1 1000

31. NAME-PANKAJ KUMAR NAYAK
BRANCH-ELECTRICAL
ROLL NO-11-EE-10
THANK U……