Energy is the ability to do work and exists in different forms that can be converted from one to another. A power plant harnesses energy to generate electrical power. It works by using a fuel to produce heat and turn water into steam, which spins turbines connected to generators. Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that uses nuclear fission reactions in a reactor to produce heat and generate electricity. They have components like fuel rods, control rods, and coolant that work together to produce and control the nuclear chain reaction.

1. WHAT IS ENERGY?
• ENERGY IS THE ABILITY OR THE CAPACITY TO DO
• WORK.THERE ARE DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY.
• EACH FORM OF ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED INTO
• ANOTHER FORM.
• IN OTHER WORDS WE CAN SAY THAT ENERGY IS
CONSERVABLE.
• SOME EXAMPLES OF FORMS OF ENERGY ARE-POTENTIAL,
THERMAL,ELECTRICAL,NUCLEAR,ETC.

2. WHAT IS A POWER PLANT?
A power plant is a source to harness energy.
A power plant (also referred to as a generating
station, power station, or powerhouse) is an industrial
facility for the generation of electrical energy.
At the centre of nearly all power plants is a generator,
a rotating machine that converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy by creating relative motion
between a magnetic field and a conductor.
 The energy source harnessed to turn the generator
varies widely. It depends chiefly on which fuels are
easily available and on the types of technology that the
power company has access to.

3. HOW DOES A POWER PLANT WORK?
The heart of a power station is a large generator that
extracts energy from a fuel. Some power stations burn
fossil fuels such as coal, oil, or gas. Nuclear power
stations produce energy by splitting apart atoms of
heavy materials such as uranium and plutonium. The
heat produced is used to turn water into steam at high
pressure. This steam turns a windmill-like device called
a turbine connected to an electricity generator.
Extracting heat from a fuel takes place over a number
of stages and some energy is wasted at each stage.

4. TYPES OF POWER PLANT ON THE BASIS
OF WORKING
BY FUEL
Fossil fuelled power plants ,Nuclear power
plants ,Geothermal power plants ,Biomass
fuelled power plants ,Integrated steel mills
,Waste heat from industrial processes ,solar
thermal electric plants.
BY PRIME MOVER
Steam turbine plants ,Gas turbine plants
,Combined cycle plants ,Water treatment
plant ,Waste gas from oil production.

5. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

7. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power
station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear
reactors.
A nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of
energy from splitting the atoms of certain elements. In
a nuclear power reactor, the energy released is used as
heat to make steam to generate electricity
. The energy released from continuous fission of the
atoms of the fuel is harnessed as heat in either a gas or
water, and is used to produce steam. The steam is used
to drive the turbines which produce electricity

8. How is energy released from the atom?
Atoms of uranium are among the largest and also the heaviest
known to occur on earth. Being heavy they are also unstable. The
nucleus of a uranium atom can easily break up into two smaller
pieces. This process is called fission. The two fragments so produced
fly apart with tremendous speed. As they collide with other atoms in
a lump of uranium they come to a stop. In the process they heat up
the uranium lump. This is how energy is released from the atom
and converted to heat. The energy produced in fission is described
as atomic energy by some and nuclear energy by others. Besides
uranium, the atoms of plutonium are also fissionable. But plutonium
does not occur in nature.
It has been found that 2 or 3 free neutrons are also released as a
uranium atom breaks up during fission. When one of these neutrons
collides with another uranium nucleus that nucleus also breaks up.
In this manner using one neutron from every fission, we can cause
another fission. This is known as chain reaction and produces heat
at a steady rate.

9. HOW ENERGY IS OBTAINED?

11. COMPENENTS OF A NUCLEAR REACTOR
There are several components common to most types of reactors:
Fuel. Uranium is the basic fuel. Usually pellets of uranium oxide (UO2) are arranged
in tubes to form fuel rods. The rods are arranged into fuel assemblies in the reactor
core.*
Moderator. This is material in the core which slows down the neutrons released
from fission so that they cause more fission. It is usually water, but may be heavy
water or graphite.
Control rods. These are made with neutron-absorbing material such as cadmium,
hafnium or boron, and are inserted or withdrawn from the core to control the rate
of reaction, or to halt it.
Coolant. A liquid or gas circulating through the core so as to transfer the heat from
it. . In light water reactors the water moderator functions also as primary coolant.
Except in BWRs, there is secondary coolant circuit where the steam is made.
Pressure vessel or pressure tubes. Usually a robust steel vessel containing the
reactor core and moderator/coolant, but it may be a series of tubes holding the
fuel and conveying the coolant through the moderator.
Steam generator. (not in BWR) Part of the cooling system where the primary
coolant bringing heat from the reactor is used to make steam for the turbine.
Reactors may have up to four "loops", each with a steam generator.
Containment. The structure around the reactor core which is designed to protect it
from outside intrusion and to protect those outside from the effects of radiation in
case of any malfunction inside. It is typically a metre-thick concrete and steel
structure.

12. THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF
REACTORS
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR).Fuel-enriched
UO2
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR).Fuel-enriched
UO2
Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor 'CANDU'
(PHWR).Fuel-natural UO2
Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR & Magnox).Fuel-natural
U (metal),enriched UO2

15. CHEMICAL CONVERSION TO UF6
ENRICHMENT
PELLETIZING
ROD LOADING
BUNDLE ASSEMBLY
BUNDLE FINAL INSPECTION
PACKAGING & SHIPPING
SITE INSPECTION & CHANNELING

16. Uranium Ore (0.7%)
Fuel Pellet (3.5%)
ENRICHMENT
(% U-235)

17. APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
ITS BASIC APPLICATION IS IN GENERATING LARGE AMONT OF HEAT AND
OBTAINING ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
The most common use for a nuclear power plant is to generate electricity
for civilian consumption.
Nuclear reactors are also used on sea-going vessels, where they provide
both electricity and mechanical power for propulsion.
The process of creating fuel for and running nuclear power plants produces
a number of useful by products, or can be tailored to do so. Enriching
uranium for fission reactors, for example, creates an isotope commonly
known as depleted uranium, which the American military uses in the
manufacture of both armour and ammunition due to its extremely high
density. Then there are breeder reactors, which produce new fissile material
(usually plutonium) at a rate greater than that at which the reactor
consumes them, thereby creating a second generation of fuel. This reactor
design is useful for its high fuel economy.

18. APPLICATIONS
For the generation of electricity
U.S. nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. Red-hot pellet of plutonium meant for an
atomic battery.

19. LOCATIONS IN WORLD AND INDIA
In India we have nuclear power plant at
Kaiga(880 MW) ,Kalpakkam(410 MW)
,Kakrapar(44o MW) ,Rawatbhata(1180 MW)
,Tarapur(1400 MW) ,Narora(440 MW).Some
nuclear power plants which are under
construction are Kundankulam(2000 MW)
,Kaiga(220 MW) ,Kalpakkam(500 MW)
,Rawatbhata(1400 MW).Some of the nuclear
power plants have been planned for future.

20. ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
1. The amount of electricity produced in a nuclear power station is
equivalent to that produced by a fossil fuelled power station.
2. Nuclear power stations do not burn fossil fuels to produce
electricity and consequently they do not produce damaging, polluting
gases.
3. Many developed countries such as the USA and the UK no longer
want to rely on oil and gas imported from the Middle East, a
politically unstable part of the world.
4. Countries such as France produce approximately 90 percent of
their electricity from nuclear power and lead the world in nuclear
power generating technology - proving that nuclear power is an
economic alternative to fossil fuel power stations.
5. Nuclear reactors can be manufactured small enough to power ships
and submarines. If this was extended beyond military vessels, the
number of oil burning vessels would be reduced and consequently
pollution

21. DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
1. Nuclear power is a controversial method of producing electricity.
2. There have been serious accidents with a small number of nuclear
power stations. The accident at Chernobyl (Ukraine) in 1986, led to 30
people being killed and over 100,000 people being evacuated. In the
preceding years another 200,00 people were resettled away from the
radioactive area. Radiation was even detected over a thousand miles away
in the UK as a result of the Chernobyl accident. It has been suggested that
over time 2500 people died as a result of the accident.
3. There are serious questions to be answered regarding the storage of
radioactive waste produced through the use of nuclear power. Some of
the waste remains radioactive (dangerous) for thousands of years and is
currently stored in places such as deep caves and mines.
4. Storing and monitoring the radioactive waste material for thousands of
years has a high cost.
5. Nuclear powered ships and submarines pose a danger to marine life and
the environment. Old vessels can leak radiation if they are not maintained
properly or if they are dismantled carelessly at the end of their working
lives.

22. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

23. WHAT IS HYDRO POWER?
The objective of a hydropower scheme is to convert the
potential energy of a mass of water, flowing in a stream with a
certain fall to the turbine (termed the "head"), into electric
energy at the lower end of the scheme, where the powerhouse
is located. The power output from the scheme is proportional
to the flow and to the head.

24. TYPES OOFF HHYYDDRROO PPOOWWEERR PPLLAANNTT
11)) WWaatteerr wwhheeeellss
22)) HHyyddrroo ppoowweerr ppllaannttss
33)) WWaavvee eenneerrggyy ffrroomm oocceeaannss
44)) TTiiddaall eenneerrggyy
BBaasseedd oonn tthhee HHeeaadd ooff WWaatteerr AAvvaaiillaabbllee
11)) LLooww hheeaadd hhyyddrrooeelleeccttrriicc ppoowweerr ppllaannttss
22))MMeeddiiuumm hheeaadd hhyyddrrooeelleeccttrriicc ppoowweerr ppllaannttss
33)) HHiigghh hheeaadd hhyyddrrooeelleeccttrriicc ppoowweerr ppllaannttss

25. LAYOUT

26. ELEMENTS OF
HYDRO POWER

27. DAMS

28. The movement of water can be used to make electricity. Energy from
water is created by the force of water moving from a higher elevation
to a lower elevation through a large pipe (penstock). When the water
reaches the end of the pipe, it hits and spins a water wheel or turbine.
The turbine rotates the connected shaft, which then turns the
generator, making electricity.

30. WWhhaatt aarree SSppiillll wwaayyss??
A dam failure can have sever effects downstream of the dam.
During the lifetime of a dam different flow conditions will be experienced
and a dam must be able to safely accommodate high floods that
can exceed normal flow conditions in the river. For this reason,
carefully passages are corporate in the dams as part of structure.
These passages are known as spillways.

31. INTAKE

32. IINNTTAAKKEE::--
A water intake must be able to divert the required amount of
water in to a power canal or into a penstock without producing
a negative impact on the local environment.

33. PPEENNSSTTOOCCKK

34. PENSTOCK
“conveying water from the intake to the power house”.
The water in the reservoir is considered stored energy
When the gate opens the water flowing through the
penstock becomes kinetic energy because it is in motion.

35. SURGE TANK
• Surge tank is introduced in between the
power house and dam to avoid sudden rise
in the penstock.
• As the load is reduced then there will be a
backflow of water inside the penstock.
• The back flow of water is known as water
hammer.

37. TURBINES

39. • Kaplan
• Francis
• Pelton
2 < H < 40
10 < H < 350
50 < H < 1300
(H = head in m)

40. The water strikes and
turns the large blades of
a turbine, which is
attached to a generator
above it by way of a
shaft. The most
common type of turbine
for hydropower plants
is the Francis Turbine,
which looks like a big
disc with curved blades.

41. TTaaiillrraacceess::--
After passing through the turbine the water returns to the
river trough a short canal called a tailrace.

42. GGEENNEERRAATTOORR

43. As the turbine turns, the exciter sends an electrical current
to the rotor. The rotor is a series of large electromagnets
that spins inside a tightly-wound coil of copper wire, called
the stator. The magnetic field between the coil and the
magnets creates an electric current.

44. TRANSFORMERS

45. A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another through a shared magnetic
field. A changing current IP in the first circuit (the primary)
creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic
field induces a voltage VS in the second circuit (the
secondary). The secondary circuit mimics the primary
circuit, but it need not carry the same current and voltage
as the primary circuit. Instead, an ideal transformer keeps
the product of the current and the voltage the same in the
primary and secondary circuits.

46. OUTFLOW:-
Used water is carried through pipelines, called tailraces, and re-enters
the river downstream.

47. PPOOWWEERR HHOOUUSSEE::--

48. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
HYDRO POWER PLANT
AAddvvaannttaaggeess
1) No fuel required
2) Cost of electricity is constant
3) No air-pollution is created
4) Long life
5) Cost of generation of electricity
6) Can easily work during high peak daily loads
7) Irrigation of farms
8) Water sports and gardens
9) Prevents floods

49. DISADVANTAGES
1) Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems
2) Disruption in the surrounding areas
3) Requires large areas
4) Large scale human displacement
5) Very high capital cost or investment
6) High quality construction
7) Site specific
8) Effects on environment
9) Safety of the dams