1) In the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell combined Gauss's law, Ampere's law, and Faraday's law with his own modification to Ampere's law to fully describe electromagnetism.
2) Maxwell's equations relate electric and magnetic fields to electric charges and currents.
3) The document goes on to describe various electromagnetic concepts like current density, conduction and convection currents, and introduces Maxwell's equations in both differential and integral form.
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
definition, speed, production, properties of electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic spectrum. waves in EM spectrum and their application in daily life.
Presentation on Electromagnetic Induction.
Physics two presentation of CSE dept. Southeast University.
PPTX slides made by Saleh Ibne Omar.
December 2017.
This PPT is useful to all the students who study in electrical engineering and also for those students whose know about basic information of electrical quantities like charge, voltage, current, electrical power and energy.
Examples of electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. ... Microwaves are used to cook your food. Infrared waves are used in remote controls and are emitted from all warm objects, allowing them to be used to create heat-sensitive cameras
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light, and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.[1] At high energy the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force.
definition, speed, production, properties of electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic spectrum. waves in EM spectrum and their application in daily life.
Presentation on Electromagnetic Induction.
Physics two presentation of CSE dept. Southeast University.
PPTX slides made by Saleh Ibne Omar.
December 2017.
This PPT is useful to all the students who study in electrical engineering and also for those students whose know about basic information of electrical quantities like charge, voltage, current, electrical power and energy.
Examples of electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. ... Microwaves are used to cook your food. Infrared waves are used in remote controls and are emitted from all warm objects, allowing them to be used to create heat-sensitive cameras
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light, and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.[1] At high energy the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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This presentation is about electromagnetic fields, history of this theory and personalities contributing to this theory. Applications of electromagnetism. Vector Analysis and coordinate systems.
Its a simple project for class 12th science students. This project is collected from various sources including Google, Wikipedia and Slideshare, Youtube and many more.
This presentation is about Electric Fields in material space and briefly describes the following topics:
-Electric Field
-Conductivity
-Material Types
-Maxwell's Equations
-Gauss's Law
-Faraday Law
-Ampere's Law
This presentation is as per the course of DAE Electronics ELECT-212.
oday, the Lok Sabha, apart from introducing the Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2022 and will take up two more Bills — the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 and the New Delhi International Arbitration Centre (Amendment) Bill, 2022 — for discussion, considering and passing. The Rajya Sabha is scheduled to discuss the Central Universities (Amendment) Bill, 2022 for considering and passing.
Live updates:
UNIT-V:Non Conventional Energy Sources:
Power Crisis, future energy demand, role of Private sectors in energy management,
concepts & principals of MHD generation, Solar power plant,
Wind Energy,Geothermal Energy,Tidal energy,Ocean Thermal Energy.
UNIT-IV:Economic Operation of Power Systems:
Characteristics of steam and hydro-plants,Constraints in operation, Economic load scheduling of thermal plants Neglecting and considering transmission Losses, Penalty factor, loss coefficients, Incremental transmission loss. Hydrothermal Scheduling.
UNIT-III:Sub-stations Layout:
Types of substations, bus-bar arrangements, typical layout of substation.Power Plant Economics and Tariffs:Load curve, load duration curve, different factors related to plants and consumers, Cost of electrical energy, depreciation, generation cost, effect of Load factor on unit cost. Fixed and operating cost of different plants, role of load diversity in power system economy. Objectives and forms of Tariff; Causes and effects of low power factor, advantages of power factor improvement, different methods for power factor improvements.
UNIT-II: Nuclear Power Plant:
Location, site selection, general layout and operation of plant. Brief description of different types of reactors Moderator material, fissile materials, control of nuclear reactors, disposal of nuclear waste material, shielding.Gas Turbine Plant: Operational principle of gas turbine plant & its efficiency, fuels, open and closed-cycle plants, regeneration, inter-cooling and reheating, role and applications.
Diesel Plants:
Diesel plant layout, components & their functions, its performance, role and applications.
UNIT-I:Introduction:
Electric energy demand and growth in India, electric energy sources.
Thermal Power Plant: Site selection, general layout and operation of plant, detailed description and use of different parts.
Hydro Electric Plants: Classifications, location and site selection, detailed description of various components, general layout and operation of Plants, brief description of impulse, reaction, Kaplan and Francis turbines, advantages & disadvantages, hydro-potential in India.
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-5]Md Irshad Ahmad
(1) Digital Measurement of Electrical Quantities-Concept of digital measurement, Block diagram, Study of digital voltmeter, Frequency meter, Spectrum analyzer, Electronic multimeter.
(2) Cathode Ray Oscilloscope-Basic CRO circuit (block diagram), Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
& its components,Applications of CRO in measurement, Lissajous Pattern, Dual trace & dual beam oscilloscopes.
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-4]Md Irshad Ahmad
AC Potentiometers-Polar type & Co-ordinate type AC potentiometers, application of AC
Potentiometers inelectrical measurement. (4)
(2)Magnetic Measurement-Ballistic galvanometer, Flux meter ,Determination of hysteresis
loop, measurement of iron losses.
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-3]Md Irshad Ahmad
Measurement of Parameters-Different methods of measuring low, medium and high resistances, measurement of inductance & capacitance with the help of AC Bridges, Q meter
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-2]Md Irshad Ahmad
Instrument Transformers: CT and PT; their errors, Applications of CT and PT in the extension of instrument range, Introduction to measurement of speed, frequency and power factor.(
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT & MEASURING INSTRUMENTS [Emmi- (NEE-302) -unit-1]Md Irshad Ahmad
(1) Philosophy of Measurement-Methods of measurement, Measurement system
, Classification of instrument systems, Characteristics of instruments & measurement
systems, Errors in measurement & its analysis, Standards.
(2)Analog Measurement of Electrical Quantities-Electrodynamic, Thermocouple,
Electrostatic & Rectifier type ammeters & voltmeters, Electrodynamic wattmeter, Three
Phase wattmeter, Power in three phase systems, Errors & remedies in wattmeter and energy
meter.
Unit-V
Measurement and Solving of Power Quality Problems: Power quality measurement devices- Harmonic Analyzer , Transient Disturbance Analyzer, wiring and grounding tester, Flicker Meter, Oscilloscope, multi-meter etc. Introduction to Custom Power Devices-Network Reconfiguration devices; Load compensation and voltage regulation using DSTATCOM; protecting sensitive loads using DVR; Unified power Quality Conditioner. (UPQC)
Unit-IV
Harmonics: Causes of harmonics; current and voltage harmonics: measurement of harmonics; effects of harmonics on – Transformers, AC Motors, Capacitor Banks, Cables, and Protection
Devices, Energy Metering, Communication Lines etc. harmonic mitigation techniques
Unit-III
Electrical Transients: Sources of Transient Over voltages- Atmospheric and switching transients- motor starting transients, pf correction capacitor switching transients, ups switching transients, neutral voltage swing etc; devices for over voltage protection
Unit-II
Voltage Sag: Sources of voltage sag: motor starting, arc furnace, fault clearing etc; estimating voltage sag performance and principle of its protection; solutions at end user level- Isolation Transformer, Voltage Regulator, Static UPS, Rotary UPS, Active Series Compensator
Introduction to Power Quality: Terms and definitions of transients,
Long Duration Voltage Variations: under Voltage, Under Voltage and Sustained Interruptions
; Short Duration Voltage Variations: interruption, Sag, Swell; Voltage Imbalance; Notching D C offset,; waveform distortion; voltage fluctuation; power frequency variations
Protection of Transformer
Generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes
Selection of circuit breakers
Constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil,
Minimum Oil,
Air Blast,
SF6,
Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc
Arc extinction theories
Re-striking voltage transient
Current chopping
Resistance switching
Capacitive current interruption
Short line interruption
Circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification
Testing station and equipment's
Testing procedure
Direct and indirect testing
Amplitude and phase comparators
Over current relays
Directional relays
Distance relays
Differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay
Classification and their description
Over current relays
Directional relay
Distance relays
Differential relay
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. INTRODUCTION
In year 1984 James Clerk Maxwell brought
together and extended four basic laws in
electromagnetism such as , Gauss’s Law in
electrostatics, Gauss’s Law in magnetism,
Ampere's Law and Faraday’s Law.
A complete set of relations giving the
connection between the charges at rest
(Electrostatics) and charges in motion( current
Electricity), electric fields and magnetic fields
(electromagnetism) were divided theoretically
and summarized in four equations by Maxwell,
called Maxwell’s Equations
James Clerk Maxwell
1831 - 1879
12/30/2016 2DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
3. Current Density
• Current density (J) at a point, within a conductor, is the
vector quantity whose magnitude is the current through
unit area of the conductor, around that point, provided
the area is perpendicular to the direction of flow of the
current at that point.
• J = I/A
• dI = J.dS
• The total current density through the surface S
• I = ∫s J.dS
• Thus the current I is defined as the flux of the
current density vector J through the given area
12/30/2016 3DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
5. Conduction Current Density
• Conduction Current Density refers to the amount of
current (charges) flowing on the surface of a
conductor (conduction band) in a time t. This surface
is always parallel to the current flow.
• It obeys Ohm’s Law
12/30/2016 5DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
6. Convection Current Density
• Convection current , as distinct from conduction
current ,does not involve conductors and
consequently does not satisfy Ohm's law.
• Electrons in a metal are subject to frequent collisions
with atoms. Electrons accelerated by an electric field
lose their energy through collisions which appears as
heat (Joule or Ohmic dissipation).
12/30/2016 6DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
7. • The equation of motion for an electron in the
presence of collisions may be written as
m(dv/dt) = -eE – mνcv
Where ν is the collision frequency. In steady
state, we have
• -eE = mνcv
• Multiplying by –en with n the conduction
electron density, we obtain
12/30/2016 7DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
8. Random and Drift Velocities
• Random Velocity : In absence of electric field
the electrons moves randomly with zero net
velocity. It is about 106 m/s.
• Drift Velocity: In presence of electric field
electrons moves randomly with net motion in
the direction opposite net electric field. It is
about 10-5 – 10-4 m/s
12/30/2016 8DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
9. Introduction of EM Field
• When an event in one place has an effect on
something at a different location, we talk
about the events as being connected by a
“field”.
• A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity; in
general, it can be either scalar or vector in
nature.
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 9
10. Fundamental Vector Field Quantities
In Electromagnetics
Electric field intensity (E)
SI unit = volts per meter (V/m = kg m/A/s3)
Electric flux density (electric displacement) (D)
SI unit = coulombs per square meter (C/m2 = A s /m2)
Magnetic field intensity (H)
SI unit = amps per meter (A/m)
Magnetic flux density (B)
SI units = teslas = webers per square meter (T = Wb/ m2 = kg/A/s3)
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 10
11. Gauss’s Law of Electrostatics
• Gauss' Law is the first of Maxwell's
Equations which dictates how the Electric
Field behaves around electric charges.
• Gauss' Law states that electric charge acts as
sources or sinks for Electric Fields.
• Gauss' Law can be written in terms of
the Electric Flux Density and the Electric
Charge Density as
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 11
12. Implication of Gauss’ Law
• D and E field lines diverge away from positive
charges
• D and E field lines diverge towards negative
charges
• D and E field lines start and stop on Electric
Charges
• Opposite charges attract and negative charges
repel
• The divergence of the D field over any region
(volume) of space is exactly equal to the net
amount of charge in that region.
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 12
13. Gauss Law for Magnetism
• Gauss' Magnetism law states that the
divergence of the Magnetic Flux Density (B) is
zero.
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 13
14. Implication of Gauss Law for
Magnetism
• Magnetic Monopoles Do Not Exist
• The Divergence of the B or H Fields is Always
Zero Through Any Volume
• Away from Magnetic Dipoles, Magnetic Fields
flow in a closed loop. This is true even for
plane waves, which just so happen to have an
infinite radius loop.
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 14
15. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
• The instantaneous emf induced in circuit is
directly proportional to the time rate of
change magnetic flux through it.
• Faraday's law shows that a changing magnetic
field within a loop gives rise to an induced
current, which is due to a force or voltage
within that circuit.
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 15
16. Implication of Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
• Electric Current gives rise to magnetic fields.
Magnetic Fields around a circuit gives rise to
electric current.
• A Magnetic Field Changing in Time gives rise
to an E-field circulating around it.
• A circulating E-field in time gives rise to a
Magnetic Field Changing in time.
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 16
17. Ampere’s Circuital Law
• the curl of the magnetic field is equal to
the Electric Current Density
• A flowing electric current (J) gives rise to a
Magnetic Field that circles the current
• A time-changing Electric Flux Density (D) gives
rise to a Magnetic Field that circles the D field
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 17
18. Maxwell’s Modification to
Ampere’s Circuital Law
• For time-varying currents, Ampère’s law is not true.
• Maxwell fixed this problem by making a postulate
that is, in a way, the complement of Faraday’s
postulate that a changing electric field produces a
magnetic field; Maxwell proposed that a changing
electric field induces a magnetic field. In particular,
he proposed that
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 18
19. Maxwell’s Equation in Differential
Form
12/30/2016 DR MD KALEEM/ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 19