Povidone-iodine is an antiseptic complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone and elemental iodine. It was discovered in 1955 and found to be less toxic than tincture of iodine while maintaining antibacterial properties. Povidone-iodine has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is widely used as a topical antiseptic for wounds, burns, and prior to surgery. It works by slowly releasing iodine to kill microbes through lipid iodination and cell membrane/cytoplasm oxidation.
Suture Materials and Suturing Techniques - Presented by Dr. Prasanjit Das and group as a part of Dhaka Dental College, OMS Department weekly presentation program.
Iv fluid therapy (types, indications, doses calculation)kholeif
All what you need to know intravenous fluids, types, indications, contraindications, how to calculate fluid rate and drug dosages.
Embed code (http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/16138690)
Suture Materials and Suturing Techniques - Presented by Dr. Prasanjit Das and group as a part of Dhaka Dental College, OMS Department weekly presentation program.
Iv fluid therapy (types, indications, doses calculation)kholeif
All what you need to know intravenous fluids, types, indications, contraindications, how to calculate fluid rate and drug dosages.
Embed code (http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/16138690)
Examination of Swelling in a patient is always a task for MBBS students. This PPT provides the students, how to elicit a history & also the easy way to examine a swelling.
Examination of Swelling in a patient is always a task for MBBS students. This PPT provides the students, how to elicit a history & also the easy way to examine a swelling.
Sample worksheet and enlarged notes to Instructors and Assistants from before 2007, (c) Kumon North America. The most up-to-date worksheets can be viewed at their website, www.kumon.com, or at one of their Centers.
Sample worksheet and enlarged notes to Instructors and Assistants from before 2007, (c) Kumon North America. The most up-to-date worksheets can be viewed at their website, www.kumon.com, or at one of their Centers.
The proofreaders' marks represent a debate as to 1) whether the level of the difficulty of the sentences was appropriate at that level; and 2) whether it would be most intuitive to introduce the vocabulary by familiarity based on the Peabody scale of Expressive and Receptive language, or by ease of pronunciation based on grammatical structure.
BP for Super Aqua Hypochlorous Acid PowderJaneSuperAqua
Business Opportunity regarding anti-virus!
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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BI-LAYER SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLET OF AZITHROMY...AdinathSangale2
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BI-LAYER SUSTAINED RELEASE
TABLET OF AZITHROMYCIN AND DOXYCYCLINE
DRUG.
Bilayer tablets, sometimes called double-layer tablets, are a newer technology for the development of controlled release formulation. They have a combination of two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients in a single dosage form. Nowadays, the use of bi-layered tablets is growing.
Findings of research into the history of ASEA
Note: None of the statements in this document have been reviewed or endorsed by ASEA Corporate, and are solely based on findings in publicly available information: Press releases, SEC filings, and Industry analyst publications.
Findings of research into the history of ASEA
Note: None of the statements in this document have been reviewed or endorsed by ASEA Corporate, and are solely based on findings in publicly available information: Press releases, SEC filings, and Industry analyst publications.
Suillus species, in general, are edible mushrooms, and environmentally important that are associated
mostly with pine trees in the tropics regions. These fungi considered a remarkable source of phenolic
compounds that play a crucial role as antioxidants which may reduce the risk of most human chronic
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer, and others. On the other hand,
carotenoids (β carotene) are the most popular natural pigments which play an important role to protect
the plants from photo-oxidative reactions. In human, these compounds prevent oxidative stress and
expects to have antimicrobial activity. Here, the phenolic compounds were extracted with Ethyl acetate
from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp and analyzed by HPLC, the antioxidant activity (reducing power%) of
phenolic compounds was determined at the concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity
of β carotene pigment was measured at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against some human pathogenic
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus
aureus. The specific DNA region ITS was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers with
some bioinformatics analyses. The phenolic extract isolated from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp showed a
remarkable antioxidant activity by increasing the reducing power percent (from F+3 ions to F+2 ions)
comparing with the industrial antioxidant (Propyl gallate) at all used concentrations. Percent of reducing
power of phenolic compounds were 75.5, 84.9 and 95.7% at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL
respectively; comparing with PG were 65.9, 81.3, and 93.3 at 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL respectively. The β
carotene pigment revealed a significant antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against K.
pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus. The highest bacterial growth inhibition was against K. pneumonia (40
mm), followed by E. coli (36 mm) and S. aureus (31 mm), while no effect showed against P. aeruginosa.
Our outcomes revealed that the phenolic bioactive compounds can be used as a natural antioxidant
instead of the industrial antioxidants, and also a β carotene pigment could be applied as a promising
natural compound rather than using the antibiotics and other manufactured compounds to inhibit
bacteria activity.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Povidone iodine
1. Povidone-iodine
Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), brand name Wokadine, Py-
odine, and Betadine is a stable chemical complex
of polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone, PVP) and elemental
iodine. It contains from 9.0% to 12.0% available iodine,
calculated on a dry basis.[1]
This unique complex was discovered in 1955 at the In-
dustrial Toxicology Laboratories in Philadelphia by H. A.
Shelanski and M. V. Shelanski.[2]
They carried out tests
in vitro to demonstrate anti-bacterial activity, and found
that the complex was less toxic in mice than tincture of
iodine.
Human clinical trials showed the product to be superior
to other iodine formulations.[3]
Betadine was immediately marketed, and has since be-
come the universally preferred iodine antiseptic. Beta-
dine is only sold for the purpose of healing wounds, and
not as an oral sore throat gargle, as widely thought. The
Betadine gargle is an unregistered company and legal is-
sues are pending in the court against it.[3]
It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the
most important products needed in a basic health sys-
tem.[4]
1 Medical uses
Wound area covered in povidone-iodine. Gauze has also been
applied.
Povidone-iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical
application in the treatment and prevention of infection in
wounds. May be used in first aid for minor cuts, grazes,
burns, abrasions and blisters.
Povidone-iodine applied to an abrasion using a cotton swab.
Following the discovery of iodine by Bernard Cour-
tois in 1811, it has been broadly used for the preven-
tion and treatment of skin infections, and the treatment
of wounds. Iodine has been recognized as an effec-
tive broad-spectrum bactericide, and it is also effective
against yeasts, molds, fungi, viruses, and protozoans.
Drawbacks to its use in the form of aqueous solutions in-
clude irritation at the site of application, toxicity, and the
staining of surrounding tissues. These deficiencies were
overcome by the discovery and use of PVP-I, in which
the iodine is carried in a complexed form and the con-
centration of free iodine is very low. The product thus
serves as an iodophor.
In addition, it has been demonstrated that bacteria do not
develop resistance to PVP-I,[5]
and the sensitization rate
to the product is only 0.7%[6]
Consequently, PVP-I has
found broad application in medicine as a surgical scrub;
for pre- and post-operative skin cleansing; for the treat-
ment and prevention of infections in wounds, ulcers, cuts
and burns; for the treatment of infections in decubitus
ulcers and stasis ulcers; in gynecology for vaginitis as-
sociated with candidal, trichomonal or mixed infections.
For these purposes PVP-I has been formulated at concen-
trations of 7.5–10.0% in solution, spray, surgical scrub,
ointment, and swab dosage forms. It is available without
a prescription under the generic name povidone-iodine or
the brand name Betadine.
It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of
incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone-
iodine is equally effective and safe as talc, and may be
preferred because of easy availability and low cost.[7]
2.5% buffered PVP-I solution can be used for prophylaxis
1
2. 2 5 RESEARCH
of neonatal conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia neonatorum)
which can lead to blindness, especially if it is caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Chlamydia trachomatis. PVP-I
appears to be very suitable for this purpose because un-
like other substances it is efficient also against fungi and
viruses (including HIV and Herpes simplex).[8]
PVP-I can be loaded into hydrogels (based on
carboxymethyl cellulose, poly(vinyl alcohol) and
gelatin, or on crosslinked polyacrylamide). These
hydrogels can be used for wound dressing. The rate of
release of the iodine in the PVP-I is heavily dependent
on the hydrogel composition. The release rate increases
with more CMC/PVA and decreases with more gelatin.
1.1 Alternative
In a clinical study of approximately 850 patients which
compared the efficacy in preventing post-operative infec-
tion of pre-operative skin cleansing using chlorhexidine-
alcohol vs. povidone-iodine, the rate of surgical-site
infection was significantly lower in the chlorhexidine-
alcohol group than in the povidone-iodine group (overall,
9.5% vs. 16.1%).[9]
Chlorhexidine-alcohol was signifi-
cantly more protective than povidone-iodine against both
superficial incisional infections (4.2% vs. 8.6%) and also
deep incisional infections (1% vs. 3%).
The incidence of organ-space infections was, however,
not significantly different between the groups (4.4% vs.
4.5%). The team performing the study believes that, al-
though both of the antiseptic preparations possess broad-
spectrum antimicrobial activity, the more effective pro-
tection provided by chlorhexidine-alcohol may be due to
its more rapid action, its persistent activity (even when
exposed to bodily fluids), and some residual effect.[10]
An
alternative explanation is the dilution of the active antimi-
crobial agent (chlorhexidine) in isopropyl alcohol rather
than water (iodine).
In a separate study a lower infection rate was seen with
iodine povacrylex in isopropyl alcohol (DuraPrep) than
with chlorhexidine in isopropyl alcohol (ChloraPrep)
(3.9% compared with 7.1%; P = .002).[11]
2 Contraindications
PVP-I is contraindicated in patients with
hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland) and other
diseases of the thyroid, after treatment with radioiodine,
and in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring’s
disease).[12]
3 Interactions
The iodine in PVP-I reacts with hydrogen peroxide,
silver, taurolidine and proteins such as enzymes, ren-
dering them (and itself) ineffective. It also reacts with
many mercury compounds, giving the corrosive com-
pound mercury iodide, as well as with many metals, mak-
ing it unsuitable for disinfecting metal piercings.[12]
Iodine is absorbed into the body to various degrees, de-
pending on application area and condition of the skin. As
such, it interacts with diagnostic tests of the thyroid gland
such as radioiodine diagnostics, as well as with various di-
agnostic agents used on the urine and stool, for example
Guaiacum resin.[12]
4 Properties
PVP-I is completely soluble in cold and mild-warm water,
ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and
glycerol. Its stability in solution is much greater than that
of tincture of iodine or Lugol’s solution.
Free iodine, slowly liberated from the povidone-
iodine (PVP-I) complex in solution, kills eukaryotic or
prokaryotic cells through iodination of lipids and oxi-
dation of cytoplasmic and membrane compounds. This
agent exhibits a broad range of microbicidal activity
against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Slow re-
lease of iodine from the PVPI complex in solution mini-
mizes iodine toxicity towards mammalian cells.
5 Research
Schematic of povidone-iodine complex wrapping a single wall
carbon nanotube (black).[13]
Povidone-iodine has found application in the field of
nanomaterials. A wound-healing application has been
developed which employs a mat of single wall carbon
3. 3
nanotubes (SWNTs) coated in a monolayer of povidone-
iodine.[13]
Research has previously found that the polymer
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, povidone) can coil around
individual carbon nanotubes to make them water-
soluble.[14]
6 See also
• Antiseptic
• Cadexomer iodine
• Chlorhexidine
• Iodophor
• Inadine
• Lugol’s iodine
• Tincture of iodine
7 References
[1] United States Pharmacopeia Archived July 11, 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
[2] U.S.patent 2,739,922
[3] Sneader, Walter (2005). Drug Discovery: A History. New
York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 68. ISBN 0-471-89979-8.
[4] “19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April
2015)" (PDF). WHO. April 2015. Retrieved May 10,
2015.
[5] Fleischer, W.; Reimer, K. (1997). “Povidone-iodine in
antisepsis — State of the art”. Dermatology 195 (Suppl
2): 3–9. doi:10.1159/000246022.
[6] Niedner, R. (1997). “Cytotoxicity and sensitization
of povidone-iodine and other frequently used anti-
infective agents”. Dermatology 195 (Suppl 2): 89–92.
doi:10.1159/000246038.
[7] Das SK, Saha SK, Das A, Halder AK, Banerjee SN,
Chakraborty M (September 2008). “A study of compari-
son of efficacy and safety of talc and povidone iodine for
pleurodesis of malignant pleural effusions”. J Indian Med
Assoc 106 (9): 589–90, 592. PMID 19552086.
[8] Najafi Bi, R.; Samani, S. M.; Pishva, N.; Moheimani,
F. (2003). “Formulation and Clinical Evaluation of
Povidone-Iodine Ophthalmic Drop”. Iranian Journal of
Pharmaceuticical Research 2 (3): 157–160.
[9] Rabih, O.; Darouiche, M. D.; et al. (2010).
“Chlorhexidine-Alcohol versus Povidone-Iodine
for Surgical-Site Antisepsis”. New Eng-
land Journal of Medicine 362 (1): 18–26.
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810988. PMID 20054046.
[10] Denton GW: Chlorhexidine, Disinfection, sterilization,
and preservation 321 (5th ed.) 36 (2001)
[11] Swenson, B. R.; Hendrick, T. L.; Metzger, R.; Bonatti,
H.; Pruett, T. L.; Sawyer, R. G. (2009). “Effects of pre-
operative skin preparation on postoperative wound infec-
tion rates: a prospective study of 3 skin preparation pro-
tocols”. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 30 (10): 964–971.
doi:10.1086/605926. PMC 3371364. PMID 19732018.
[12] Jasek, W, ed. (2007). Austria-Codex (in German) (62nd
ed.). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. pp.
983–5. ISBN 978-3-85200-181-4.
[13] Simmons, Trevor; Lee, S.-H.; Park, T.-J.; Hashim, D.P.;
Ajayan, P.M.; Linhardt, R.J. (2009). “Antiseptic Single
Wall Carbon Nanotube Bandages” (PDF). Carbon 47 (6):
1561–1564. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.02.005.
[14] Simmons, Trevor; Hashim, D; Vajtai, R; Ajayan, PM
(2007). “Large Area-Aligned Arrays from Direct Depo-
sition of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes”. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 129 (33): 10088–10089. doi:10.1021/ja073745e.
PMID 17663555.
8 Further reading
• Randolph H.L. Wong; Emily C.W. Hung; Vivien
W.Y. Wong; Innes Y.P. Wan; Calvin S.H. Ng; Song
Wan; Malcolm J. Underwood (2009). “Povidone-
iodine wound irrigation: A word of caution”. Sur-
gical Practice 13 (4): 123–4. doi:10.1111/j.1744-
1633.2009.00461.x.
• Randolph H.L. Wong; Vivien W.Y. Wong; Emily
C.W. Hung; Ping Yin Lee; Calvin S.H. Ng; Innes
Y.P. Wan; Song Wan; Malcolm J. Underwood
(2011). “Topical application of povidone-iodine be-
fore wound closure is associated with significant in-
crease in serum iodine level”. Surgical Practice 19:
79–82.
• Randolph H.L. Wong; Calvin S.H. Ng; Malcolm
J. Underwood (2011). “Iodine pleurodesis--a word
of caution”. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic
Surgery. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezr137.
4. 4 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
9.1 Text
• Povidone-iodine Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine?oldid=699243360 Contributors: Robbot, Wjhonson, Zaui,
DocWatson42, Wfaulk, Alexkon, Bender235, Bobo192, Circeus, Arcadian, RJFJR, Eyreland, DePiep, Edison, Rjwilmsi, Missmarple,
Brighterorange, Nihiltres, Terrace4, Shaddack, SmackBot, Slashme, Snori, Uthbrian, Soosed, Beetstra, Jimmy Pitt, Maxxicum, FlyTags,
Kevin512, Alaibot, Thijs!bot, Headbomb, Futurepower(R), Hoffmeier, Txomin, Principalianedicus, Nikevich, Cgingold, Sagabot, Marcus-
max, McSly, Mikael Häggström, Martial75, TXiKiBoT, Piperh, Lamro, Doc James, SieBot, BotMultichill, VVVBot, Gibbon502, May-
nardClark, Nanoxyde, Boneyard90, Jtonti, BOTarate, AnjaManix, Devonshire chemist, Freestyle-69, Addbot, Nguoimay, DIO, Yobot,
Dav!dB, CheMoBot, Kilom691, Anypodetos, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, FrescoBot, Citation bot 1, Redrose64, Pinethicket, Andrewandylam,
BogBot, 777sms, RjwilmsiBot, WikitanvirBot, GoingBatty, ZéroBot, Bamyers99, Sckm, Whoop whoop pull up, Louisajb, Rezabot, KL-
Bot2, Indah blestari, Nageshshukla, DuckOfDoom, NotWith, Testem, Cyberbot II, Flying Panda, Epicgenius, Jamesmcmahon0, Monkbot,
Deepak Bora (India), WildCation, Gulatijas, Nandan615 and Anonymous: 66
9.2 Images
• File:ExAntiseptic.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/ExAntiseptic.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Gauze_in_medical_useage_-_wound.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gauze_in_medical_
useage_-_wound.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Mattes
• File:PVP-I-CNT.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/PVP-I-CNT.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
I Dr. Trevor J. Simmons created this work entirely by myself, with help from Phil Shmella
Original artist:
Trevor Simmons
• File:Povidon-Iod.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Povidon-Iod.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: Roland Mattern Original artist: Roland Mattern
• File:X_mark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/X_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: User:Gmaxwell
• File:Yes_check.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fb/Yes_check.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
9.3 Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
![Povidone-iodine
Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), brand name Wokadine, Py-
odine, and Betadine is a stable chemical complex
of polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone, PVP) and elemental
iodine. It contains from 9.0% to 12.0% available iodine,
calculated on a dry basis.[1]
This unique complex was discovered in 1955 at the In-
dustrial Toxicology Laboratories in Philadelphia by H. A.
Shelanski and M. V. Shelanski.[2]
They carried out tests
in vitro to demonstrate anti-bacterial activity, and found
that the complex was less toxic in mice than tincture of
iodine.
Human clinical trials showed the product to be superior
to other iodine formulations.[3]
Betadine was immediately marketed, and has since be-
come the universally preferred iodine antiseptic. Beta-
dine is only sold for the purpose of healing wounds, and
not as an oral sore throat gargle, as widely thought. The
Betadine gargle is an unregistered company and legal is-
sues are pending in the court against it.[3]
It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the
most important products needed in a basic health sys-
tem.[4]
1 Medical uses
Wound area covered in povidone-iodine. Gauze has also been
applied.
Povidone-iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical
application in the treatment and prevention of infection in
wounds. May be used in first aid for minor cuts, grazes,
burns, abrasions and blisters.
Povidone-iodine applied to an abrasion using a cotton swab.
Following the discovery of iodine by Bernard Cour-
tois in 1811, it has been broadly used for the preven-
tion and treatment of skin infections, and the treatment
of wounds. Iodine has been recognized as an effec-
tive broad-spectrum bactericide, and it is also effective
against yeasts, molds, fungi, viruses, and protozoans.
Drawbacks to its use in the form of aqueous solutions in-
clude irritation at the site of application, toxicity, and the
staining of surrounding tissues. These deficiencies were
overcome by the discovery and use of PVP-I, in which
the iodine is carried in a complexed form and the con-
centration of free iodine is very low. The product thus
serves as an iodophor.
In addition, it has been demonstrated that bacteria do not
develop resistance to PVP-I,[5]
and the sensitization rate
to the product is only 0.7%[6]
Consequently, PVP-I has
found broad application in medicine as a surgical scrub;
for pre- and post-operative skin cleansing; for the treat-
ment and prevention of infections in wounds, ulcers, cuts
and burns; for the treatment of infections in decubitus
ulcers and stasis ulcers; in gynecology for vaginitis as-
sociated with candidal, trichomonal or mixed infections.
For these purposes PVP-I has been formulated at concen-
trations of 7.5–10.0% in solution, spray, surgical scrub,
ointment, and swab dosage forms. It is available without
a prescription under the generic name povidone-iodine or
the brand name Betadine.
It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of
incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone-
iodine is equally effective and safe as talc, and may be
preferred because of easy availability and low cost.[7]
2.5% buffered PVP-I solution can be used for prophylaxis
1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/povidoneiodine-160217123915/85/Povidone-iodine-1-320.jpg)
![2 5 RESEARCH
of neonatal conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia neonatorum)
which can lead to blindness, especially if it is caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Chlamydia trachomatis. PVP-I
appears to be very suitable for this purpose because un-
like other substances it is efficient also against fungi and
viruses (including HIV and Herpes simplex).[8]
PVP-I can be loaded into hydrogels (based on
carboxymethyl cellulose, poly(vinyl alcohol) and
gelatin, or on crosslinked polyacrylamide). These
hydrogels can be used for wound dressing. The rate of
release of the iodine in the PVP-I is heavily dependent
on the hydrogel composition. The release rate increases
with more CMC/PVA and decreases with more gelatin.
1.1 Alternative
In a clinical study of approximately 850 patients which
compared the efficacy in preventing post-operative infec-
tion of pre-operative skin cleansing using chlorhexidine-
alcohol vs. povidone-iodine, the rate of surgical-site
infection was significantly lower in the chlorhexidine-
alcohol group than in the povidone-iodine group (overall,
9.5% vs. 16.1%).[9]
Chlorhexidine-alcohol was signifi-
cantly more protective than povidone-iodine against both
superficial incisional infections (4.2% vs. 8.6%) and also
deep incisional infections (1% vs. 3%).
The incidence of organ-space infections was, however,
not significantly different between the groups (4.4% vs.
4.5%). The team performing the study believes that, al-
though both of the antiseptic preparations possess broad-
spectrum antimicrobial activity, the more effective pro-
tection provided by chlorhexidine-alcohol may be due to
its more rapid action, its persistent activity (even when
exposed to bodily fluids), and some residual effect.[10]
An
alternative explanation is the dilution of the active antimi-
crobial agent (chlorhexidine) in isopropyl alcohol rather
than water (iodine).
In a separate study a lower infection rate was seen with
iodine povacrylex in isopropyl alcohol (DuraPrep) than
with chlorhexidine in isopropyl alcohol (ChloraPrep)
(3.9% compared with 7.1%; P = .002).[11]
2 Contraindications
PVP-I is contraindicated in patients with
hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland) and other
diseases of the thyroid, after treatment with radioiodine,
and in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring’s
disease).[12]
3 Interactions
The iodine in PVP-I reacts with hydrogen peroxide,
silver, taurolidine and proteins such as enzymes, ren-
dering them (and itself) ineffective. It also reacts with
many mercury compounds, giving the corrosive com-
pound mercury iodide, as well as with many metals, mak-
ing it unsuitable for disinfecting metal piercings.[12]
Iodine is absorbed into the body to various degrees, de-
pending on application area and condition of the skin. As
such, it interacts with diagnostic tests of the thyroid gland
such as radioiodine diagnostics, as well as with various di-
agnostic agents used on the urine and stool, for example
Guaiacum resin.[12]
4 Properties
PVP-I is completely soluble in cold and mild-warm water,
ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and
glycerol. Its stability in solution is much greater than that
of tincture of iodine or Lugol’s solution.
Free iodine, slowly liberated from the povidone-
iodine (PVP-I) complex in solution, kills eukaryotic or
prokaryotic cells through iodination of lipids and oxi-
dation of cytoplasmic and membrane compounds. This
agent exhibits a broad range of microbicidal activity
against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Slow re-
lease of iodine from the PVPI complex in solution mini-
mizes iodine toxicity towards mammalian cells.
5 Research
Schematic of povidone-iodine complex wrapping a single wall
carbon nanotube (black).[13]
Povidone-iodine has found application in the field of
nanomaterials. A wound-healing application has been
developed which employs a mat of single wall carbon](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)