Anaesthesia considerations and Implications during Oncologic and Non-Oncologi...Apollo Hospitals
Cancer has been the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries. With the advancement in chemotherapeutic agents, the quality and lifespan of patients with advanced malignancies has improved. These patients often come to hospitals for various types of elective and emergency surgeries. The attending anaesthesiologist faces a daunting task while managing these patients as there can be gross physiological derangements in most of the organ systems. A careful and thorough preoperative assessment, optimisation of physiological milieu, vigilant intraoperative monitoring, anticipation of potential complications and postoperative pain control is essential for reducing perioperative mortality and morbidity in these patients.
Neuromuscular monitoring, also known as train of four monitoring, is a technique used during recovery from the application of general anesthesia to objectively determine how well a patient's muscles are able to function. It involves the application of electrical stimulation to nerves and recording of muscle response using, for example, an acceleromyograph. Neuromuscular monitoring is typically used when neuromuscular-blocking drugs have been part of the general anesthesia and the doctor wishes to avoid postoperative residual curarization (PORC) in the patient, that is, the residual paralysis of muscles stemming from these drugs.
patient positioning in operative room.pptxmohsinyeshar
Lecture about tips and tricks for proper patient positioning in operative room
Description of common positions
Possible complications
And how to prevent complications
According to recent guidelines and references
Anaesthesia considerations and Implications during Oncologic and Non-Oncologi...Apollo Hospitals
Cancer has been the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries. With the advancement in chemotherapeutic agents, the quality and lifespan of patients with advanced malignancies has improved. These patients often come to hospitals for various types of elective and emergency surgeries. The attending anaesthesiologist faces a daunting task while managing these patients as there can be gross physiological derangements in most of the organ systems. A careful and thorough preoperative assessment, optimisation of physiological milieu, vigilant intraoperative monitoring, anticipation of potential complications and postoperative pain control is essential for reducing perioperative mortality and morbidity in these patients.
Neuromuscular monitoring, also known as train of four monitoring, is a technique used during recovery from the application of general anesthesia to objectively determine how well a patient's muscles are able to function. It involves the application of electrical stimulation to nerves and recording of muscle response using, for example, an acceleromyograph. Neuromuscular monitoring is typically used when neuromuscular-blocking drugs have been part of the general anesthesia and the doctor wishes to avoid postoperative residual curarization (PORC) in the patient, that is, the residual paralysis of muscles stemming from these drugs.
patient positioning in operative room.pptxmohsinyeshar
Lecture about tips and tricks for proper patient positioning in operative room
Description of common positions
Possible complications
And how to prevent complications
According to recent guidelines and references
One must be aware of the anatomic and physiologic changes associated with anesthesia, patient positioning, and the procedure.
• The following criteria should be met to prevent injury from pressure, obstruction or stretching:
– No interference with respiration
– No interference with circulation
– No pressure on peripheral nerves
– Minimal skin pressure
– Accessibility to operative site
– Accessibility for anesthetic administration
– No undue musculoskeletal discomfort
– Maintenance of individual requirements
8% of all bone tumors present in spine
25-30% of bone tumors are benign
Peak age: 2-3rd decade
Posterior element involved: osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst
Anterior element involved: giant cell tumor, hemangioma, eosinophilic granuloma
Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
Is an 18-item, 7-level ordinal scale
Is designed to assess areas of dysfunction in activities that commonly occur
The scale has few cognitive, behavioral, and communication-related functional items
Is not specific for spinal cord injuries but is designed to assess neurological, musculoskeletal, and other disorders.
It Is essentialy diencephalon structure but anatomically situated at the diencephalo-mesencephalic junction at the level of the incisure of the cerebellar tentorium.
Axons of the peripheral nervous system have the potential for regeneration, after they are severed.
Axons of the peripheral nervous system have the potential for regeneration, after they are severed.
Delivery of electrical current to a specific subcortical grey matter target to stimulate a desired group of nerve cells which results in specific modulation the output of the involved neurocirciut.
Ephaptic transmission of impulses between neighbouring neurons (i.e. coupling of adjacent nerve fibres due to local exchange of ions or local electric fields) leading to excessive or abnormal firing.
An entrapment neuropathy is defined as a pressure or pressure-induced injury to a segment of a peripheral nerve secondary to anatomic or pathologic structures.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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2. Introduction
Positioning of the patient for intracranial procedures
remains a critical step in a successful surgery.
Term positioning refers to the position of the surgeon as
well as that of the patient.
Some surgeons prefer to sit and some prefer to stand.
3. AIM:
To reduce or eliminate the need for brain retraction.
Helps in providing a clear and bloodless field.
Reduce intracranial pressure and avoid venous obstruction.
Minimize the chance of avoidable complications such as
brachial plexus stretch injuries and pressure neuropathies.
4. Head Positioning
Head can be positioned on the horseshoe headrest (or
doughnut).
During positioning, the head can be safely rotated between
0 – 45 degrees away from the body.
If more rotation is needed, a roll or pillow placement
under the opposite shoulder is recommended.
8. Maintaining 2–3 finger-breadths thyromental distance is
recommended during neck flexion.
Hyperflexion, hyperextension, lateral flexion or rotation should
be avoided.
9. Fixation of the Head
Head is fixed with the three or four-pin fixation device.
Application of a skeletal fixation device /tightening of pins -
profound tachycardia and hypertension-
Rupture of untreated cerebral aneurysms
Local infiltration of the skin anesthesia should be deepened.
12. Supine Position(Dorsal Decubitus Position)
Simplest ,versatile.
Does not require special instrumentation, is easily
achievable, and usually does not require disconnection of
the tracheal tube and invasive monitors.
13. HEAD DURING SUPINE POSITION
Neutral or rotated → frontal, temporal or parietal access.
Neutral → Bifrontal craniotomy
Flexion → interhemispheric approach to lateral or third
ventricle.
Slight extension → subfrontal approach.
14. ARM POSITION
Arm position using the arm board.
Abduction of arm is limited to < 900. Arm
is supinated and elbow is padded.
Arm tucked at patient side and is in
neutral position with palm to hip. Elbow
is padded and arm is well supported by
the mattress.
15.
16. supine positioning
Horizontal position .
Lawn chair (contoured) position.
Head-up tilt or reverse Trendelenberg position .
17.
18. LAWN CHAIR POSITION
Advantages:
Promotes cerebral venous drainage
Decreases stress on back, hips and knees.
Venous return from lower extremity improves (legs are slightly
above heart level).
FLEXION + PILLOW UNDER KNEES + SLIGHT REV. TRENDELENBERG
20. REVERSE TRENDELENBURG POSITION
Also known as ‘head-up tilt’.
Precautions -
Preventing the patients from slipping on the table.
Frequent monitoring of arterial blood pressure → hypotension may
result from ↓ VR.
Head is positioned above heart → ↓ perfusion pressure to brain.
Complications –
1. Hypotension
2. ↑Venous air embolism
21. PRECAUTIONS
Extremes of head rotation- impairs jugular venous drainage.
Extreme flexion causes kinking of ET tube → ↑airway pressures
(keep a distance of 1 or 2 finger breadths between chin & chest
during flexion).
22. COMPLICATIONS OF SUPINE
POSITION
1. Pressure alopecia -
Cause –
Ischemia of hair follicles due to prolonged head immobilization with its full
weight falling on a limited area (usually occiput).
2. Backache -
Cause –
Normal lumbar lordotic curvature is lost during general anaesthesia
with muscle relaxation due to their effects on tone of paraspinous
muscles.
3. Peripheral nerve injury –
Ulnar neuropathy is most common.
4. ↑ risk of aspiration of gastric contents.
23. BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURY
Brachial plexus (primarily C8
and T1 nerve roots)
susceptible to injury
because:-
Long superficial course via
axilla with 2 points of fixation
- cervical vertebrae and
axillary fascia.
Lies in close proximity to
relatively fixed first rib,
clavicle and humerus and get
compressed between these
structures.
Precautions –
Arm abduction limited < 900
Avoid shoulder braces
Head in midline
24.
25. SEMILATERAL /
JANETTA
POSITION *Supine position with a bolster
Lateral tilting of the table, 10-20⁰ with I/L shoulder
elevated
For petrosal, retromastoid & U/L frontotemporal
approaches
26.
27. Prone position
FOR access to - occipital lobes, midline or paramedian
cerebellum, pineal region, fourth ventricle, and upper cervical
spine
28. 1
• When general anaesthesia is planned, all intravenous
accesses are obtained & trolley is kept parallel and
adjacent to operating table.
2
• Patient is first intubated on the stretcher.
3
• ETT is well secured to prevent dislodgement and loosening
of tape due to drainage of saliva when prone.
• Antisialogogue (glycopyrrolate)
POSITIONING
29. 4
• 2 assistants stand on free side of table & another 2 on
free side of trolley. One manage feet
5
• Neck is kept in line with spine during proning & arms of
the patient kept alongside the body.
6
• If cervical spine is stable, anaesthetist manage head &
coordinate turn; if unstable neurosurgeon.
POSITIONING
30. 7
• Disconnecting BP cuffs, arterial and venous lines is
recommended to avoid dislodgment.
8
• Pulse oximetry can usually be maintained if applied
to the inside arm.
9
• Full monitoring should be reinstituted as rapidly as
possible.
POSITIONING
31. POSITIONING
10
• ET tube position and adequate ventilation
immediately reassessed after the move.
11
• Legs should be padded and flexed slightly at the
knees and hips.
12
• Head may be supported facedown with its weight
borne by the bony structures or turned to the side.
32. HEAD POSITION
Head is kept in neutral position (most common) using → a) Surgical
pillow, b) Horseshoe headrest or c) Mayfield head pins.
Disadvantage with pillows → face is not always visible.
Mirror systems are available to facilitate intermittent visual
confirmation that eyes are not compressed.
33. Horseshoe headrest supports only forehead and malar regions and allows
excellent access to the airway.
Mayfield rigid pins firmly hold the head in one position without any direct
pressure on face & allow access to the airway.
HEAD POSITION
Mirror system for prone position Prone position with horseshoe adapter
36. ARMS POSITION
Both arms may be kept along the patient’s sides and tucked in
neutral position or placed in the “stick-em up” position.
In ‘stick-em up’ position, arms should not be abducted > 90⁰ &
elbows should not be extended > 90⁰ (90-90 position) to prevent
excessive stretching of brachial plexus, especially in patients with
head turned.
Extra padding under the elbow may be needed to prevent
compression of ulnar nerve.
39. TAKE CARE OF ABDOMEN & THORAX
External pressure on abdomen → ↑intra-abdominal and intra-thoracic
pressures.
↑Abdominal pressure → ↑venous pressure of valveless abdominal &
spine vessels (including epidural veins) and causes compression of IVC
→↓VR, cardiac output.
External pressure on abdomen pushes diaphragm cephalad → ↓FRC &
pulmonary compliance.
Firm rolls or bolsters placed along each side from clavicle to iliac crest to
support the torso → ↓abdominal, thoracic pressures.
40. PRECAUTIONS
Dependent eye must be frequently checked for external
compression.
Abdomen should hang relatively free and move with respiration.
Breasts should be placed medial to gel bolsters.
41. CONCORDE POSITION modification of the prone position. This is the best
positioning for surgical approach to occipital transtentorial and supracerebellar
infratentorial
area. The body is positioned in reverse Trendelenburg and chest rolls are placed under
the trunk.
The arms are tucked alongside to the trunk, and the knees are flexed
42. 1. Postoperative vision loss (POVL) –
Retinal ischemia Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) (more common)
2. Macroglossia –
Flexion of neck → ↓AP dimension of hypopharynx → compression ischemia of
tongue base, soft palate, posterior wall of pharynx occur in presence of foreign
bodies (ETT)
Edema accumulates after reperfusion of ischemic tissue → Macroglossia → post-
extubation airway obstruction.
COMPLICATIONS
44. Modification of prone .
Far lateral approach .
occipital transtentorial approach to access pineal and tentorial region tumors, CPA
tumors/ MVD (CN -V).
Small axillary roll is placed -inferior or ipsilateral axilla.
Ipsilateral or inferior arm is placed behind the body.
The superior or contralateral arm should be placed against the patient's side in a neutral
position
45. PARK-BENCH OR
THREE QUARTER PRONE POSITION
Modification of prone position.
Provides better access to posterior fossa (compared to lateral position).
Placing patient sufficiently superiorly on operating table such that
dependent arm hangs over edge of table & secured with a sling.
Trunk is rotated 15⁰ from lateral position into semiprone position &
supported with pillows.
Lower extremities should be slightly flexed and pillow placed between legs.
Head is flexed at neck and then rotated to look toward the floor (120⁰ from
vertical & laterally flexed 20⁰ ).
46.
47.
48. Lateral Position
Temporal
craniotomy .
middle cranial
fossa
CPA and lateral
cerebellum.
for far/extreme
lateral
approaches to
access lesions of
the pineal region,
posteriorfossa
49. ARM POSITION
Dependent arm rests on a padded arm board perpendicular to the
torso.
Non-dependent arm is supported over armrest or neutral position.
Neither arm should be abducted > 900.
Axillary roll is placed between chest wall and bed just caudal to
dependent axilla to prevent compression of dependent
neurovascular bundle (should never be placed in the axilla).
50.
51.
52. Axillary roll is placed well away from
axilla to prevent compression of axillary
artery and brachial plexus.
53. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Respiratory system:-
Non-dependent lung → well ventilated, poorly perfused.
&
Dependent lung → well perfused, poorly ventilated (due to lateral
weight of mediatinum & disproportionate cephalad displacement of
abdominal contents)
↑ V/Q mismatch
54. Risks with Lateral Position
• Brachial plexus injuries
• stretch injuries to other nerves
• ventilation-perfusion mismatch
55.
56. INTRODUCTION
Used for posterior cervical spine and posterior fossa surgeries.
Infrequently used.
Advantages –
Excellent surgical exposure
Dry field
↓Perioperative blood loss
Superior access to the airway
↓Facial swelling
58. SEQUENCE
Raise the back further untill the desired sitting
position is achieved
Finally adjust foot section of the table to horizontal
position
59.
60.
61.
62. POSITIONING
Head may be fixed in Mayfield head pins.
Head holder should be attached to back portion of the table, rather
than to the thigh or leg portions → makes lowering of head, easier.
Arms must be supported.
63. Patient is typically semi-
recumbent rather than sitting.
A –
The head-holder support is
correctly positioned so that
the head can be lowered
without the necessity to first
detach the head holder.
B –
This configuration with the
support attached to the
thigh portion of the table,
should be avoided.
65. Legs should be kept as high as possible (usually with pillows under
knees) to promote venous return.
Knees are slightly flexed for balance and to reduce stretching of
sciatic nerve.
Feet are supported and padded.
Elastic stockings and active leg compression devices also help to
maintain venous return.
POSITIONING
69. Air embolism….management.
Flood with irrigating solution
Wax -cut ends of bones
Coagulate open veins
Wound pack with gauze
Left lateral recumbent position right up
Aspirate air, avoid nitrous oxide.
cardiovascular support with administration of inotrope