The document discusses the phenomenon of population explosion, detailing historical population growth trends, particularly in India and China, and the factors influencing population dynamics. It highlights the impact of birth and death rates, immigration, and government family planning initiatives aimed at controlling growth while addressing issues like maternal and infant mortality. The evolving approaches to family planning in India, including voluntary programs, challenges of a two-child norm, and the social implications of overpopulation, are also explored.

1. Population explosion
By-
Sabiha and Pooja and Tran

2. Introduction
• Population – all the inhabitants of a particular place.
• The rapid increase in population over a relatively short period is called
population explosion.
• The condition of having more people than can live on the earth in comfort,
happiness and health and still leave the world a fit place for future
generations.

3. Understanding Population explosion
• The population was near 1 billion till 1825.
• In next 100 years, it reached 2 billion.
• It grew to more than 3 billion in next 35 years only.
• Another billion added to it in just 15 years.
• And in next 12 years it reached another billion over, making it 6 billion just
before 2000.
• And now it is around 7.2 billion.

4. World population
0.791 0.91
1.262
1.65
2.521
6.008
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Inbillions
1750-2000
years

5. Asia population
502 630 809 947
1402
3611
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Inmillions
1750-2000
years

6. Scenario of population in India and China
667.07
818.315
981.235
1132.5
1262.6 1337.7 1357.4
449.5955
555.1998
698.9656
868.8907
1042.3
1205.6 1252.1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2013
Populationinmillions
year
china
India

7. Rural India v/s urban India
369.01
445.4923
537.5185
646.9152
753.8992
832.7249 851.5301
80.5855 109.7075
161.4471
221.9755
288.3626
372.8997 400.6095
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2013
Populationinmillions
year
rural india
urban india

8. Factors affecting population growth
• Natality: It refers to the birth rate.
• Mortality: It refers to the death rate.
• Immigration: It is the number of individuals that have come into the habitat.
• Emigration: It is the number of individuals of the population who left the habitat.

9. Natality (Birth Rate)
• To determine the rate of population growth Birth rate plays a dominant role.
It depends on both the fertility level and age structure of the population.
Birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per
1,000 population estimated at midyear. Another name for it is Crude Birth
Rate.

10. Birth rate (1960-2012)
42.01
38.34
35.03
30.69
25.62
21.28 20.72
0
10
20
30
40
50
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012
Per,1000people
years
india

11. Total fertility rate: The average number of births per woman.
5.87 5.49
4.68
3.88
3.15
2.56 2.51
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012
Numberofbirths
years
india
india

12. Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) : Adolescent
fertility rate is the number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19.
113.4 114.44 113.98 107.63
78.86
39.91 32.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012
Numberofbirths
years
india
india

13. Mortality rate/ Death rate
• Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year,
per 1,000 population estimated at midyear
• It includes :- MMR (maternal mortality rate)
NMR (Neonatal Mortality Rate)
IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)

14. Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people)
22.5
16.35
12.32
10.55
8.9 7.97 7.94
0
5
10
15
20
25
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012
No.ofpeople
years
India

16. Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)
Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while
pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per 100,000 live births.
560
460
370
280
220 190
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
No.ofwoman
Years
INDIA

17. Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births)
Neonatal mortality rate is the number of neonates dying before reaching 28
days of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.
51.1
46.9
42.1
37
32 29.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
Numberofneonates
years
india
india

18. Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) IMR
Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before
reaching age five.
247.4
213.2
167.5
125.9
91.4
60.2 52.7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2013
No.ofinfants
years
india
india

19. Immigration: It is the number of individuals that have
come into the habitat.

20. Causes for rapid population growth
• Food production distribution
• Improved health services
• Conquest of disease

21. Reasons for High Population Growth:
• (i) Spread of Education: Persons of the country are being educated about the diseases.
• (ii) Control of Diseases: Control of various communicable diseases is in practice.
• (iii) Advancement in Agriculture: Farmers are educated to develop high yielding crops.
• (iv) Storage Facilities: A good quantity of grains can be stored easily.
• (v) Better Transport: This protects from famines.
• (vi) Protection from Natural Calamity: It decreases death rate.
• (vii) Government Efforts: Government is doing efforts to provide maximum information’s
to the farmers.

22. Life Expectancy : Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of
years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time
of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012
male 42.33 49.54 55.32 58.12 61.02 64 64.51
female 40.39 48.11 55.44 58.96 63.37 67.47 68
0
20
40
60
80
years
Life expectancy (India)
male
female

24. After-effects
• Population growth is fastest in world’s less developed and other third world
countries. Overpopulation leads to poverty which ultimately make people
more vulnerable to natural disasters and health problems.
• Climate changes and environmental impacts.
• Increased Crime and abuse.
• It is affecting overall quality of life and degree of human suffering on earth.
• Over crowded cities and lack of basic amenities for all.

25. Population Momentum
• The lack of balance between birth and death rates is particularly pronounced
in many developing countries experiencing population momentum. This
phenomenon occurs when a large proportion of a country’s population is of
childbearing age. Even if the fertility rate of people in developing countries
reaches replacement level, that is if couples have only enough children to
replace themselves when they die, for several decades the absolute numbers
of people being born still will exceed the numbers of people dying.
• Momentum effect- Additional fertility is not due to women having more
babies but more younger women having babies.

28. Family Planning
• Family planning is the planning of when to have children and the use of
birth control and other techniques to implement such plans.
• Raghunath Dhondo Karve published a Marathi magazine Samaj Swasthya
(1927-1953) . In it, he continually discussed issues of society's well-being
through population control.
• He proposed that the Indian Government should take up a population
control program, but was met with opposition.
• On his own initiative, Karve started the very first birth control clinic in India
in 1921.

29. Red Triangle (family planning)
• An inverted Red Triangle is the symbol for family planning health and
contraception services. It is especially prevalent in many developing
nations such as India, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Egypt and Thailand.
• The red triangle was invented by Deep Tyagi, an Indian family planning
official and activist in the 1960s.

30. Family Planning in India
• In 1950s govt. started family planning efforts.More health care facilities were
introduced for family planning.
• India is the first country in the world to launch such a programme.
• A separate department of Family Planning was created in 1966 in the
Ministry of Health.
• The allocation for these programmes was just 0.1 crore in First Five year
plan. It increased to 3256 crores in the seventh plan.

31. Despite the fact that sterilizing men is a more simple procedure, the government still chose to focus on
sterilizing women instead.
In 1976-1977, the program counted 8.3 million sterilizations, up from 2.7 million the previous year.
The bad name forced changes in the name of the program and every government since 1977 has stressed
family planning is entirely voluntary.
In 1977, the Janata Government formulated a new population policy ruling out compulsion.
The acceptance of the programme was made purely voluntary.
Also the Janata government named the FP dept. as Department of Family Welfare.

32. Family Welfare Programme
It is a Centrally sponsored programme. For this, the states receive 100 per cent
assistance from Central Government.
The current policy is to promote family planning on the basis of voluntary and
informed acceptance with full community participation.
Family Welfare Programme can be successful only when it reaches those who
are eligible and also those who are the targets:
❖ Eligible couples: An eligible couple is a currently married couple, the wife
being in the reproductive age group i.e. 15 to 45 year.
❖ Target couples: They are couples who have had 2 to 3 living children.
❖ Couple protection rate (CPR): It is defined as the percentage of eligible
couples effectively protected against childbirth by one or other methods of
family planning.

33. The National Family Welfare Programme provides the following
contraceptive services
for spacing births:
a) Condoms
b) Oral Contraceptive Pill
c) Intra Uterine Devices (IUD)

34. The Family Welfare Program was introduced in the Punjab State during the year 1956.
The main objective of the programme is to reduce growth rate so as to stabilize the
population at a level consistent with the needs and potential of national economy.
Things changed radically in 1965, when war with Pakistan threw the country’s
economy into disarray.
Under Sanjay Gandhi’s rule in 1976, his program used propaganda and monetary
incentives to convince citizens to get sterilized.
People who agreed to get sterilized would receive land, housing, and money or loans.

35. Total Fertility has come down from 3.1 in 1992 to 2.6 in 2011 and wanted fertility is
1.9 indicating a desire for small families.
Contraceptive use has increased significantly over the years- 54 per cent in 2007-08
and over 70 per cent in some states like West Bengal.
The ‘unmet need’ for family planning continues to be high at 13 percent. In states like
U.P, Bihar and Jharkhand it is over 20 percent.
Female sterilisation is still the most common method. Over 50 lakhs done each year,
most among young women under 25 years.

36. 78.6
87
93.8 97.2 97.7 97.3 95.6
1613861
4262132
3870650
4298571
4625247 4454031
4789458
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
TotalNoofCases
Female Sterilisation in India
% Ster
F Ster

37. Sterilisation still continues:
According to a government report some 500,000 Indians were sterilized in 2008 alone.
Welfare Benefits: A majority of those attending sterilization camps in India are lured by incentives such
as payments or improved welfare benefits
Sterilization Pressure: Health workers in Gujarat were threatened with salary cuts or dismissal if they
failed to meet targets
Falling Fertility: It shows the extent to which state governments continue to pursue targets.
Virility Fears: Women are the focus of the sterilisation drive because India has a patriarchal, male-
dominated culture.
Understanding the dynamics of fertility decline
Missing the most important population group

38. • During 1980s govt. made a network of health centers and subcenters in rural
areas as well. By 1991, India had more than 150000 public health facilities
through which family planning efforts were offered.
• In 7th five year plan, 4 projects were implemented-
All India hospital post partum program at district level hospitals
Another program was to reorganize the primary health facilities in urban and
slum.

39. Two Child Norm in India
Encourages parents to limit their families to two children.
The two child policy was Modelled on China's one child policy (1979), under which couples
were forbidden from having more than one child.
In 1992, The National Development Council in India presided over by the Prime Minister
set up a Committee on Population.
The then, Chief minister of Kerala K Karunakara recommended legislation in Parliament
prohibiting persons with more than two children from holding any future political post.
Rajasthan was the first state to implement this norm in Panchayats.
.

40. • Disadvantages of two child norm:
• Disqualification from panchayat council positions: Many disqualified representatives have been
unaware of the Two Child Norm prior to their disqualification.
• Denial of certain public services and government welfare programs, including maternal and child
health programs
• Public Distribution System in Maharashtra and Rajasthan
• Anti-democratic
• Interferes with the reproductive rights of individuals
• Owing to the discriminatory nature and negative impacts of this policy, four states, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh revoked this policy from their Panchayati Raj Acts.
• However, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Gujarat are still continuing this policy
in Panchayats.

41. Another one was renovation or remodeling of intrauterine devices rooms in
rural family welfare centers attached to primary health care facilities.
• Jamkhed project in Maharahashtra
• Project for community action in Karnataka.
• In India, motivation, educating and awaring people about the population
issue has been famous rather than imposing aggressive rules. Like once
Indira Gandhi did in the country to forced vasectomy and sterilization to
stabilize growth of population. Earlier it was a slogan – we two, ours one.

42. • And now a new plan has been taken out- “Honeymoon packages”. This plan
was first launched in SATARA, Maharashtra. There more than 2000 couples
enrolled for it according to New York Times.

43. “Development is the best contraceptive,” made by Dr Karan Singh at the
World Population Conference in Bucharest in 1974, highlighted a change
of thinking and the need for a more balanced approach to population
control.
Social development had a role in reducing the fertility rate at this time by
creating a more conducive environment.
By the mid-1990s, however, the focus had moved from the narrow area of
family planning to reproductive rights and reproductive health.