The document discusses population explosion in developing countries like India. It states that population explosion is a curse for developing nations as it strains limited resources and leads to increased poverty, malnutrition and other issues. The key causes of population explosion discussed are the decline in death rates due to better healthcare and medical facilities, more hands needed to overcome poverty, technological advances in fertility treatments, immigration, and lack of family planning. Some effects mentioned are unemployment, food scarcity, environmental degradation, lowered standards of living, and negative impacts on human values. Solutions proposed include empowering women, promoting family planning, making education on these issues more engaging, offering government incentives, and one-child policies with varying degrees of coercion.

1. POPULATION
EXPLOSION

2. INTRODUCTION
Is population explosion a boon or a curse? For the European developed
countries like Spain and Italy, where the population is decreasing, this
might be considered as a boon. However, for the developing countries like
India, population explosion is a curse and is damaging to the development
of the country and it’s society. The developing countries already facing a
lack in their resources, and with the rapidly increasing population, the
resources available per person are reduced further, leading to increased
poverty, malnutrition, and other large population-related problems.

3. World Population Percentage
1
2
3
India's 2019 population is estimated at
1.37 billion based on the most recent
UN data. India, located in South Asia
1 of every 6 people on the planet live in
India, and between the 2011 and 2017
censuses, the country grew by 17.9%,
adding 181.5 million people.
The country as a whole has a
population density of 416 people per
square kilometer, which ranks 31st in
the world.

4. CAUSES

5. Decline in the Death Rate: At the root of
overpopulation is the difference between
the overall birth rate and death rate in
populations. If the number of children
born each year equals the number of
adults that die, then the population will
stabilize. Talking about overpopulation
shows that while there are many factors
that can increase the death rate for short
periods of time, the ones that increase
the birth rate do so over a long period of
time. The discovery of agriculture by our
ancestors was one factor that provided
them with the ability to sustain their
nutrition without hunting. This created
the first imbalance between the two rates.
DECLINE IN DEATH RATE

6. Better Medical Facilities: Following this
came the industrial revolution.
Technological advancement was perhaps
the biggest reason why the balance has
been permanently disturbed. Science was
able to produce better means of
producing food, which allowed families to
feed more mouths. Medical science made
many discoveries thanks to which they
were able to defeat a whole range of
diseases. Illnesses that had claimed
thousands of lives till now were cured
because of the invention of vaccines.
Combining the increase in food supply
with fewer means of mortality tipped the
balance and became the starting point of
overpopulation.
BETTER MEDICAL FACILITIES

7. More Hands to Overcome Poverty:
However, when talking about
overpopulation we should understand
that there is a psychological component as
well. For thousands of years, a very small
part of the population had enough money
to live in comfort. The rest faced poverty
and would give birth to large families to
make up for the high infant mortality rate.
Families that have been through poverty,
natural disasters or are simply in need of
more hands to work are a major factor for
overpopulation. As compared to earlier
times, most of these extra children survive
and consume resources that are not
sufficient in nature.
MORE HANDS TO OVERCOME POVERTY

8. Technological Advancement in Fertility
Treatment: With latest technological
advancement and more discoveries in
medical science, it has become possible
for couple who are unable to conceive to
undergo fertility treatment methods and
have their own babies. Today there are
effective medicines which can increases
the chance of conception and lead to rise
in birth rate. Moreover, due to modern
techniques pregnancies today are far
more safer.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT

9. Immigration: Many people prefer to move
to developed countries like US, UK,
Canada and Australia where best facilities
are available in terms of medical,
education, security and employment. The
end result is that those people settle over
there and those places become
overcrowded. Difference between the
number of people who are leaving the
country and the number of people who
enter narrows down which leads to more
demand for food, clothes, energy and
homes. This gives rise to shortage of
resources. Though the overall population
remains the same, it just affects the
density of population making place simply
overcrowded.
IMMIGRATION

10. Lack of Family Planning: Most developing
nations have large number of people who
are illiterate, live below the poverty line
and have little or no knowledge about
family planning. Getting their children
married at an early age increase the
chances of producing more kids. Those
people are unable to understand the
harmful effects of overpopulation and lack
of quality education prompts them to
avoid family planning measures
LACK OF FAMILY PLANNING

11. CASE
STUDIES

12. SANJAY GANDHI STERILISATION
The drive to sterilise began in the 1970s when, encouraged by loans amounting to tens of
millions of dollars from the World Bank,and other funding authorities,India embarked on
an ambitious population control programme.During the 1975 Emergency - when civil
liberties were suspended - Sanjay Gandhi, son of the former Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi, began what was described by many as a "gruesome campaign" to sterilise poor
men. There were reports of police cordoning off villages and virtually dragging the men
to surgery.An astonishing 6.2 million Indian men were sterilised in just a year, which was
"15 times the number of people sterilised by the Nazis", according to science journalist
Mara Hvistendahl. Two thousand men died from botched operations. Since family
planning efforts began in the 1970s, India has focused its population control efforts on
women, even though, as scientists say, sterilisations are easier to perform in men. India
carried out nearly 4 million sterilisations during 2013-2014, according to official figures.

13. Less than 100,000 of these surgeries
were done on men. More than 700
deaths were reported due to botched
surgeries between 2009 and 2012.
There were 356 reported cases of
complications arising out of the
surgeries.Though the government has
adopted a raft of measures and
standards for conducting safe
sterilisations, an unseemly haste to
meet high state-mandated quotas has
often led to botched operations and
deaths. SIMILARITIES WERE SEEN IN
CASE OF FORCED STERILISATIONS IN
CHINA!

14. CHINA’s ONE CHILD POLICY
China's one-child policy was part of a birth planning program designed to control the size
of its population. Distinct from the family planning policies of most other countries
(which focus on providing contraceptive options to help women have the number of
children they want), it set a limit on the number of children parents could have, the
world's most extreme example of population planning. It was introduced in 1979 (after a
decade-long two-child policy),[1] modified in the mid 1980s to allow rural parents a
second child if the first was a daughter, and then lasted three more decades before being
eliminated at the end of 2015. The policy also allowed exceptions for some other groups,
including ethnic minorities. The term one-child policy is thus a misnomer, because for
nearly 30 of the 36 years that it existed (1979–2015) about half of all parents in China
were allowed to have a second child.

15. Provincial governments could, and did,
require the use of contraception,
sterilizations and abortions to ensure
compliance, and imposed enormous fines
for violations. Local and national
governments created commissions to raise
awareness and carry out registration and
inspection work. China also rewards families
with only one child. From 1982 onwards, in
accordance with the instructions on further
family planning issued by the CPC central
committee and the state council in that
year, regulations awarded 5 yuan per month
for only children. Parents who had one child
would also get a “one-child glory
certificate”.

16. EFFECTS

17. UNEMPLOYMENT
Large Population creates the Problem of Unemployment: A fast growth in
population means a large number of persons coming to the labour
market for whom it may not be possible to provide employment. In fact,
in underdeveloped countries, the number of job seekers is expanding so
fast that despite all efforts towards planned development, it has not been
possible to provide employment to all. Unemployment, underemployment
and disguised employment are common features in these countries. The
rapidly rising population makes it almost impossible for economically
backward countries to solve their problem of unemployment.

18. FOOD SCARCITY
Rapid Population Growth creates Food Problem: Increased population
means more mouths to feed which, in turn, creates pressure upon available
stock of food. This is the reason, the under-developed countries with rapid
growing population are generally faced with a problem of food shortage.
Despite all their efforts for raising agricultural production, they are not able
to feed their growing population.Food scarcity effects economic
development in two respects. Firstly, inadequate supply of food leads to
undernourishment of the people which lowers their productivity. It further
reduces the production capacity of the workers, Secondly, the deficiency of
food compels to import food grains which places as unnecessarily strain on
their foreign exchange resources

19. ENVIRONMENT
Adverse Effect on Environment: Rapid population growth leads to the environmental change. Rapid
population growth has swelled the ranks of unemployed men and women at an alarming rate. Due to this,
a large number of people are being pushed in ecologically sensitive areas such as hill sides and tropical
forests. It leads to the cutting of forests for cultivation leading to several environmental change. Besides all
this, the increasing population growth leads to the migration of large number to urban areas with
industrialization. This results in polluted air, water, noise and population in big cities and towns. Global
warming and climate change-Global climate change is identified as one of the greatest threats to the
planet. Governments and scientists alike have agreed that the problem is real and serious. There is a
worldwide consensus among climate scientists that global average temperature has raised about 1F (0.4C
–0.8C) in the past 140 years. The 1990s were the hottest decade of the entire millennium and the last 5
years were among the seven hottest on record. Spring arrives approximately 15 days earlier than it did 30
years ago. Climate, if it changes at all, evolves so slowly that the difference cannot be seen in a human
lifetime. Looking to times long past, scientists recognized that massive ice sheets had once covered a
good part of the Northern Hemisphere. The Ice Age was tens of thousands of years in the past, however,
and it had been an aberration.

21. STANDARD OF LIVING
• Growing Population lowers Standard of Living:The standard of living is
determined by their per capita income. The factors affecting per capita
income in relation to population growth equally apply to the standard of
living. The increase in population leads to an increased demand for food
products, clothes, houses etc., but their supply cannot be increased due to
the lack of cooperate factors like raw materials, skilled labour and capital
etc.The cost and prices rise which raise the cost of living of the masses. This
brings the standard of living low. Poverty breeds large number of children
which increases poverty further and vicious circle of poverty. Thus, the
consequence of population growth is to lower the standard of living.

22. HUMAN VALUES
• Effect on Human Values: Decline of human values is the result of over-population.
Population explosion has led to lawlessness, corruption, violence and crimes. In every
field of life there is friction, restlessness and dissatisfaction. There is a great rush in
buses, trains, schools, colleges, hospitals and markets as a result of which many people
have neither sound physical health nor sound mental health.They are suffering from
nervous breakdown due to anxiety, tension and stress.This over population has led
these people to degraded existence. They are deprived of dignity, prestige, freedom
and self-respect. They neither get proper food nor education, which creates a terrible
feeling of purposelessness, boredom and meaninglessness in their lives. This de-
humanization of personality is the result of over-population. It leads to mutual
repulsion, hatred, distrust and so on among these people.

23. SOLUTIONS

24. 1.Empower women Studies show that women with access to reproductive health services find
it easier to break out of poverty, while those who work are more likely to use birth control.
The United Nations Population Fund aims to tackle both issues at once, running microcredit
projects to turn young women into advocates for reproductive health.
2.Promote family planning Family planning is arguably one of the most impoprovincial
governments could, and did, require the use of contraception, sterilizations and abortions to
ensure compliance, and imposed enormous fines for violations. Local and national
governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and
inspection work. China also rewards families with only one child. From 1982 onwards, in
accordance with the instructions on further family planning issued by the CPC central
committee and the state council in that year, regulations awarded 5 yuan per month for only
children. Parents who had one child would also get a “one-child glory certificate”.rtant public
health advancements in the last century, and it is defined as a woman's ability to decide if
and when to have children. Family planning services include counseling, education, access to
contraception, and access to safe abortion

25. 3. Make education entertaining The US-based Population Media Center gets creative to reach
women. Its radio soap operas, which feature culturally specific stories about reproductive issues,
have been heard by as many as 500 million people in 50 countries. In Ethiopia, 63 per cent of
women seeking reproductive health services reported tuning in.
4. Government incentives Those at UK charity Population Matters believe there should be a
senior government official responsible for addressing population-related issues. They urge
governments to promote “responsible parenthood” and say subsidies should be limited to the
first two children unless the family is living in poverty.
5. One-child legislation During China’s high controversial one-child policy, fertility fell from six
births per woman in the 1960s to 1.5 in 2014. However, Amnesty International reports that the
policy led to coerced or forced abortions and sterilisations. It also disrupted traditional support
structures for the elderly and led to a gender imbalance.

26. THANK YOU