Line transect, point count, and mark-recapture are three common population counting methods. Line transect involves walking or flying along a straight transect line and recording sightings and their perpendicular distances. Point count involves recording all birds seen and heard from count stations for a set time period. Mark-recapture involves capturing and marking a sample of the population, releasing them, then capturing another sample to estimate the total population size based on the proportion that were marked. Each method makes assumptions about animal behavior and has advantages such as being economical or applicable throughout the year as well as disadvantages like missing rare species.
APPLICATIONS OF TELEMETRY TECHNOLOGY IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT....millwelssirmix
This ppt can confirm with some confidence of absolute certainty that telemetry technology is applicable in fisheries stock management to monitor species that are on the verge of extintion
APPLICATIONS OF TELEMETRY TECHNOLOGY IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT....millwelssirmix
This ppt can confirm with some confidence of absolute certainty that telemetry technology is applicable in fisheries stock management to monitor species that are on the verge of extintion
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Sampling is necessary for the researchers and nursing students....
This PPT is basically related to 4th year nursing students....
It include sampling, sample, type of population, type of sampling technique and sampling error...
Sampling is a process of selecting sample...
Sample is a representative unit of the population...
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Population counting method line transect, point count, mark and recapture
1. Population Counting Method:
Line transect, Point count, Mark
and recapture
Submitted by:
Tarique Bin Aziz
BSc. (Honors) in Zoology
MSc. In Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation
Jagannath University
2. Line transect
• Line transect is a tape or string laid along the ground in a
straight line between two poles as a guide to a sampling
method used to measure the distribution of organisms.
• Ecologists use this method to investigate any community.
This method surveys a small section of a natural area. Line
transects can be walked, driven, swum or flown.
Estimating abundance of a relatively large and
conspicuous species, it is one of the best method.
3. Line transect cont.
Assumptions
• No animals are missed
• Transect is a straight line
• Every detection is independent
• Points/objects are fixed at initial sightings and they do not
move before being detected
4. Line transect cont.
Advantages
• More economical
• Greater species turnover
• Larger area is covered in relatively shorter time
• Applicable throughout the year
• Permanent transects can be monitored for a longer period of
time
• Can be used in most of the habitat types (except wetlands)
• With little care can also be used for hilly terrain
Disadvantages
• Distances are not correctly measured
• Movement of observer may disturb the animals
• Chances of missing rare or shy species are great
5. Line transect cont.
Method:
• The essential feature of line transects is that one walks
along a straight path and records the individuals seen and
their perpendicular distance from the transect line.
• Line transects are best used for visible animals in open
habitats. The sample size should be at least 40 sightings,
and better results are obtained from 60–80 sightings.
• Not all individuals need to be seen for this method to work.
7. Line transect cont.
• An illustration of the basic measurements that can be
taken for each individual sighted along a line transect in
the direction indicated by the arrow. The key measurement
is the perpendicular distance (xi). If the sighting distance
(ri) is easier to record in the field, the sighting angle (θ)
must also be measured.
The perpendicular distance x = r sinθ
8. Line transect cont.
Strip transect Method:
• Strip transect method is a customize method of line
transect method
Plate No.2: Strip transect Method
9. Point count
• The simplest method of counting birds is called a "point
count", in which a trained observer records all the birds
seen and heard from a point count station for a set period
of time. A series of point counts completed over a fixed
route can then be compared to the results of the same point
counts in other seasons or years.
• Point Counts can be imagined as transects of zero length
conducted at zero speed.
Types of Point Count:
1. Plot Counts (fixed radii for all species)
2. Point Counts with variable radii, by species
3. Point Counts with unlimited radii (Total Counts)
10. Point count cont.
Assumptions
• Birds do not approach the observer or flee.
• All the birds are detected at the point of the observer.
• Birds do not move much during the count period
• Birds behave independently of one another.
• Distance estimates are accurate
• Birds are fully and correctly identified.
11. Point count cont.
Advantages
• Less time consuming
• Duration can be controlled
• Total attention to detect birds
• Small homogenous habitats can also be studied
Disadvantages
• Generating bird list is slower
• Many species are missed
• Area sampled in one unit is small
12. Point count cont.
Methods
• Points to be counted are to be laid out systematically or
selected randomly in the study area.
• Points should ideally be 200 meters apart to avoid double
counting.
• In a small area, lesser points should be monitored to avoid
duplication
• In small patches of habitat, inclusion of points near the
edges should be done with caution depending on the
objectives of the study.
13. Point count cont.
Count duration:
• It can vary from 2-20 minutes
• Record only these birds seen during Count duration. Do
not include for analysis those birds seen while walking
between two points.
How far Point counts should be done ?
Not very far (> 200 m)
Not very close (<20 m)
Ideally 50 to 100 m apart
14. Point count cont.
At what time it should be done ?
• 15-20 minutes after sunrise
• Evening counts can be done
How to record distance ?
• Record bird’s distance from the observer (yourself)
• Record distance in categories (0-25m, 25-50m and >50m)
16. Mark and recapture
• Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology
to estimate an animal population's size.
• A portion of the population is captured, marked, and
released. Later, another portion is captured and the
number of marked individuals within the sample is
counted.
Estimating Population Size =
Number marked in first sample X Total caught in second sample
Number marked in second sample
17. Mark and recapture cont.
Assumptions
• Individuals with marks have the same probability of
survival as other members of the population.
• Births and deaths do not occur between the time of release
and the time of recapture.
• No immigration nor emigration between the time of release
and the time of recapture.
• Marked individuals mix randomly with the population at
large.
• Marked animals are neither easier, nor harder, to capture a
second time.
• Marks do not come off of the marked organisms.
• Recapture rates are high enough to support an accurate
estimate.
18. Mark and recapture cont.
Advantages
• good method for detecting shy, skulking animals
• very rich source of information
• confirmed identification
• photographic evidence available
• very good learning process
Disadvantages
• labour intensive exercise
• problems of permissions
• costly and time consuming
• ringing training and license required
• not good for short rapid surveys
• animals become net shy
19. Mark and recapture cont.
• This method can be expressed symbolically as follows-
n1 = the number of animals first marked and released
n2 = the size of the second sample
m2 = the number of marked animals in that sample
N = the total population size
Then we expect that , m2/n2 = n1/N
It is obvious that, since n1, n2, and m2 are known, N can be
estimated.
All mark–recapture methods rest on this basic idea, though
most entail animals being caught and marked on several
occasions.
20. Mark and recapture cont.
No individuals enter or leave the population between surveys
Survey 1 Survey 2
Population parameter estimation:
Closed populations:
21. Mark and recapture cont.
What makes a population closed?
1. Dispersal barriers
2. Philopatry
3. Large surveyed area
4. Slow reproductive/death rate
5. Short time between surveys
Closed populations can estimate through these method-
1. Petersen method
2. Schnabel method
3. Schumacher-Eschmeyer
22. Mark and recapture cont.
Open populations:
Individuals enter or leave the population between surveys.
Open populations can estimate through Jolly Seber method.
Survey 1 Survey 2
23. Mark and recapture cont.
Variance and standard deviation
• Variance (and standard deviation) are measures of how
spread out a set of results is.
• This is known as distribution (it is not how spread out the
bees are in the environment).
Variance and mean:
The Variance (σ2) is calculated as the average squared
deviation of each number from its mean.
The formula (in summation notation) for the Variance in a
population is-
𝝈 𝟐 =
𝑿 − 𝝁 𝟐
𝑵
24. Mark and recapture cont.
Here,
Ʃ (summation) = sum of all values in range of series
X = each value in the range
μ = mean
N = number of scores
For example, for the numbers 1, 2, and 3, the mean is 2 and
the Variance is:
𝝈 𝟐 =
𝟏 − 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟑 − 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟕
Standard Deviation:
The Standard Deviation is the square root of the Variance.
𝝈 𝟐
25. Conclusion
Those are the population counting methods. So,
which we can estimate abundance and density of
population in an area.