This document discusses various methods for conducting wildlife censuses. It begins by defining wildlife census and describing two main types: total count census and sample count census. It then outlines 14 different census methods including roadside index surveys, dung surveys, water hole surveys, quadrate sampling, distance sampling, camera trapping and line transect surveys. Specific details are provided for several of these methods. The document concludes by stating that wildlife censuses help determine population status, distribution, reproductive behavior and numbers to inform conservation strategies.

2. AGENDA
 Introduction
 Kinds of census
 Census methods
 Uses of census
 Report of previous census
 conclusion
 reference

3. Introduction
what is wildlife census?
“The enumeration or counting of a
particular species in a particular area/habitat
in a particular time as well as dividing them
into age and sex classes etc”.

4. Kinds of census
 Total count census
 Sample count census

5. Total count census
 It involves the estimation of total population in
the entire area of the forest or protected
areas

6. Disadvantages
 It is very difficult process when
practically applying at field
 It covers larger area
 Counting of smaller animal is not
possible
 Time and labour requirement is high
 Interpretation of result is difficult

7. Sample count census
 It involves the estimation of number of animals
in the entire area within the census units from
the number counted in a smaller area(sample
unit)

8. Disadvantages
 Chances of personal bias is more
 Counting results may be over or
under estimation in case of wrong
selection of samples

9. METHODS
1. Road side index survey
2. Dung survey
3. Water hole survey
4. Calls for census
5. Quadrate
6. Distance sampling
8. Pug mark count survey
9. Single team block census

10. METHODS
10. Beet or line drive count census
11. King census method
12. Sight and resight method
13. Aerial survey
14. Camera spotting method
15. Song tapes

11. Roadside index survey
This is useful for deer antelope,
goat and sheep. In this surveyor has
to go along the selected path or rows
by motor or walk. The number of
tracks is selected in such way that all
areas are represented properly. The
speed walking should be less than
20km per hour

12. Dung survey
 In this method, the observer has to recognize
different kinds of dung
 Different dung groups are identified and
seperated

13.  Sample plots are laid, surveyed and the
results are extraploted
 The main disadvantages is the decay of
dung shortly

14. Water hole survey
 This is applicable to dry areas where limited water hole is available
 Counting is done from a hided place nearer to the water hole
 First preliminary survey is needed to locate the water hole
 For night time full moon day is preferable

15.  In this, the observer should have the ability to
recognize a different calls made by different animals
Calls for census

16. Quadrate method
 Sampling area is divided into small called
quadrate.
 Suitable for sampling plants, slow moving
animals and some aquatic organisms

17. Distance sampling
It is a widely-used group of closely related
methods for estimating the density and/or abundance
of biological populations. The main methods are
 Line transect
a series of straight lines(track lines) is traversed
by an observer. This may be achieved in various ways,
depending on the study species
 Point transect
in this method points are selected randomly and
count number of organism present at each point from
this number the population size is estimated.

19. Pug mark count
 This is useful for large carnivores animals such as tiger, lion
etc.
 Here, observer should have the ability to recognize pug
marks of different animal

20.  In this, a sample block is systematically covered
by a group of people by walking along a line
Beet or line drive count census
Single team block census
In this sample counts are taken by actual sighting
The area of sample block should be 2 km

21. King census method
It is simple, flexible, unbiased and useful for all
terrain conditions
In this, a detailed transect is laid over the entire area
The length of transect should not be more than 10 km

22. Camera spotting method

23. Camera types
 Infra red camera
animal friendly, take continuous shoot and produce black and
white image.
 Digital flash camera
provide colour images, not animal friendly(animals are terrified
by flash)
types
 Active camera type
noted only motion of animal.
 Passive camera type
noted motion as well as stripes.

24. Song tapes
 This method is suitable for sensitive birds
Digital flash Infra red

25. Status of tiger In India
By virtue of being the top predator, the tiger functions
as an umbrella species for the conservation of biodiversity,
ecosystem functions, goods, and services in forest system of
Asia.
double sampling approach is used
First component
 Ground surveys of all potential tiger
Second component
 Camera trapping and recapture techniques
 Line transect based distance sampling

27. conclusion
By census we can able to know the status of an
organism, habitat distribution, reproductive behaviour
and number. Based on the status different conservation
strategies are used
It helps to the conservation of wildlife

28. THANK YOU