8 resins pharmacognosy notess

8)RESINS NOTES BY BILAL MALIK
229
Resins:
Introduction:
• Resins are amorphous solid or semisolid substances that are invariably
water insoluble but mostly soluble in alcohol or other organic solvents.
• Physically they are found to be hard, translucent or transparent and
fusible i.e., upon heating they first get softened and ultimately melt.
• Chemically, they are complex mixtures of allied substances, such as:
resin acids, resin alcohols (resinols), resino-tannols, resin esters and
gluco-resins.
• Thus, Resins as amorphous products having an inherent complex
chemical entity.
• Resins are normally produced either in schizogenous ducts or in cavities
and are regarded as the end products of metabolism.
• They are electrically non-conductive and combustible in nature.
Oleoresins:
• Oleoresins are homogenous mixtures of resins and volatile oils.
• These are the vegetative (asexual) secretions obtained as natural products
and composed of resin dissolved in essential oils.
Distribution of Resins in Plants:
• The resins and resinous substances are more or less extensively
distributed throughout the entire plant kingdom, specifically the
Spermatophyta i.e., the seed plants.
• Notably, their presence is almost rare and practically negligible in the
Pteridophyta i.e., the ferns and their allies.
• However, the resins have not been reported in the Thallophyta i.e., the
sea-weeds, fungi etc.
• These findings and observations lead to the fact the resins are the overall
and net result of metabolism in the higher plants,
• since the majority of them belong to the phyllum Angiosperum i.e., seed-
enclosed flowering plants, and Gymnosperm i.e., naked-seed non-
flowering plants.

230
Occurrence of Resins in Plants:
• In the plants resins usually occur in different secretory zones or
structures.
• (i) Resin Cells : Ginger–Zingiber officinale (Family: Zingiberaceae);
• (ii) Schizogenous Ducts : Pine Wood–Pinus polustris (Family:
Pinaceae).
• (iii) Glandular Hairs : Cannabis–Cannabis sativa (Family: Moraceae)
• The formation of resins in the plant is by virtue of its normal
physiological functions. However, its yield may be enhanced in certain
exceptional instances by inflicting injury to the living plant, for instance:
Pinus.
• Many resisnous products are not formed by the plant itself unless and
until purposeful and methodical injuries in the shape of incisions are
made on them and the secretion or plant exudates are tapped carefully,
such as: Balsam of Talu and Benzoin.
• In other words, these resins are of pathological origin.
• One school of thought has categorically termed the secretion exclusively
obtained from the naturally occurring secretory structure as the Primary
Flow.
• Whereas the one collected through man-made-incisions on the plant i.e.,
abnormally formed secretary structures, as the Secondary Flow.
Physical Properties of Resins:
 1. Resins are hard, transparent or translucent brittle materials.
 2. They are invariably heavier than water having the specific gravity
ranging from 0.9-1.25.
 3. Resins are more or less amorphous materials but rarely crystallisable in
nature.
 4. On being heated at a relatively low temperature resins first get softened
and ultimately melt down thereby forming either an adhesive or a sticky
massive fluid, without undergoing any sort of decomposition or
volatilization.

231
 5. On being heated in the air i.e., in the presence of oxygen, resins usually
burn readily with a smoky flame by virtue of the presence of a large
number of C-atoms in their structure.
 6. On being heated in a closed container i.e., in the absence of oxygen,
they undergo decomposition and very often give rise to empyreumatic
products i.e., products chiefly comprising of hydrocarbons.
 7. Resins are bad conductors of electricity, but when rubbed usually
become negatively charged.
 8. They are practically insoluble in water, but frequently soluble in
ethanol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic
solvents e.g., benzene, n-hexane and petroleum ether.
Chemical Properties of Resins:
 1. Resins, in general, are enriched with carbon, deprived of nitrogen and
contain a few oxygen in their respective molecules.
 2. Majority of them undergo slow atmospheric oxidation.
 3. Resins are found to be a mixture of numerous compounds rather than a
single pure chemical entity.
 4. Their chemical properties are exclusively based upon the functional
groups present in these substances.
 5. Consequently, the resins are broadly divided into resin alcohols, resin
acids, resin esters, glycosidal resins and resenes (i.e., inert neutral
compounds).
 6. It is also believed that resins are nothing but oxidative products of
terpenes.
 7. They may also be regarded as the end-products of destructive
metabolism.
 8. The acidic resins when treated with alkaline solutions they yield soaps
(or resin-soaps).
Preparation of Resins:
 No general method has either been suggested or proposed for the
preparation of resins. In fact, there are two categories of resinous
products, namely:
 (a) Natural Resins

232
 (b) Prepared Resins
a) Natural Resins:
 These resins usually formed as the exudates from various plants obtained
either normally or as a result of pathogenic conditions.
 These are also obtained by causing deep incisions or cuts in the trunk of
the plant.
 They may also be procured by hammering and scorching, such as:
balsam of Peru.
Prepared Resins:
The resins obtained are by different methods:
 (i) The crude drug containing resins is powdered and extracted with
ethanol several times till complete exhaustion takes place.
 The combined alcoholic extract is either, evaporated on a electric water-
bath slowly or poured slowly into cold distilled water.
 The precipitated resin is collected, washed with cold water and dried
carefully under shade or in a vacuum desiccator,
Examples: Podophyllum; Scammony and Jalap.
 (ii) In the case of alco-resins, organic solvents with lower boiling points
are normally employed e.g., solvent ether (bp 37°C), acetone (bp 56.5°C)
for their extraction.
 (iii) In the instance of gum-resins, the resin is extracted with 95% (v/v)
ethanol.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXOLSuB79yE
Chemical Composition of Resins:
The constituents of resins may be classified as
(i) Resin Acids
e.g. Colophony and Copaiba.
(ii) Resin Esters and their Decomposition Products
e.g. Asafoetida, Benzoin, Balsam of Peru and Tolu.

233
(iii) Resenes
e.g. Mastic, Myrrh, Olibanum.
Classification of Resins:
C. Classification based on constituents
• According to the major constituents present either in the resin or resin
combinations.
• Examples: Resins; Oleo-resins; Oleo-gum resins; Balsams

234
Colophony:
Synonym: Rosin
Biological Source:
It is the residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from the oleoresin
obtained from Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus belonging to family
Pinaceae.
Generally, it is offered as wood rosin obtained from exudate from incisions
in the living tree , P. palustris and finally from tall oil rosin.
It is chiefly produced in the USA.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nu-FEad49P8
Characteristic Features:
 Fuses gradually at 100°C and at a higher temperature it burns with a
smoky flame, while leaving not more than 0.1% of ash as a residue.
 The alcoholic solution of colophony turns into milky-white on addition
of water.
 It is a pale yellow to amber, translucent fragments, brittle fracture at
ordinary temperature.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTAJNmTV-_E
 It has turpentine-like odour and taste.
 Its acid number is not less than 150.
 It is almost insoluble in water, but freely soluble in ethanol, benzene,
ether, glacial acetic acid and oils.
Chemical Tests
 1. Dissolve 0.1 g of powdered colophony resin in 10 ml of acetic
anhydride, add one drop of sulphuric acid and shake well. The
appearance of a purple colour which rapidly changes to violet colour.
Chemical Constituents:
 1. Colophony contains 90% resin acids known as abietic acid. The
remaining 10% as resene-an inert substance and esters of fatty acids.
 2. It also contains a mixture of dihydroabietic acid and dehydroabietic
acid.

235
 3. On being heated at 300°C, abietic acid undergoes further molecular
rearrangement to produce neo-abietic acid.
Abietic acid (AA), terpenoid:
1. Anti-inflammatory effects
2. Immunomodulatory effects
3. Attenuates allergic airway inflammation in a mouse allergic asthma model
4. The anticonvulsant activity of abietic acid at 30 and 100 mg/kg
5. Abietic and dehydroabietic acid are interesting diterpenes with antibacterial
and antifungal activity.
Uses of Colophony:
 1. Colophony is used in pharmacy for the preparation of zinc oxide
plasters, ointments and other adhesive plasters.
 2. It is widely used in the manufacture of printing inks, rubber, dark
varnishes, sealing wax, and thermoplastic floor tiles.
 3. It also finds its application as varnish and paint dries, cements, soaps,
wood polishes, paper, plastics, fireworks, tree wax, sizes, rosin oil.
 4. It is used for waterproofing cardboard, walls etc.
Podophyllum:
• Synonyms: Podophyllum resin, May apple, Mandrakes Root, Indian
apple, Vegetable calomel.
• Biological Sources:
Podophyllum is the dried rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum peltatum.
• Family: Berberidaceae
Preparation:
• Extract powdered podophyllum (1kg) by means of slow percolation until
it is almost exhausted of its resin content, using ethanol as the
menstruum.
• Carefully concentrate the percolate by evaporation until the residue
attains the consistency of a thin syrup.

236
• Pour the resulting syrupy liquid with constant stirring into 1 L of distilled
water containing 10 ml of concentrated HCl and previously cooled to a
temperature less than 10°C.
• Allow the precipitate to settle down completely, decant the clean
supernatant liquid and wash the precipitate with cold distilled water
slowly, dry the resin and powder it.
• It is a light brown to greenish-yellow powder, or small, yellowish, bulky,
fragile lumps usually becoming darker in shade on exposure to either heat
or light.
• It has a characteristic faint odour and a bitter acrid taste.
• It is freely soluble in ethanol, it is also soluble in dilute alkaline solution.
• Podophyllum contains 3.5 to 6% of resin. The most important ones
present in the podophyllum resin are podophyllotoxin (20% in American
Podophyllum) and almost up to 40% in Indian Podophyllum.
• Besides, it also contains α-peltatin (10%) and β-peltatin (5%).
• The resin also comprise of the closely related dimethylpodophyllotoxin
and its glycoside; and dehydropodophyllotoxin, as well as quercetin-a
tetra-hydroxy flavonol.
Uses:
• 1. Peltatin has shown antiviral activity
• 2. It is used as a slow-acting purgative.
• 3. Podophyllotoxin possesses anti-tumour properties and may be used in
the treatment of cancer.
• 4. It is invariably prescribed with other purgatives, henbane or belladonna
to prevent griping in infants.
Cannabis:
Synonyms:

237
Indian Hemp, Indian cannabis, Marihuana, Marijuana, Bhang, Ganja,
Charas, Hashish.
Biological Source:
Cannabis consists of the dried flowering tops of cannabis sativa ,
belonging to family Moraceae.
Preparation:
After research carried out on the selective cultivation of Cannabis, two of its
genetic types have been evolved, namely:
• (i) Drug Type, and
• (ii) Hemp Type
Drug type (Cannabis):
 It is the rich (upto 15%) in the psychoactive constituent (–)-Δ9-trans-
tetra-hydrocannabinol.
Strong analgesic, hypothermia, sedative, Causes Inhibition of naloxone-induced
withdrawal in morphine dependent mice.
I.V administration produced a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate
 For the specific drug usages either the resin (hashish) or the flowering
tops of the female plant (marijiana) is employed
 The male plant also generates an equivalent quantity of the active
constituents; however, it is not concentrated into a resin but found
throughout the entire plant.
(–)-Δ9-trans-tetra-hydrocannabinol

238
Hemp Type (Cannabis):
It contains very little active principal. Cannabidiol is the predominant
cannabinoid present in it.
• Besides, the resin contains several active constituents, such as:
cannabinol, cannin, cannabol, tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol,
cannabichromene and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol.
• It also contains choline, volatile oil and trigonelline.
• Indian Hemp seeds contain 20% of fixed oil.
Uses
• It has been used as a sedative in equine [relating to or affecting horses
or other members of the horse family]colic.
Uses of Cannabis
• 1.Used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy
• 2. To improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS, and to treat chronic
pain and muscle spasms.
• 3.Its use for other medical applications, however, is insufficient for
conclusions about safety or efficacy
• Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, and
hallucinations
Turpentine:
• Synonym: Gum turpentine

239
• Biological Source: Turpentine is the oleoresin obtained from pinus
palustris and from other species of Pinus, belonging to the natural order
Pinaceae.
• Preparation
Turpentine is usually collected from the slash pine i.e., Pinus elliottii
and Pinus palustris, which grow in abundance in the Northern Florida, Georgia,
and North and South Carolina.
• The oleoresin is normally secreted in the ducts that are situated almost
beneath the cambium in the sapwood.
• In spring the bark is neatly cut from the tree with the help of a long-
handled cutting knife known as the “bark-hack”.
• After the removal of the chipped bark, the freshly exposed surface is
quickly sprayed with a solution of 50% (w/w) sulphuric acid. The flowing
oleoresin is guided by galvanized metal gutters right into the various
containers tied close to the tree-trunk.
• The thick liquid thus collected is removed as turpentine by pot-still
distillation periodically.
• The gum turpentine is an yellowish, opaque, sticky mass having a
characteristic odour and taste.
• It is almost insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, ethanol, chloroform
and glacial acetic acid.
• The gum-turpentine when subjected to steam-distillation yields 15 to 30%
of a volatile oil known in the trade as “turpentine oil”.
• It contains mainly the terpenes, such as: dextro- and laevo-α-pinene, β-
pinene and camphene.
Uses:
• 1. It is employed externally as a counterirritant.
• 2. It is also used as a rubefacient.
• 3. It is used as a constituent of stimulating ointments.
• 4. It is employed industrially as an insecticide.

240
• 5. It is used as a solvent for waxes.
• 6. It is utilized extensively in the production of synthetic camphor.
• 7. It is used in making various types of polishes
Myrrh:
• Synonyms:
Gum Myrrh, Myrrha.
• Biological Source:
Myrrh is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stem and branches of
Commiphora obyssinica or from other species of Commiphora
belonging to family Burseraceae.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9fQdXOnB7Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFFUNRSxjVw
Preparation:
• The plants usually exude yellow coloured resin after proper incisions are
made in the bark of a tree.
It gradually hardens and becomes dark or reddish-brown in appearance.
The mass is collected by the native tribals of Somalia for trading.
• Myrrh normally occurs either in the form of isolated irregular, rounded
tears of 2.5 cm in diameter or as masses duly formed by the
agglomeration of these tears.
• The tears are dull, rough and reddish-brown in appearance.
• It has a strong aromatic odour and possesses an acrid, bitter taste.
Myrrh contains volatile oil (7-17%), resin (20-25%), gum (57-61%), and
bitter principle (3 to 4%).
The resin is found to consist of a mixture of α-, β-, and γ-commiphoric acids
(resin acids).

241
The oleo-gum-resin yields alcohol-soluble extract not less than 30%.
It also contains phenolic compound such as: pyrocatechin and protocatechuic
acid.
Uses:
• 1. It is used chiefly in perfumes and incense.
• 2. It is frequently employed as an antiseptic and stimulant.
• 3. Myrrh acts as an astringent to the mucous membrane and hence it find
its application in oral hygiene formulations, such as: gargles, mouth-
washes.
• 4. It is also used as a carminative.
• Chemopreventive effects of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) in
hepatocarcinogenic rats.
• In vitro cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of myrrh oil
• It inhibit Oxidative stress and immunotoxic effects of lead.
• Resin is widely used in Asia as a cholesterol-lowering agent based on
Indian Ayurvedic medicine
Asafoetida:
• Synonyms
Asafetida; Asant; Devil's dung; Food of the Gods; Gum Asafoetida.
• Biological Sources
Asafoetida the oleo-gum-resin is obtained as an exudation of the
decapitated rhizome on roots of Ferula assafoetida ; Ferula foetida and some
other species of Ferula, belonging to the nature order Umbelliferae.
Preparation:

242
• Asafoetida is generally present as a milky liquid in the large
schizogenous ducts and lysigenous cavities.
• These ducts and cavities are located more intensively in the cortex region
of the stem and root. The drug is obtaining chiefly from the stem.
• The fully grown plants are usually cut down to the crown region during
the spring. The exposed surface is protected by a covering made up of
twigs and leaves. After about a month, the hardened resinous substance is
collected by scrapping.
• The drug occurs normally as soft mass or irregular lumps or ‘tears’ or
agglomeration of tears. The tears are brittle and tough.
• Asafoetida has a strong, persistent garlic-like odour and having a bitter
acrid taste. This oleo-gum-resin when triturated with water it gives a
milky emulsion.
• Asafoetida contains volatile oil (8-16°C) gum (25%) and resin (40-60%).
• The volatile oil essentially consists of some organic sulphides
responsible for attributing the characteristic garlic-like odour.
• The resin consists of notannol, resinotannol i.e., the resin alcohols, which
are present partially in the free state and partially in the combined form
with ferulic acid.
• It also contains umbellic acid and umbelliferone; the latter is found
combined with ferulic acid, but it gets generated on being treated with
dilute HCl.
Uses:
• 1. It is abundantly used in India and Iran as a common condiment and
flavouring agent in food products.
• 2. It is also an important ingredient in Worcestershire Sauce.
• 3. It is used as a repellant [2% (w/v) suspension] against dogs, cats, deer,
rabbits etc.
• 4. It is used seldomly as an antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant and
laxative.

243
• 5. It is still employed in veterinary externally to prevent bandage chewing
by dogs.
• 6. It is also used as a powerful nerving stimulant especially in nervous
disorders related to hysteria.
Balsams:
• Balsams are the resinous mixtures that essentially contain large quantum
of benzoic acid, cinnamic acid or both, or esters of these organic aromatic
acids.
• Naturally occurring balsams
Storax
Peruvain Balsam
Tolu Balsam
Benzoin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeZkE3337CM
Storax:
Synonyms
Styrax; Sweet oriental gum; Levant Storax
Biological Source
Storax is the balsam obtained from the trunk of Liquid amber orientalis
belonging to the natural order Hamamelidaceae.
Preparation
The storax is a pathological product formed as a result of injury
caused to the plant. It generally, exudes into the natural cavities between the
bark and the wood. The crude storax, thus collected from these cavities in

244
suitable containers, is further purified by dissolving in ethanol, filtration and
subsequent evaporation of the solvent to obtain the pure storax.
• The balsam storax is a semiliquid grayish, sticky and opaque mass.
• Storax is transparent in thin layers, possesses a characteristic agreeable
balsamic taste and odour.
• It is denser than water.
• It is almost insoluble in water, but completely soluble in warm ethanol,
ether and acetone.
Storax contains the following chemical compounds:
• α-and β- storesin and its cinnamic ester (30-50%),
• Styracin (5-10%)
• phenylpropyl cinnamate (10%)
• free-cinnamic acid (5-15%)
• Levorotatory oil (0.4%)
• Small amounts of ethyl cinnamate, benzyl cinnamate and
• traces of vanillin and styrene (C6H5CH=CH2).
Uses:
1. It is used in fumigating powders.
2. It finds its application in perfumery.
3. It is employed as an imbedding material in microscopy.
4. It is used as an expectorant, antiseptic and stimulant.
5. It is employed as a preservative for fatty substances e.g., lard and tallow.
6. It is also used as a flavouring agent for tobacco.
7. It is a vital ingredient of “Compound Benzoin Tincture”.

245
Peruvian Balsam:
Synonyms: Balsam Peru; Black balsam; China oil;
Biological Source:
Balsam Peru is obtained from Toluifer pereiare belonging to family
Leguminosae.
Preparation:
Peruvian Balsam is a pathological product and is obtained usually by
inflicting injury to the trees. * It is prepared by beating the stems of the trees
with mallet.
*After a week the injured areas of the stem are scorched so as to separate the
bark from the stem and after a similar duration the bark is peeled off
completely.
* The desired balsam starts exuding freely from all the exposed surfaces, which
are then covered carefully with cloth to absorb the exuding balsam.
* The cloth that are completely soaked with the balsam is then removed and
boiled with water in a large vessel slowly.
* The balsam gets separated and settles at the bottom of the vessel. The
supernatant layer of water is removed by decantation and the residual balsam is
dried and packed in the containers.
• It is a dark brown, viscid liquid having a pleasant aromatic odour.
• It has a peculiar warm bitter taste and persistent aftertaste which
resembles like vanilla.
• The Balsam Peru is transparent in thin films. It does not harden on being
exposed to atmosphere. It is brittle when cold.
• It is almost insoluble in water and petroleum ether but soluble in ethanol,
chloroform and glacial acetic acid.
Peruvian balsam contains
• Free benzoic and cinnamic acids (12-15%)
• Benzyl (40%)

246
• Esters of these acids (5.2-13.4% cinnamein)
• Volatile oil (1.5-3%).
• Resins esters (30-38%) composed of peru-resinotannol cinnamate and
benzoate
• Vanillin and peruviol (nerolidol).
Uses:
1. It is a local protectant and rubefacient.
2. It also serves as a parasiticide in certain skin disorder.
3. It is used as an antiseptic and is applied externally either as ointment alone or
in alcoholic solution.
4. It acts as an astringent to treat hemorrhoids.
1. Peru Balsam is used as miticide, to aid in healing of indolent wounds, as
scabicide and parasiticide, in skin catarrh, diarrhoea, ulcer therapy, as local
protectant, and rubefacient.
2. It is an antiseptic and vulnerary and as a stimulating expectorant.
It is also employed in perfumery and some
chocolate flavourings, also in making of odours.
Peruvian Balsam is topically used as an antiseptic to
treat burns, frostbites, cracks, erythema, pruritus, ulcers,

247
and wounds. Its suppositories are used to cure pain, pruritus, piles, and other
anal disorders. It is an ingredient in
cosmetic and hygiene products (soups, creams, lotions,
detergents) and in fixative. It can cause contact dermatitis
in some people
Tolu Balsam:
Synonyms
Thomas balsam; Opobalsam; Resin Tolu.
Biological Source
Tolu Balsam is a balsam obtained from toluifera balsamum belonging to
family Leguminosae.
It is also obtained from myroxylon balsamum
Family: Fabaceae.
Preparation:
• Tolu Balsam is considered to be a pathological product produced in the
new wood formed as a result of inflicted injury. For its preparation, it is
an usual practice to make ‘V’ shaped incisions deep into the body of the
main trunk.
• The exudate thus produced is collected in cups held strategically just at
the base of each incisions. Balsam of Tolu is collected from these cups,
mixed and packed in air-tight sealed tins.
• It is a yellowish-brown or brown semifluid or nearly solid resinous mass.
• It has a characteristic aromatic vanilla-like odour and slightly pungent
taste.
• It is usually brittle when cold.
• It is found to be transparent in thin layers, and shows numerous crystals
of cinnamic acid.

248
• It is almost insoluble in water and petroleum ether, but freely soluble in
ethanol, benzene chloroform, ether, glacial acetic acid and partially in
Carbon disulfide or NaOH solution.
• The drug contains resin esters (75-80%), tolu-resinotannol cinnamate
along with a small proportion of the benzoate;
• volatile oil (7-8%)-containing chiefly benzyl benzoate [ insect repellant,
treat scabies and lice]
• Free cinnamic acid (12-15%), free benzoic acid (2-8%), vanillin and other
constituents in small quantities.
• It also contains cinnamein (5-13%).
Uses:
1. It is used extensively in perfumery, confectionery and chewing gums.
2. It is used widely as an expectorant in cough mixture.
3. It also finds its application as an antiseptic in the form of its tincture.
Benzoin:
Synonyms: Bitter almond-oil camphor.
Biological Source:
Benzoin in the balsamic resin obtained from styrax benzoin and styrax
paralleloneurus , generally known in trade as Sumatra Benzoin belong to the
family Styraceae
Preparation:
• Benzoin is also a pathological product that is obtained by incising a deep-
cut in the bark. It has been observed that after a span of about eight
weeks, the exudating balsamic resin tends to become less sticky in nature
and firm enough to collect. The entire exudate is usually collected in two
stages:
• Stage 1: First tapping-yields almond tears, and
• Stage 2: Second tapping-yields a more fluid material.

249
• It occurs as blocks or irregular masses of tears having variable sizes
usually imbedded either in an opaque or translucent matrix.
• It is brittle, and from within the tears are milky white in appearance.
• It generally becomes soft when warmed and gritty when chewed.
• The matrix is grayish brown to reddish in colour.
• Its taste is quite agreeable, balsamic and resembles to that of storax. It has
a resinous and aromatic taste.
The chemical constituents Sumatra Benzoin are :
• It contains free balsamic acids, largely cinnamic acid (10%), benzoic
acid (6%)-along with their corresponding ester derivatives.
• Teriterpene acids, namely: 19-hydroxyloleanolic and 6-hydroxyoleanolic
acids, cinnamyl cinnamate, phenyl propyl cinnamate, phenylethylene and
lastly the traces of vanillin.
• It yields not less than 75% of alccohol-soluble extractives.
Uses:
1. Compound benzoin tincture is frequently employed as a topical
protectant.
2. It is valuable as an expectorant when vapourized.
3. It finds its usage as a cosmetic lotion usually prepared from a simple
tincture.

8 resins pharmacognosy notess

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