The document discusses carbohydrates, which are the body's main source of energy. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are two types of carbohydrates - simple and complex. Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down further, oligosaccharides are made of 2-4 monosaccharide units, and polysaccharides can be broken down into many monosaccharide units and are further divided into homo- and heteropolysaccharides. The document provides examples and properties of the different types of carbohydrates.

1. Prepared by : ManiKant Mani
Sub: Biochemistry of
Macromolecules
M. Sc Microbiology Sem.1st

3.  Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy.
 Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
 Hydrogen and oxygen are in the ratio of 2:1 in water .
 The general formula of carbohydrates is represented by :-
Cn(H₂O)n .
Found in fruits
, vegetables
and milk
Found in
breads , pasta
and rice
Simple complex
There are two types of Carbohydrates

4.  In plants, energy from the Sun is used to convert carbon
dioxide and water into the carbohydrate glucose.
 Many of the glucose molecules are made into long-chain
polymers of starch that store energy.
 About 65% of the foods in our diet consist of carbohydrates.
 In plants, a polymer of glucose called cellulose builds the
structural framework. Cellulose has other important uses, too.
 The wood in our furniture, the pages in your notebook, and the
cotton in our clothing are made of cellulose.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant of all
the organic compounds in nature.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates are Classified into the
following Classes –
Monosaccharides oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Ex- glucose Ex- sucrose , Ex- Starch ,
fructose Raffinose , cellulose
Stachyose Insulin

6. MONOSACCHARI
DES
 They are simple and water soluble compound
which can not be converted into more simple sugar
.
 They me be aldose or ketose depending upon the
aldehyde or keto group .
Glucose - aldohexose
fructose – ketohexose

7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
I. Carbohydrates are colourless crystalline
solids.
II. They are soluble in water as well as in
ethanol.
III. Their aqueous solution are natural and
exhibit optical activity.

8. OLIGOSACCHARI
DES
 They are simple polysacchrides which on hydrolysis
gives two , three or four monosaccharides
molecules.
 Ex- disaccharides – Sucrose , Maltose ,
Lactoes
Trisaccharides – Raffinose ,
Tetrasaccharides - Stachyose

9. POLYSACCHRIDES
 They are complex which can be Hydrolysed
to many Monosacchrides units.
 They may be further classified in to two
class depending upon the kind of
monosacchrides .
Homopolysaccharides - Starch and cellulose
Hetropolysaccharides – Insulin
 Polysacchrides are non- sugars.