Polycythemia.pptx
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This document discusses polycythemia, which is an increased number of red blood cells. There are several types including primary/polycythemia vera, secondary to conditions like COPD, and relative from dehydration. Symptoms include headaches and bleeding from high blood viscosity. Diagnosis involves blood tests and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce blood volume as well as medications to suppress bone marrow activity. Lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco are also recommended.
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The document provides an overview of the hematologic system and blood disorders. It discusses the key components of the hematologic system including blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph system. Several blood disorders are summarized, including anemias caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell destruction. Specific disorders covered include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, megaloblastic anemias, aplastic anemia, and anemia of chronic disease. Diagnostic tests and treatment approaches are also outlined.
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Haematinics & Plasma expanders Final.pptx
The document discusses haematinics, which are substances that stimulate red blood cell production or increase haemoglobin levels. It describes various types of anaemia, haematinics like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid, and their roles, administration, and side effects in treatment of anaemia. It also discusses plasma expanders which are intravenous fluids used to increase blood volume. Various plasma expanders are detailed, including crystalloids like saline and ringers solution, and colloids like albumin, dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Their mechanisms, uses, properties and potential adverse effects are outlined.
Polycythemia
THE PRESENTATION INCLUDES INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION( PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA), ETIOLOGY & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL MENIFESTATIONS AND MANAGEMENT(MEDICAL AND NURSING) OF POLYCYTHEMIA.
anemia-140408050251-phpapp02.pdf
Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin. It is common in India due to poor nutrition and diet. Anemia can be classified as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic based on red blood cell size. Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, chronic diseases, genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, iron supplementation, vitamin supplements, medications, and blood transfusions if severe. Nursing care emphasizes nutrition, rest, compliance with treatment, and managing complications.
Anemia 1
The document discusses anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. It provides details on iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and the nursing process for patients with anemia. The document serves as an overview of anemia and aims to educate on this common blood disorder.
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The document discusses anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. It provides details on iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and the nursing process for patients with anemia. The document serves as an overview of anemia and aims to educate on this common blood disorder.
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Polycythemia.pptx
- 1. POLYCYTHEMIA Presented By: Mr. Nandish.S Asso. Professor Mandya Institute of Nursing Sciences
- 3. DEFINITION : It is the production & presence of increased number of RBC’s in blood. It is an abnormally increased concentration of Hemoglobin in blood either through reduction of plasma volume or increased blood viscosity. It is a laboratory finding in which Hematocrit or Hemoglobin concentration are increased in the blood. It is a blood disorder occurring when there are too many red blood cells in the circulation.
- 5. INCIDENCE : The median age of onset is 65 years, but can occur at any age. Survival rate is more in patients who diagnosed before the age of 60 years. It is estimated to affect 2.8 per 1,00,000 population in men & 1.3 per 1,00,000 population in women.
- 6. ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS : Idiopathic Mutation Obstructive Sleep Apnea COPD Hypoventilation syndrome Long term Smoking Genetic Predisposition Living in High Altitudes Long term exposure to carbon Monoxide (Tunnel workers, Car Garage workers)
- 7. CLASSIFICATION : 1. Primary Polycythemia or Polycythemia Vera 2. Secondary Polycythemia 3. Relative Polycythemia 4. Stress Polycythemia
- 8. POLYCYTHEMIA VERA: It is a myeloproliferative disorder arising from chromosomal mutation in single pluripotent stem cell. Hence, the cells involved are not only RBC’s, but also granulocytes & platelets. It leads to increased production of each of blood cells, which is exhibited in peripheral blood sample. Since the bone marrow is hypercellular, excessive red blood cells are found.
- 9. SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA : Chronic hypoxia causes secondary polycythemia. Hypoxia stimulates Erythropoietin production in the kidney, which in turn promotes erythrocyte production. Causes may include Cardiovascular disease, Alveolar Hypoventilation, defective Oxygen transport or tissue hypoxia. It is a physiologic response in which the body tries compensate for a problem.
- 10. RELATIVE POLYCYTHEMIA: Here number of RBC will increase without any change in the total cellular mass. It is caused due to loss of plasma volume with resultant hemo – concentration, as seen in severe dehydration related to vomiting & diarrhoea.
- 11. STRESS POLYCYTHEMIA : It is a term applied to chronic state of low plasma volume which is seen commonly in active, hard working, anxious, middle aged man. Here, red blood cell volume is normal but plasma volume is low.
- 12. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS : Circulatory features occur due to hypervolemia and hyperviscosity. It includes subjective symptoms like Headache, Vertigo, Parasthesia, Dizziness, Tinnitus and Visual disturbances. Patients may also express Angina, hypoxia, intermittent claudication and thrombophlebitis. Hemorrhagic Features caused due to vessel rupture from overdistension or inadequate platelet function. • It include Petechiae, Ecchymoses, Epistaxis, GI Bleeding.
- 13. Other features : Hepatomegaly & Splenomegaly Hyperuricemia Gout Erythromelalgia - a burning sensation in fingers and toes. Generalized Pruritus Fatigue Sleep disturbances
- 14. Diagnostic Evaluation : History collection & Physical Examination Blood Examination reveals : - Elevated Hemoglobin level - Increased WBC Count with basophilia - Elevated platelets with dysfunction - Elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase - Increased histamine level Bone Marrow Examination Chest X – Ray Electrocardiogram Echocardiogram
- 15. MANAGEMENT : Treatment directed towards reducing blood volume, blood viscosity & bone marrow activity. 1. Phlebotomy • It is the first option of treatment in this condition. • It involves removing enough blood from body (initially 500 ml once or twice in a week) to diminish blood volume until the desired hematocrit value is achieved. • Patient managed with repeated phlebotomies becomes iron deficient & experience depletion in iron store. • Iron supplementation should be avoided.
- 16. 2.Hydration therapy is used to reduce blood’s viscosity. 3. Myelosuppressive agents Medications like Busulfan, Hydroxyurea (hydrea), Melphalan (Alkeran) are used to inhibit bone marrow activity. 4. Antiplatelet agents like Aspirin, Anagrelide, Dipyridamole are used to prevent thrombotic complications. 5. Interferon Alpha is used to stimulate immune system to fight over production of Red Blood cells. 6. Antihistamines or Ultraviolet light therapy is used to relieve discomfort in case of Itching.
- 17. LIFE STYLE MODIFICATIONS : 1. Exercise Regular moderate exercises such as brisk walking, stretching of legs & ankles, Range of motion exercises can improve blood flow and reduce the risk of clots in circulation. 2. Avoid Tobacco Use Smoking or any other form of tobacco use can cause peripheral vasoconstriction and increase the risk of cardiac problems. Continued…
- 18. 3. Be Good to your Skin • To reduce itching, bath in cool water, pat your skin dry, avoid hot tubs, heated whirlpools and hot showers. • Try not to scratch as it may damage your skin. 4. Avoid Extreme Temperature • Poor blood flow can increase the risk of many complications. • In cold weather, always wear warm clothing, particularly on hands & feet. • In hot weather, protect yourself from sun & drink plenty of water.
- 19. NURSING MANAGEMENT : 1. Impaired tissue perfusion related to phlebotomy procedure as manifested by cyanosis. 2. Impaired breathing pattern related to decreased level of RBC in blood as evidenced by dyspnea. 3. Acute pain related to venipuncture as evidenced by verbalization. 4. Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirement related to restriction on diet as manifested by weight loss. 5. Anxiety related to disease condition & treatment as evidenced by frequent doubts.