Coronary artery disease is caused by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque in the coronary arteries, restricting blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, stress tests, and angiography. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications to reduce cholesterol and blood pressure, oxygen, nitrates, and procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery to reopen blocked arteries.

1. PRESENTED BY: SONIA DAGAR

2.  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is characterized by
accumulation of fatty deposits (atheroma and plaque)
along the inner most layer (intima) of coronary
artery.
 It can cause a critical narrowing (75% occlusion) of
the coronary artery lumen, resulting in a decreased
coronary blood flow and inadequate supply of
oxygen to the heart muscle.

5.  Atherosclerosis is an abnormal accumulation of the
lipid or fatty substances and fibrous tissue in vessel
walls.
 These deposits, called atheromas or plaque, protrude
into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing it and
obstructing or reducing blood flow to the
myocardium.
 Artery and arteriole walls become thickened and
hardened and lose elasticity.
 Arteriosclerosis is referred to as hardening of the
arteries.

6. MODIFIABLE RISK
FACTORS
 High blood cholesterol
level (Hyperlipidemia).
 Cigarette smoking
 Tobacco use
 Hypertension
 Diabetes mellitus
 Physical inactivity:
sedentary life style
 Obesity
 Stress and type A
personality
NON-MODIFIABLE RISK
FACTORS
 Family history
 Increasing age
 Gender
 Race

7.  Elevated serum homocrystein: foods that contain
folic acid (fruits, green leafy vegetables) reduce
homocrysteine levels.
 Lack of estrogen in women

8.  Inadequate blood supply to heart muscle cells
(ischemia)
 Chest pain
 Inadequate cardiac output
 Diaphoresis: Excessive sweating
 Dyspnea
 Changes on the electrocardiogram (ECG)
 High level of cardiac enzyme
 Dysrhythmias
 Angina pectoris, MI or congestive heart failure
 Sudden cardiac death

9.  Electrocardiogram
 Exercise thallium test
 Echocardiography
 Coronary angiography
 Positron emission tomography (PTE) scanning
 Blood test

10.  NON-PHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS:
 Stop smoking
 A healthy diet and low in cholesterol and fat
 Physical exercise
 OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION: Oxygen therapy
initiated at the onset of chest pain to increase oxygen
amount in myocardium and to decrease chest pain.

11.  Nitrates: nitroglycerin
 Beta blockers such as propranolol & metaprolol
 Calcium channel blockers such as amlodipin &
verapmil
 Antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications such as
aspirin & heparin
 Cholestrol lowering agents such as statins.
 Antihypertensive agents

12.  Coronary angioplasty
 Coronary artery bypass surgery
 Atherectomy
 Coronary stent
 Surgical revascularization of affected artery:
 Embolectomy: Removal of blood clot from artery
 Thrombectomy: Removal of thrombus from the
artery
 Endarterectomy: Removal of atherosclerotic plaque
from the artery