Poliomyelitis, also known as polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease that is transmitted person-to-person via the fecal-oral route. It mainly affects young children under 5 years old. There are three types of poliovirus that can cause four different manifestations of the disease, ranging from asymptomatic infection to paralytic polio. Diagnosis involves testing cerebrospinal fluid, stool, or throat samples for the virus. While there is no antiviral treatment, vaccination is the best form of prevention. Nursing care focuses on addressing issues like impaired mobility, nutrition, pain management, and respiratory support.
In this presentation you will find summary for poliomyelitis. what is polio ? what are the causes ? and what will be the prevention?
here you'll also find about the rehabilitation program for polio as well..
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild with half of the people not realizing that they are infected. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days.
In this presentation you will find summary for poliomyelitis. what is polio ? what are the causes ? and what will be the prevention?
here you'll also find about the rehabilitation program for polio as well..
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild with half of the people not realizing that they are infected. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days.
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
This presentation tackles the controversy regarding Lyme disease by reviewing the evidence for immune evasion and persistent infection by the Lyme spiorchete, Borrelia burgdorferi. The evidence shows that physicians called upon to assist patients with this potential diagnosis should be open to the possibility of persistent infection even in patients who have already received antibiotic treatment for their condition. Lacking evidence on how best to treat a chronic infection of this kind, physicians should be allowed to rely on their experience and to exercise their best clinical judgment in managing patients with Lyme disease.
introduction, historical background, history of polio vaccine, definition, epidemiology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and its phase, clinical presentation - preparalytic and paralytic stages. acute stage, convalescent stage, recovery stage, residual stage or post polio syndrome. investigations, medical treatment, surgical management , rehabilitation
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
This presentation tackles the controversy regarding Lyme disease by reviewing the evidence for immune evasion and persistent infection by the Lyme spiorchete, Borrelia burgdorferi. The evidence shows that physicians called upon to assist patients with this potential diagnosis should be open to the possibility of persistent infection even in patients who have already received antibiotic treatment for their condition. Lacking evidence on how best to treat a chronic infection of this kind, physicians should be allowed to rely on their experience and to exercise their best clinical judgment in managing patients with Lyme disease.
introduction, historical background, history of polio vaccine, definition, epidemiology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and its phase, clinical presentation - preparalytic and paralytic stages. acute stage, convalescent stage, recovery stage, residual stage or post polio syndrome. investigations, medical treatment, surgical management , rehabilitation
Polio or poliomyelitis is first known to have occurred nearly 6,000 years ago, as evidenced by the withered and deformed limbs of certain Egyptian mummies.
Polio was epidemic in the United States and the world in the 20th century, especially in the 1940s and 1950s.
Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease, which mostly affects young children; the virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the fecal-oral route, or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated food or water) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.
Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs.
Etiology
Polioviruses are enteroviruses within the Picornaviridae family.
Direct contact. Poliovirus can be transmitted through direct contact with someone infected with the virus.
Ingestion. Less commonly, it can be transmitted through contaminated food and water.
Clinical Manifestations
Most patients infected with poliovirus develop inapparent infections and are frequently asymptomatic.
Nonspecific symptoms. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and oropharyngeal hyperemia are observed in mild cases and usually resolve within a few days.
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis is characterized by the symptoms described above in addition to the following: nuchal rigidity, more severe headache, back, and lower extremity pain, and meningitis with lymphocytic pleocytosis (usually).
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of throat secretions, stool or a colorless fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) is checked for poliovirus.
Viral cultures. Obtain specimens from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), stool, and throat for viral cultures in patients with suspected poliomyelitis infection.
Serum antibody. Obtain acute and convalescent serum for antibody concentrations against the 3 polioviruses.
IG titer. A 4-fold increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers or a positive anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) titer during the acute stage is diagnostic.
Medical Management
The treatment of poliomyelitis is mainly supportive.
Physical therapy. Physical therapy is indicated in cases of paralytic disease; in paralytic disease, it provide frequent mobilization to avoid the development of chronic decubitus ulcerations; active and passive motion exercises are indicated during the convalescent stage.
Total hip arthroplasty. Total hip arthroplasty is a surgical therapeutic option for patients with paralytic sequelae of poliomyelitis who develop hip dysplasia and degenerative disease.
Diet. Because patients with poliomyelitis are prone to develop constipation, a diet rich in fiber is usually indicated.
Pharmacologic Management
No antiviral agents are effective against poliovirus.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about communicable diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #polio,#communicablediseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
A brief discussion about POLIO... Though WHO declare Bangladesh as a polio free country it had a lot of hazardous effects in the past and we were the most sufferer country among all the countries... We thank our Govt. without their help we could not be able to call ourselves a polio free country... In this document I try my best to give you all a clear concept...... Hope it'll help everyone.....
Strategies in early HIV and role of a nurse. Nurses should know a strategies to identify diagnosis. based on this they can be able to provide effective nursing care strategies in alleviating the symptoms of HIV .Nurses are the front line care givers before somebody could provide care. Hence it is important for nurses to learn early strategies and nurses role in caring HIV patients.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. INTRODUCTION
Poliomyelitis often called Polio or infantile paralysis is an acute,
viral, infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily
via the fecal -oral route. The term “Poliomyelitis” derives from
the ancient Greek word Polio’s means “grey” and myelos
meaning “marrow” referring to the grey matter of the spinal
cord.
3. DEFINITION
Poliomyelitis which often called polio or infantile paralysis, is
a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young
children under 5 years of age
4. INCIDENCE
The estimated annual incidence of the disease is thus 18.6 per
100 000 of the general population, or approximately 1088
cases each year, with an estimated 163 deaths.
5. TYPES OF POLIOMYLITIS
1. Inapperent (sub-clinical) Infection
2. Abortive Polio Or Minor Illness
3. Non paralytic polio
4. Paralytic polio
6. TYPES OF POLIOVIRUS
• Three serotypes of polio virus
1. Type I
2. Type II
3. Type III
7. ETIOLOGY
1. Polioviruses are entero -viruses within the Picornaviridae
family.
2. Direct contact. Poliovirus can be transmitted through direct
contact with someone infected with the virus.
3. Ingestion. Less commonly, it can be transmitted through
contaminated food and water.
8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Virus enters the body through feco-oral route
Reaches digestive tract and attaches to
specific receptors
Replicates in the intestinal mucosa
9. Enters the blood stream
Virus enters the nervous system through
blood
Spread along the axons of peripheral nerves to
CNS
Progress along the fibers of motor neuron of
brain and spinal cord
10. Destroys anterior horn cells of spinal cord
or nerves within bulbar region
Nerve cell death results in failure of contraction of
muscles
Muscle dysfunction results in respiratory failure and
paralysis of legs
Virus is excreted through feces and contributes
in further contamination & spread
11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Most patients infected with poliovirus develop in apparent
infections and are frequently asymptomatic.
Nonspecific symptoms. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, and oropharyngeal hyperemia are observed
in mild cases and usually resolve within a few days.
12. CONTI...
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis. Non-paralytic poliomyelitis is
characterized by the symptoms described above in addition
to the following: nuchal rigidity, more severe headache,
back, and lower extremity pain, and meningitis with
lymphocytic pleocytosis (usually).
13. ASSESSMENT
1. History collection
2. Physical Examination
(a sample of throat secretions, stool or a colorless fluid
that surrounds your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal
fluid) is checked for poliovirus.)
14. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Viral cultures. Obtain specimens from
the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), stool, and throat for
viral cultures in patients with suspected poliomyelitis
infection.
Serum antibody. Obtain acute and convalescent
serum for antibody concentrations against the 3
polioviruses.
15. CONTI...
IG titer. A 4-fold increase in the immunoglobulin
G ( IgG ) antibody titers or a positive anti-
immunoglobulin M ( IgM ) titer during the acute
stage is diagnostic.
19. NONPHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
o Physical therapy. Physical therapy is indicated in cases of
paralytic disease; in paralytic disease, it provide frequent
mobilization to avoid the development of chronic decubitus
ulcerations; active and passive motion exercises are
indicated during the convalescent stage.
20. CONTI...
o Total hip arthroplasty. Total hip arthroplasty is a surgical
therapeutic option for patients with paralytic sequelae of
poliomyelitis who develop hip dysplasia and degenerative
disease.
o Diet. Because patients with poliomyelitis are prone to
develop constipation, a diet rich in fiber is usually indicated.
22. Nursing Assessment
Nursing assessment in a client with polio include:
1. History. Obtain a history of vaccination, travel. and contact with
recently returned travellers.
2. Physical assessment. Observe the client for possible signs and
symptoms of polio as listed above.
23. Nursing Diagnosis
1. Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related
to anorexia, nausea, and vomiting.
2. Ineffective thermoregulation related to the infection process.
3. Ineffective airway clearance related to muscle paralysis.
4. Ineffective breathing pattern related to muscle paralysis.
5. Acute pain related to the infection that attacks the nerve.
6. Impaired physical mobility related to paralysis.
7. Anxiety in children and families related to disease conditions.
24. Nursing Interventions
Nutrition. Encourage frequent small meals to promote nutritional
and fluid intake; maintain nasogastric tube feeding, if ordered;
hyper alimentation may be necessary to ensure adequate nutrition,
and eliminate unpleasant odors from the environment during
meals.
Thermoregulation. Reduce or eliminate the sources of heat loss in
infants, and monitor the body temperature.
25. CONTI...
Airway clearance. Assess respiratory rate, rhythm, depth,
effort, and breath sounds; and elevate the head of the bed to
promote the optimum level of activity for best possible lung
expansion.
Pain. Administer analgesics as prescribed, and educate the
patient on diversional activities to reduce the pain
26. Documentation
Individual findings, including factors affecting, interactions,
nature of social exchanges, specifics of individual behaviour .
Cultural and religious beliefs, and expectations.
Plan of care.
Teaching plan.
Responses to interventions, teaching, and actions performed.
Attainment or progress toward the desired outcome.
27. CONCLUSION
As the disease polio cannot be cured if once attacked, it is
better to follow preventive measures as it is contagious.
The vaccination is definite in case of infants and
children.