Trachoma is a bacterial infection of the eye that spreads through contact with infected fluids or flies and causes blindness. It is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and affects the conjunctiva. Repeated infections can cause scarring of the eyelid and turn the eyelashes inward where they scratch the cornea, causing blindness. The SAFE strategy of surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement was developed by WHO to treat and prevent trachoma. A study in Ethiopia found the top barriers to surgery for trichiasis were lack of time, financial constraints, no companion, and fear of surgery.
myxovirus and rubella are very important topics for pg entrance.....everything important about it with images have been discussed....do make use of it.......
In 1900, Jules Bordet along with Octave Gengou observed a small ovoid bacterium in the sputum of a 5 month old child suffering from pertussis, or whooping cough.
The bacterium was similar to Haemophilus influenza but showed distinct morphological characterstic which led Bordet and Gengou to consider it as a separate species.
The organism was unable to be isolated and cultivated on ordinary blood agar plates.
Six years later, Bordet and Gengou suceed in making a selective media called Bordet and Gengou (BG) medium, which helped in isolating this fastidous bacteria.
A viral infection spread by a particular species of mosquito.Yellow fever is spread by a species of mosquito common to areas of Africa and South America. Vaccination is recommended before travelling to certain areas.
Epidemiology and control measures for Yellow fever AB Rajar
It is an acute infectious disease of short duration, with sudden
onset,fever,headache,prostration,nausea,epistaxis,buccal bleeding,hematemesis,malena and jaundice
myxovirus and rubella are very important topics for pg entrance.....everything important about it with images have been discussed....do make use of it.......
In 1900, Jules Bordet along with Octave Gengou observed a small ovoid bacterium in the sputum of a 5 month old child suffering from pertussis, or whooping cough.
The bacterium was similar to Haemophilus influenza but showed distinct morphological characterstic which led Bordet and Gengou to consider it as a separate species.
The organism was unable to be isolated and cultivated on ordinary blood agar plates.
Six years later, Bordet and Gengou suceed in making a selective media called Bordet and Gengou (BG) medium, which helped in isolating this fastidous bacteria.
A viral infection spread by a particular species of mosquito.Yellow fever is spread by a species of mosquito common to areas of Africa and South America. Vaccination is recommended before travelling to certain areas.
Epidemiology and control measures for Yellow fever AB Rajar
It is an acute infectious disease of short duration, with sudden
onset,fever,headache,prostration,nausea,epistaxis,buccal bleeding,hematemesis,malena and jaundice
Many people want to improve their appearance so they often seek plastic surgery. People who wish to improve the appearance of their noses have found plastic surgery very popular. Anesthesia is required for any type of surgery. This article will discuss the use of anesthesia for rhinoplasty.
Silver Plug is the first certify product designed to fill up the implant tunnel. The prevention of periimplantitis is the key to long term success!
Where you can find it, how to use it, the clinical studies and results and all the answers at your questions are here! Just take a look!
Glaucoma is a lifestyle disease. Its treatment via traditional surgery (ie. trabeculectomy) or via glaucoma medications, negatively impacts the lifestyle of patients. In this presentation, Dr. David Richardson presents the new, non-invasive glaucoma treatment, Canaloplasty. Canaloplasty is a lifestyle surgery for Glaucoma.
Coronavirus has literally turned the world upside down. The past few months have been so new to us and the people of the world are slowly settling down in the new normal today. Countries and states around the world are reopening from stay-at-home and lockdown orders. As the lockdowns ease, the most crucial thing to remember is to wear a mask.
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In this PPT it included defination, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, diagnostic procedure and variuos medical and surgical management of glaucoma. A students from diploma or master can easily understand this presentation.
Cranial Nerve is a very important topics in field of ophthalmology and optometry. a stuent with knowledge with cranial nerves can easily understand muscle palsy and diagnosis of neuroohthalmology
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
11. Trachoma is caused by the
bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
http://www.microbelibrary.org/library/gram-stain/3089-examination-of-gram-stains-of-
cervical-and-urethral-discharges
12. 1.Elementary body
(EB) attaches to
surface of cell.
2. Elementary
body enters by
endocytosis.
3. Elementary
body enters
endosome.
4. Elementary
bodies reorganize
into reticulate
bodies (RB).
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/chlamyd.htm
13. 5. Reticulate
bodies (RB)
replicate.
6. Reticulate
bodies (RB)
reorganize into
Elementary bodies
(EB)
7. Both RB and
EB reside in
inclusion granule.
8. Reverse
endocytosis
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/chlamyd.htm
15. Chlamydia trachomatis is spread through
direct contact with an infected person.
http://anglicansablaze.blogspot.com/
16. Flies also play a major role in the
spread of the disease.
http://bjo.bmj.com/content/88/6/750.full
17. Poor sanitation, dirty water, and lack of
hygiene are causes of trachoma.
http://sitemaker.umich.edu/aqua/home
18. Thus trachoma primarily affects
developing countries in Africa and Asia.
https://apps.who.int/pbd/trachoma/MAPS.htm
19. Trachoma binds a family to the cycle of poverty.
Child Mother
daughter must drop
out of school to
take care of family
Father
Unable to work
increasing financial
troubles
Will likely
develop blinding
trachoma as an
adult
20. Trachoma affects the eye in five stages that
can be diagnosed through an eye examination.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/jan/06/prevent-
blindness-trachoma-poor-countries-2020
22. The early stages are easily treated by
one dose of Zithromax or by
topical application of Achromycin.
http://allpills.biz/order-zithromax-
online-en.html
http://www.sightsavers.org/blogs/insights/archana_patel/16594.html
23. Zithromax inhibits protein synthesis by
disrupting mRNA translation
http://pharmacologycorner.com/protein-synthesis-inhibitors-macrolides-mechanism-of-action-
animation-classification-of-agents/
24. Once the disease progresses to
Trichiasis, surgery is necessary.
http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/index.html
25. The SAFE strategy was
developed by WHO as an
approach to treatment and
prevention of trachoma.
30. WHO launched Global Elimination of
Trachoma 2020 (GET).
trachoma.org/global-strategy-2020-INSight
http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=arti
cle&id=6668%3Aq16th-meeting-of-the-who-alliance-for-the-
global-elimination-of-blinding-trachoma-get-by-
2020q&catid=4451%3Ahsd0108m-neglected-d-trachoma-
meeting-&lang=en
31. Although surgery to reverse the effects of trichiasis is
free or low cost in developing countries, the number of
cases operated has grown less than anticipated.
32. Saul N. Rajak, et al. asked “Why Do
People Not Attend for Treatment for
Trachomatous Trichiasis in Ethiopia? A
Study of Barriers to Surgery”
33. The Top 5 List
1.Lack of Time
2.Financial Constraints
3.No-one to accompany
4.No symptoms
5.Fear of surgery
34. They concluded “that a locally delivered outreach
campaign providing free or low-cost surgery would
overcome or reduce the three most common
barriers…”
http://www.sightsavers.org/about_us/default.
ml
http://www.sightsavers.org/our_wo
rk/how_we_help/health/causes_of
_blindness/trachoma/16916.html
35. Sources
Rajak SN, Habtamu E, Weiss HA, Bedri A, Zerihun M, et al. (2012) Why Do People Not Attend for Treatment for
Trachomatous Trichiasis in Ethiopia? A Study of Barriers to Surgery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(8): e 1766.
doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001766
Schlosser , K. (n.d.). Trachoma Matters. Retrieved from
http://trachoma.org/sites/default/files/guidesandmanuals/History%20of%20Trachoma%20by%20Katherine%20Schlosser.pdf
Trachoma Control: A guide for programme managers. (2006). Retrieved from
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546905_eng.pdf
Trachoma. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/trachoma/DS00776/METHOD=print
Weinstock , F. J. (2011). Trachoma. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/trachoma/article.htm
Prevention and Blindness and Visual Impairment. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/blindness/en/
About Trachoma. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.trachomacoalition.org/about-trachoma
Priority eye diseases . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index2.html
Weekly Epidemiological Record. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/wer/2012/wer8717.pdf
Water-related Diseases . (2001). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/trachoma/en/
International Trachoma Initiative. (2011). BBC Trachoma Documentary. Retrieved from:
http://trachoma.org/features/multimedia/video/bbc-trachoma-documentary
Trachoma Grading Card . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/blindness/publications/trachoma_english.jpg
Editor's Notes
BBC Documentary
MedicineNet.com (quote)
BBC Documentary
MedicineNet.com (quote)
WHO grading chart
MedicineNet.com
WHO grading card pictures
WHO grading chart
WHO gra
BBC Documentary
WHO “Water Sanitation Health: Water-related Diseases”
The most common agents of transmission are hands, handkerchiefs, and towels.
WHO “Water Sanitation Health: Water-related Diseases”
http://trachoma.org/world’s-leading-cause-preventable-blindness (1st sentence)
WHO Prevention of Blindness and Visual Impairment
WHO Prevention and Blindness and Visual Impairment
MedicineNet.com
Trachoma.org
WHO map
14 countries make up 80% of trachoma cases.
MedicineNet.com
This is preferred over the topical application of Achromycin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zithromax
MedicineNet.com
MayoClinic.com
http://trachoma.org/safe-strategy
BBC Documentary
A huge factor in the elimination of trachoma is a change in some cultural habits. Clean water is also essential
WHO Prevention of Blindness and Visual Impairment
http://trachoma.org/global-strategy-2020-INSight
Launched by WHO (1997)
Employs “SAFE”
Similar projects include VISION 2020 and 2020 INSight
“Why do people not attend for treatment for Trachomatous Trichiasis in Ethiopia?” by Saul N. Rajak